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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Estructura profunda" , "lang" : "es" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Tiefenstruktur" , "lang" : "de" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Deep structure and surface structure" , "lang" : "en" } ,
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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Structure profonde et structure de surface" , "lang" : "fr" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka i struktura powierzchniowa" , "lang" : "pl" } ] ,
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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Tiefenstruktur (englisch deep structure) ist in der generativen Transformationsgrammatik Noam Chomskys die Bezeichnung f\u00FCr die abstrakte syntaktische Basis eines Satzes oder Satzgliedes, welche die aus dem Lexikon projizierte Information sowie semantische Relationen (insbesondere Pr\u00E4dikat-Argument-Beziehungen) enth\u00E4lt. Durch Transformationen werden daraus die S\u00E4tze der Oberfl\u00E4chenstruktur (englisch surface structure) generiert." , "lang" : "de" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "In de taalkunde en in het bijzonder de syntaxis wordt met de dieptestructuur of D-structuur van een taaluiting een theoretische constructie bedoeld waarvan het hoofddoel het aan elkaar koppelen van een aantal verwante taalinherente structuren is. Deze structuur staat in tegenstelling tot de oppervlaktestructuur. Het gebruik van de termen dieptestructuur en oppervlaktestructuur is vanuit de taalkunde uitgebreid naar andere disciplines, zoals de architectuur, de muziek (de ) en de politiek. Daarnaast zijn deze termen - niet helemaal terecht - rechtstreeks in verband gebracht met de eveneens door Chomsky voorgestelde universele grammatica." , "lang" : "nl" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "En grammaire g\u00E9n\u00E9rative, une structure profonde est la structure d'une phrase telle qu'elle est rattach\u00E9e \u00E0 des r\u00E8gles fondamentales de la langue. Son oppos\u00E9, la structure de surface, est une structure de phrase telle qu'elle n'est rattach\u00E9e qu'\u00E0 des r\u00E8gles non fondamentales dans la langue. En revanche, une erreur de surface, comme la confusion entre \u00E0 et chez (je vais au coiffeur, je vais chez Paris), n'entra\u00EEne que des erreurs isol\u00E9es, uniquement dans les phrases contenant soit \u00E0 soit chez.Ces erreurs ne menacent pas le syst\u00E8me de la langue elle-m\u00EAme." , "lang" : "fr" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Deep structure and surface structure (also D-structure and S-structure, although these abbreviated forms are sometimes used with distinct meanings) are concepts used in linguistics, specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyan tradition of transformational generative grammar." , "lang" : "en" } ,
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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Estructura profunda (o estructura-P) es uno de los niveles que reconocen los modelos representacionales de la gram\u00E1tica generativa transformacional. Su utilidad radicaba en ser una estructura primitiva y simple a partir de la cual pueden realizarse las transformaciones (en el modelo est\u00E1ndar) o la operaci\u00F3n \"mu\u00E9vase-\u03B1\" (en Recci\u00F3n y ligamiento)." , "lang" : "es" } ,
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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka (ang. deep structure) i struktura powierzchniowa (ang. surface structure) \u2013 w gramatyce generatywnej dwa poziomy syntaktyczne zdania. Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka jest poj\u0119ciem abstrakcyjnym oznaczaj\u0105cym sposoby, w jakie zdanie mo\u017Ce by\u0107 analizowane i interpretowane. Elementami struktury g\u0142\u0119bokiej s\u0105: podstawowe zale\u017Cno\u015Bci gramatyczne, takie jak podmiot lub dope\u0142nienie, wszystkie transformacje, kt\u00F3re nast\u0119puj\u0105 przy przej\u015Bciu do struktury powierzchniowej, wszystkie elementy warstwy leksykalnej, wreszcie interpretacja semantyczna." , "lang" : "pl" } ] ,
