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Voordat hij zich toelegde op zijn medische carri\u00E8re studeerde hij enige tijd rechten. Na zijn promotie aan de universiteit van Berlijn, begon hij daar een polikliniek, waar hij onderzoek naar de werking van de hersenen, loodvergiftiging en verlammingen deed. Hij was zeer ge\u00EFnteresseerd in de uitwerking van elektriciteit op de hersenen en deed proeven met konijnen, honden en apen. Als gevolg van diabetes was Hitzig aan het einde van zijn leven nagenoeg blind." , "lang" : "nl" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u042D\u0434\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0446\u0438\u0433 (\u043D\u0435\u043C. Eduard Hitzig; 6 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044F 1838, \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0438\u043D \u2014 20 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1907, \u0421\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0442-\u0411\u043B\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435\u043D) \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 \u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0439\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0440." , "lang" : "ru" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Eduard Hitzig (6 February 1838 \u2013 20 August 1907) was a German neurologist and neuropsychiatrist of Jewish ancestry born in Berlin. He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin and W\u00FCrzburg under the instruction of famous men such as Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818\u20131896), Rudolf Virchow (1821\u20131902), Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795\u20131873), and Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833\u20131890). He received his doctorate in 1862 and subsequently worked in Berlin and W\u00FCrzburg. In 1875, he became director of the Burgh\u00F6lzli asylum, as well as professor of psychiatry at the University of Zurich. In 1885, Hitzig became a professor at the University of Halle where he remained until his retirement in 1903." , "lang" : "en" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Julius Eduard Hitzig (* 6. Februar 1838 in Berlin; \u2020 20. August 1907 im Luisenheim zu St. Blasien) war ein deutscher Psychiater und Neurophysiologe." , "lang" : "de" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Julius Eduard Hitzig (ur. 6 lutego 1839 w Berlinie, zm. 20 sierpnia 1907 w , St. Blasien) \u2013 niemiecki lekarz neurolog i psychiatra." , "lang" : "pl" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Julius Eduard Hitzig (Berlino, 6 febbraio 1838 \u2013 St. Blasien, 20 agosto 1907) \u00E8 stato uno psichiatra e neurofisiologo tedesco." , "lang" : "it" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Julius Eduard Hitzig, f\u00F6dd 6 februari 1838 i Berlin, d\u00F6d 20 augusti 1907 i Luisenheim zu St. Blasien, var en tysk l\u00E4kare och professor, son till Friedrich Hitzig. Hitzig blev 1875 professor i psykiatri i Z\u00FCrich och 1879 i Halle an der Saale. Han f\u00F6rfattade en m\u00E4ngd arbeten inom psykiatri och neurologi, men hans fr\u00E4msta vetenskapliga verk torde dock vara hans experimentella studier \u00F6ver lokalisationen av aktiviteterna i storhj\u00E4rnans bark. I en tillsammans med Gustav Theodor Fritsch utf\u00F6rd unders\u00F6kning (1870) visade han n\u00E4mligen, att p\u00E5 hj\u00E4rnans yta finns ett omr\u00E5de, fr\u00E5n vilket man genom elektrisk retning kan framkalla muskelr\u00F6relser, och att olika muskler tr\u00E4der i verksamhet, beroende p\u00E5 vilket st\u00E4lle inom n\u00E4mnda omr\u00E5de som uts\u00E4tts f\u00F6r retningen. 