@prefix dbo:	<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> .
@prefix dbr:	<http://dbpedia.org/resource/> .
dbr:History_of_literature	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:History_of_printing	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Debate_between_sheep_and_grain	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Nsibidi	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
@prefix rdfs:	<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
dbr:Literacy	rdfs:seeAlso	dbr:History_of_writing ;
	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Cursive	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Constructed_script	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Prehistory	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
@prefix foaf:	<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix wikipedia-en:	<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/> .
wikipedia-en:History_of_writing	foaf:primaryTopic	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:History	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Orality	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Linear_Elamite	rdfs:seeAlso	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:History_of_early_Tunisia	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Timeline_of_prehistory	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Index_of_history_articles	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Secondary_education	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:The_Divine_Legation_of_Moses	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Proto-writing	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Jiahu	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Ancient_Chinese_urban_planning	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Sanchuniathon	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/2019_in_literature>	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Museum_Madness	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Chancery_hand	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Essai_sur_les_hi\u00E9roglyphes_des_\u00C9gyptiens>	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Paper	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Bronze_Age	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Sumer	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Cuneiform	rdfs:seeAlso	dbr:History_of_writing ;
	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Secretary_hand	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Outline_of_communication	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Blackletter	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Publishing	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Literature	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Fertile_Crescent	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Syllable	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Uruk	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Culture_of_Iraq	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Chogha_Mish	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Grakliani_Hill	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Prehistoric_technology	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Epigraphy	rdfs:seeAlso	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Ronde_script	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:History_of_the_Middle_East	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:History_of_Mesopotamia	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Bulla_(seal)>	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:General-purpose_technology	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Denise_Schmandt-Besserat	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Delphine_Gardey	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Rotunda_(script)>	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Mesoamerican_literature	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Hun_and_po	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:List_of_Mycenaean_deities	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Bastarda	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:History_of_the_alphabet	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Saafi_people	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:PEN_Ukraine	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Evolutionary_origin_of_religions	rdfs:seeAlso	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Timeline_of_religion	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Small_seal_script	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Large_seal_script	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Kish_tablet	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Prehistoric_art	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Phoenician_alphabet	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Preservation_(library_and_archive)>	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Archivio_di_Nuova_Scrittura	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Development_of_writing	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing ;
	dbo:wikiPageRedirects	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Invention_of_writing	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing ;
	dbo:wikiPageRedirects	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Universal_history	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:List_of_ancient_dishes	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Ebla_tablets	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Indus_script	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Outline_of_books	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Court_hand	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Round_hand	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Italic_script	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Book_hand	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Logogram	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
dbr:Written_language	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_writing .
@prefix rdf:	<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix owl:	<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
dbr:History_of_writing	rdf:type	owl:Thing ;
	rdfs:label	"Geschichte der Schrift"@de ,
		"History of writing"@en ,
		"Histoire de l'\u00E9criture"@fr ,
		"Storia della scrittura"@it ,
		"\uBB38\uC790\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko ,
		"Sejarah tulisan"@in ,
		"\u6587\u5B57\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja ,
		"Hist\u00F2ria de l'escriptura"@ca ,
		"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438"@ru ,
		"Historia de la escritura"@es ,
		"Vyn\u00E1lez p\u00EDsma"@cs ,
		"\u6587\u5B57\u53F2"@zh ,
		"Idazketaren historia"@eu ,
		"\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456"@uk ,
		"\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629"@ar ,
		"Hist\u00F3ria da escrita"@pt ;
	rdfs:comment	"La storia della scrittura \u00E8, in primo luogo, lo sviluppo del linguaggio tramite tecnologie espresso con le lettere o altri segni, lo studio e la descrizione di questi sistemi. Nella storia di come si sono evoluti i sistemi di rappresentazione del linguaggio attraverso mezzi grafici nelle diverse civilt\u00E0 umane, appare che i sistemi di scrittura pi\u00F9 completi sono stati preceduti da proto-scrittura, sistemi ideografici e/o all'inizio rappresentazione di simboli mnemonici."@it ,