"http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject" : [ { "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Generative_syntax" } ,
{ "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Syntactic_transformation" } ] ,
"http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract" : [ { "type" : "literal", "value" : "En grammaire g\u00E9n\u00E9rative, une structure profonde est la structure d'une phrase telle qu'elle est rattach\u00E9e \u00E0 des r\u00E8gles fondamentales de la langue. Son oppos\u00E9, la structure de surface, est une structure de phrase telle qu'elle n'est rattach\u00E9e qu'\u00E0 des r\u00E8gles non fondamentales dans la langue. Cette distinction permet de diff\u00E9rencier grammaticalit\u00E9 \u2014 qui concerne le respect des r\u00E8gles de structure grammaticale \u2014 et acceptabilit\u00E9 \u2014 qui concerne la structure profonde. Par exemple, une erreur d'acceptabilit\u00E9 peut venir de la confusion entre que et dont, remettant en cause une partie fondamentale du syst\u00E8me de la langue. Si l'on dit c'est l'homme que je t'ai parl\u00E9, alors cela entra\u00EEne de multiples erreurs dans le sous-syst\u00E8me du pronom relatif, qui est tr\u00E8s vaste : on devra en effet dire *je t'ai parl\u00E9 cet homme et *je l'ai parl\u00E9. La confusion dont/que entra\u00EEne donc des erreurs dans des phrases o\u00F9 il n'y a ni dont ni que : une grande partie du syst\u00E8me de la langue est menac\u00E9e. En revanche, une erreur de surface, comme la confusion entre \u00E0 et chez (je vais au coiffeur, je vais chez Paris), n'entra\u00EEne que des erreurs isol\u00E9es, uniquement dans les phrases contenant soit \u00E0 soit chez.Ces erreurs ne menacent pas le syst\u00E8me de la langue elle-m\u00EAme." , "lang" : "fr" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u6DF1\u5C42\u7ED3\u6784\u662F\u8A9E\u6CD5\u7406\u8AD6\u4E2D\u69CB\u6210\u53E5\u5B50\u7D50\u69CB\u57FA\u790E\u7684\u62BD\u8C61\u8A9E\u6CD5\u95DC\u4FC2\uFF0C\u4EBA\u5011\u85C9\u6B64\u89E3\u91CB\u53E5\u5B50\u6240\u8868\u793A\u7684\u610F\u601D\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4E00\u5206\u6790\u5C64\u6B21\u4E0A\u53EF\u4EE5\u5340\u5225\u9673\u8FF0\u548C\u8A62\u554F\u5169\u985E\u53E5\u5B50\uFF0C\u80FD\u5920\u5340\u5225\u5426\u5B9A\u53E5\u548C\u80AF\u5B9A\u53E5\u6216\u4E3B\u52D5\u53E5\u548C\u88AB\u52D5\u53E5\u3002\u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u4E3B\u52D5\u53E5\u300C\u72D7\u8FFD\u8C93\u300D\u548C\u88AB\u52D5\u53E5\u300C\u8C93\u88AB\u72D7\u8FFD\u300D\u5169\u7A2E\u8A9E\u614B\u7684\u610F\u601D\u662F\u76F8\u540C\u7684\u3002" , "lang" : "zh" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Estructura profunda (o estructura-P) es uno de los niveles que reconocen los modelos representacionales de la gram\u00E1tica generativa transformacional. Su utilidad radicaba en ser una estructura primitiva y simple a partir de la cual pueden realizarse las transformaciones (en el modelo est\u00E1ndar) o la operaci\u00F3n \"mu\u00E9vase-\u03B1\" (en Recci\u00F3n y ligamiento). La estructura profunda se relaciona con la estructura superficial a trav\u00E9s del llamado del . Es el tipo de relaci\u00F3n que, por ejemplo, debe esperarse entre una oraci\u00F3n activa y su forma pasiva. Por ejemplo, las oraciones \"Antanas ama a Adriana\" y \"Adriana es amada por Antanas\" significan lo mismo usando diferentes palabras. Estos dos enunciados son estructuras superficiales que se derivan de una misma estructura profunda. Esta diferencia es la que permite distinguir el concepto de gramaticalidad del