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Hitzig blev 1875 professor i psykiatri i Z\u00FCrich och 1879 i Halle an der Saale. Han f\u00F6rfattade en m\u00E4ngd arbeten inom psykiatri och neurologi, men hans fr\u00E4msta vetenskapliga verk torde dock vara hans experimentella studier \u00F6ver lokalisationen av aktiviteterna i storhj\u00E4rnans bark. I en tillsammans med Gustav Theodor Fritsch utf\u00F6rd unders\u00F6kning (1870) visade han n\u00E4mligen, att p\u00E5 hj\u00E4rnans yta finns ett omr\u00E5de, fr\u00E5n vilket man genom elektrisk retning kan framkalla muskelr\u00F6relser, och att olika muskler tr\u00E4der i verksamhet, beroende p\u00E5 vilket st\u00E4lle inom n\u00E4mnda omr\u00E5de som uts\u00E4tts f\u00F6r retningen. Genom detta arbete inleddes en ny epok inom hj\u00E4rnforskningen, och i flera senare utf\u00F6rda unders\u00F6kningsserier utvidgade och f\u00F6rdjupade Hitzig ytterligare sina tidigare resultat. En samling av hans hith\u00F6rande arbeten utgavs 1904 under titeln Physiologische und klinische Untersuchungen \u00FCber das Gehirn." , "lang" : "sv" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Eduard Hitzig (Berlijn, 6 februari 1838 - St. Blasien, 20 augustus 1907) was een Duitse psychiater en neurologisch onderzoeker. Voordat hij zich toelegde op zijn medische carri\u00E8re studeerde hij enige tijd rechten. Na zijn promotie aan de universiteit van Berlijn, begon hij daar een polikliniek, waar hij onderzoek naar de werking van de hersenen, loodvergiftiging en verlammingen deed. Hij was zeer ge\u00EFnteresseerd in de uitwerking van elektriciteit op de hersenen en deed proeven met konijnen, honden en apen. Hitzig was als arts deelnemer aan de oorlog tegen Frankrijk en werd hiervoor onderscheiden. Na de oorlog bleef hij nog enige tijd aan het leger verbonden. In 1872 werd hij de opvolger van Bernhard von Gudden als professor aan de universiteit van Z\u00FCrich en directeur van de kliniek Burgh\u00F6lzli, waar hij zijn onderzoek voortzette en neurochirurgie uitvoerde. In 1879 werd hij opgevolgd door Auguste Forel. Hitzig werd professor aan de Universiteit van Halle. Als gevolg van diabetes was Hitzig aan het einde van zijn leven nagenoeg blind." , "lang" : "nl" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Julius Eduard Hitzig (* 6. Februar 1838 in Berlin; \u2020 20. August 1907 im Luisenheim zu St. Blasien) war ein deutscher Psychiater und Neurophysiologe." , "lang" : "de" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u042D\u0434\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0446\u0438\u0433 (\u043D\u0435\u043C. 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He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin and W\u00FCrzburg under the instruction of famous men such as Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818\u20131896), Rudolf Virchow (1821\u20131902), Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795\u20131873), and Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833\u20131890). He received his doctorate in 1862 and subsequently worked in Berlin and W\u00FCrzburg. In 1875, he became director of the Burgh\u00F6lzli asylum, as well as professor of psychiatry at the University of Zurich. In 1885, Hitzig became a professor at the University of Halle where he remained until his retirement in 1903. Hitzig is remembered for his work concerning the interaction between electric current and the brain. In 1870, Hitzig, assisted by anatomist Gustav Fritsch (1837\u20131927), applied electricity via a thin probe to the exposed cerebral cortex of a dog without anesthesia. They performed these studies at the home of Fritsch because the University of Berlin would not allow such experimentation in their laboratories. What Hitzig and Fritsch had discovered is that electrical stimulation of different areas of the cerebrum caused involuntary muscular contractions of specific parts of the dog's body. They identified the brain's \"motor strip\", a vertical strip of brain tissue on the cerebrum in the back of the frontal lobe, which controls different muscles in the body. In 1870, Hitzig published his findings in an essay called Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns (On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum). This experimentation was considered the first time anyone had done any localized study regarding the brain and electric current. However this was not the first time Hitzig had experienced the interaction between the brain and electricity; earlier in his career as a physician working with the Prussian Army, he experimented on wounded soldiers whose skulls were fractured by bullets. Hitzig noticed that applying a small electric current to the brains of these soldiers caused involuntary muscular movement. 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