de aceptabilidad. La estructura profunda es abandonada en el programa minimalista al descartarse la concepci\u00F3n representacional de la gram\u00E1tica por un modelo derivacional sin niveles internos. T\u00E9cnicamente la estructura profunda de principios y par\u00E1metros coincidir\u00EDa con el primer estado del proceso derivacional que lleva a la forma realmente pronunciada (que ser\u00EDa similar a la estructura superficial)." , "lang" : "es" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Deep structure and surface structure (also D-structure and S-structure, although these abbreviated forms are sometimes used with distinct meanings) are concepts used in linguistics, specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyan tradition of transformational generative grammar. The deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. For example, the sentences \"Pat loves Chris\" and \"Chris is loved by Pat\" mean roughly the same thing and use similar words. Some linguists, Chomsky in particular, have tried to account for this similarity by positing that these two sentences are distinct surface forms that derive from a common (or very similar) deep structure." , "lang" : "en" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u0413\u043B\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 (\u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435) \u2014 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0413\u043B\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0443\u044E \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044B \u0438 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043E\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0433\u043B\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u00AB\u0411\u043E\u0431\u0440\u044B \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0442 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B\u00BB \u0438 \u00AB\u041F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0431\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0438\u00BB. \u0413\u043B\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0438 [[[\u0431\u043E\u0431\u0440\u044B]N]NP[[\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0442]V[[\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B]N]NP]VP]S. \u041E\u0431\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F." , "lang" : "ru" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka (ang. deep structure) i struktura powierzchniowa (ang. surface structure) \u2013 w gramatyce generatywnej dwa poziomy syntaktyczne zdania. Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka jest poj\u0119ciem abstrakcyjnym oznaczaj\u0105cym sposoby, w jakie zdanie mo\u017Ce by\u0107 analizowane i interpretowane. Elementami struktury g\u0142\u0119bokiej s\u0105: podstawowe zale\u017Cno\u015Bci gramatyczne, takie jak podmiot lub dope\u0142nienie, wszystkie transformacje, kt\u00F3re nast\u0119puj\u0105 przy przej\u015Bciu do struktury powierzchniowej, wszystkie elementy warstwy leksykalnej, wreszcie interpretacja semantyczna. Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka jest baz\u0105 do transformacji do poziomu struktury powierzchniowej, kt\u00F3ra obrazuje to, co cz\u0142owiek s\u0142yszy albo czyta. Jedna struktura g\u0142\u0119boka mo\u017Ce by\u0107 wyra\u017Cana przez r\u00F3\u017Cne struktury powierzchniowe. Na przyk\u0142ad ta sama czynno\u015B\u0107 mo\u017Ce by\u0107 wyra\u017Cona w stronie czynnej i biernej. Aleksander Szulc podaje przyk\u0142ad: Dyrektor podj\u0105\u0142 decyzj\u0119 i Decyzja zosta\u0142a podj\u0119ta przez dyrektora. Z kolei Kazimierz Pola\u0144ski zestawia dwa zdania o tej samej w zasadzie tre\u015Bci: Wszystkich oburza jego spos\u00F3b post\u0119powania i Wszystkich oburza spos\u00F3b, w jaki post\u0119puje. Struktura g\u0142\u0119boka jest zasadniczo wsp\u00F3lna dla r\u00F3\u017Cnych j\u0119zyk\u00F3w. Ta jej cecha odgrywa istotn\u0105 rol\u0119 w dydaktyce j\u0119zyk\u00F3w obcych i w teorii t\u0142umaczenia. Osoba ucz\u0105ca si\u0119 jakiego\u015B j\u0119zyka obcego powinna zdawa\u0107 sobie spraw\u0119, \u017Ce w dw\u00F3ch j\u0119zykach ta sama struktura g\u0142\u0119boka mo\u017Ce si\u0119 manifestowa\u0107 w bardzo r\u00F3\u017Cny spos\u00F3b w strukturach powierzchniowych. T\u0142umaczenie struktury powierzchniowej (przek\u0142ad dos\u0142owny) mo\u017Ce prowadzi\u0107 do b\u0142\u0119d\u00F3w semantycznych i stylistycznych. Tylko z\u0142y t\u0142umacz mo\u017Ce oddawa\u0107 proste niemieckie zdanie Wie alt bist du? jako Jaki stary jeste\u015B? (przyk\u0142ad przytoczony przez Aleksandra Szulca). Poniewa\u017C w j\u0119zyku polskim wiek wyra\u017Ca si\u0119 z u\u017Cyciem czasownika mie\u0107, a nie by\u0107, prawid\u0142owe t\u0142umaczenie to Ile masz lat?. Warto doda\u0107, \u017Ce z r\u00F3\u017Cnicy mi\u0119dzy znaczeniem poszczeg\u00F3lnych s\u0142\u00F3w a sensem zdania zdawa\u0142 sobie spraw\u0119 na d\u0142ugo przed sformu\u0142owaniem rozr\u00F3\u017Cnienia pomi\u0119dzy struktur\u0105 g\u0142\u0119bok\u0105 i struktur\u0105 powierzchniow\u0105 \u015Bw. Hieronim, t\u0142umacz Biblii, kt\u00F3ry zaleca\u0142 t\u0142umaczy\u0107 non verbum e verbo, sed sensum exprimere de sensu (nie s\u0142owo w s\u0142owo, lecz by my\u015Bl odpowiada\u0142a my\u015Bli). Oba poj\u0119cia zosta\u0142y spopularyzowane przez Noama Chomsky'ego, tw\u00F3rc\u0119 gramatyki transformacyjno-generatywnej. W fonologii generatywnej u\u017Cywane s\u0105 r\u00F3wnie\u017C okre\u015Blenia \u201Ereprezentacja g\u0142\u0119boka\u201D (ang. underlying representation) i \u201Ereprezentacja powierzchniowa\u201D (ang. surface representation)." , "lang" : "pl" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "In de taalkunde en in het bijzonder de syntaxis wordt met de dieptestructuur of D-structuur van een taaluiting een theoretische constructie bedoeld waarvan het hoofddoel het aan elkaar koppelen van een aantal verwante taalinherente structuren is. Deze structuur staat in tegenstelling tot de oppervlaktestructuur. Het gebruik van de termen dieptestructuur en oppervlaktestructuur is vanuit de taalkunde uitgebreid naar andere disciplines, zoals de architectuur, de muziek (de ) en de politiek. Daarnaast zijn deze termen - niet helemaal terecht - rechtstreeks in verband gebracht met de eveneens door Chomsky voorgestelde universele grammatica. De dieptestructuur heeft bijvoorbeeld betrekking op zinnen met wel en geen anaforen of die in de bedrijvende of de lijdende vorm staan; vaak betekenen dergelijke zinsparen in feite hetzelfde en worden daarom verondersteld een gezamenlijke dieptestructuur en verschillende oppervlaktestructuren te hebben. Grammaticale fouten in de onderliggende structuur hebben als gevolg hiervan verstrekkende gevolgen voor zinnen met verschillende oppervlaktestructuren die dezelfde onderliggende structuur hebben. Een voorbeeld is de omzetting van de zin *De man die ik heb gepraat (in plaats van De man over wie ik heb gepraat) naar * Ik heb hem gepraat. Dieptestructuren staan met name centraal in de transformationele taalkunde, waar ze worden afgeleid van contextvrije taal en vervolgens omgevormd tot oppervlaktestructuren. De rol van de dieptestructuren veranderde sterk naarmate de theorie\u00EBn van Chomsky verder evolueerden; sinds halverwege de jaren 90 speelt dieptestructuur in de transformationele grammatica geen rol van betekenis meer. Volgens \"Chomsky 1\" was de dieptestructuur van een taaluiting bepalend voor de uiteindelijke interpretatie (een idee dat in zijn geheel is overgenomen in de generatieve semantiek), volgens \"Chomsky 2\" was dit een combinatie van de diepte-en de oppervlaktestructuur en volgens \"Chomsky 3\" geen van deze twee." , "lang" : "nl" } ,
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