		"Die Geschichte der Schrift umfasst viele unterschiedliche Schriften, die in verschiedenen Regionen der Welt entstanden sind. Einige Schriften haben sich \u00FCber Jahrtausende ver\u00E4ndert und zu den in der Gegenwart verwendeten Schriften weiterentwickelt.Allgemein ist die Schrift ein Zeichensystem mit dem ein Schreiber, Schriftproduzent (Sender) eine Nachricht, mittels eines Mediums zeitlich und \u00F6rtlich getrennten Lesern, Rezipienten (Empf\u00E4ngern) zug\u00E4nglich machen kann. Die wesentliche Voraussetzung ist dabei, dass f\u00FCr den Empf\u00E4nger das Zeichensystem dekodierbar ist."@de ,
		"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0437 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0457\u0432 (\u0426\u0430\u043D \u0426\u0437\u0454), \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0456\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F\u0445 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0454 \u044F\u043A \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0448\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0443 (\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043F\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u0442\u044C, \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u043A\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0437\u043E\u0440\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044F:\u0422\u043E\u0442, \u041D\u0430\u0431\u0443). \u0414\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0443\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044E \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043C\u0456\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457: \u043D\u0430\u0432\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0456 \u0413\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0446\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438, \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043B\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043B\u0456\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043A\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u0441\u043F\u0456\u0432\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C (\u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0439) \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0439, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0445 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0456\u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0433\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u044E \u0404\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u043E 5800 \u0440. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435., \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0434\u043E 3200 \u0440. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. (\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456"@uk ,
		"The history of writing traces the development of expressing language by systems of markings and how these markings were used for various purposes in different societies, thereby transforming social organization. Writing systems are the foundation of literacy and literacy learning, with all the social and psychological consequences associated with literacy activities."@en ,
		"Vznik, resp. vyn\u00E1lez p\u00EDsma se datuje n\u011Bkdy p\u0159ed 5000 lety. Vznikem p\u00EDsma tak\u00E9 skon\u010Dil dlouh\u00FD prav\u011Bk, kter\u00FD trval miliony let, a za\u010Dala nov\u00E1 doba \u2013 starov\u011Bk. Tvrd\u00ED se, \u017Ee prvn\u00ED p\u00EDsma mohla vzniknout v tehdej\u0161\u00EDch \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00EDch, jako byly nap\u0159\u00EDklad Egypt, \u010C\u00EDna aj. P\u00EDsmo v\u011Bt\u0161inou ovl\u00E1dali pouze a jenom kn\u011B\u017E\u00ED, p\u00EDsa\u0159i a podobn\u00E9 d\u016Fle\u017Eit\u00E9 osoby. Pravd\u011Bpodobn\u011B nejstar\u0161\u00ED zn\u00E1m\u00E9 p\u00EDsmo, v\u00E1pencov\u00E1 desti\u010Dka ze Sumeru p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B z roku 3500 p\u0159. n. l."@cs ,
		"\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0639 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062D\u064A\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062C\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062F\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062E\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0647\u062A\u062F\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649\u060C \u0641\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062D\u0641\u0638 \u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0648\u0645\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062B\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062F\u062B\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u062A\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062B\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064A \u0633\u0646\u0629 5000 \u0642.\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062C\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0623\u062F\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645. \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 3600 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064A \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u064A\u0639. \u062B\u0645 \u064A\u062C\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633."@ar ,
		"Gaur egun, 6.000 hizkuntza inguru dago munduan eta 19 idazkera sistema. Idazketak markatzen du Historiaurrea eta Historiaren arteko muga. Zibilizazio garatuenek idatzizko kultura oso garatua izan dute. Historialariek diotenez, duela 300.000 edo 200.000 urte inguru, Homo erectusak hitz egiten zuen eta lehen saiakera grafikoak duela 30.000 urte hasi ziren labar-artearekin. Gero, 20.000 eta 6.500 urte bitartean sortu zen protoidazkera -marrak hezurretan, mueskak makiletan eta abar - zenbakitzeko beharragatik. Lehenengo hizkuntza keinuen bidezkoa izan zen, -batez ere eskuaren keinuen bidezkoa- eta lehenengo piktogramak keinuen transposizio grafikoak. Antzinako sinbolo mnemonikoak erabili zituzten informazioa transmititzeko. Azkenik etorri ziren mintzatutakoak adierazteko zeinuak."@eu ,
		"Sejarah tulisan mencatat perkembangan bahasa ekspresi dengan huruf atau tanda - tanda lainnya. Sejarah mencatat bahwa bahasa telah berkembang secara berbeda pada tiap peradaban manusia. Awal mula tulisan diketahui pada masa proto dengan sistem ideografik dan simbol mnemonik. Penemuan tulisan ditemukan pada dua tempat yang berbeda: Mesopotamia (khususnya Sumer kuno) sekitar 3200 SM dan Mesoamerika sekitar 600 SM. Dua belas naskah kuno Mesoamerika diketahui berasal dari Zapotec, Meksiko. Sementara itu, tempat berkembangnya tulisan masih menjadi perdebatan antara di Mesir yaitu sekitar 3200 SM atau di China pada 1300 SM."@in ,
		"A hist\u00F3ria da escrita descreve a forma\u00E7\u00E3o e a evolu\u00E7\u00E3o de diversos sistemas de escrita que surgem na Idade do Bronze a partir da protoescrita do final do Neol\u00EDtico. O surgimento da escrita \u00E9 um marco importante na hist\u00F3ria do mundo por demarcar a separa\u00E7\u00E3o entre a hist\u00F3ria e a pr\u00E9-hist\u00F3ria iniciando os registros dos acontecimentos."@pt ,
		"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E \u0431\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0435\u0432 (\u0426\u0430\u043D \u0426\u0437\u0435), \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0438\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044E \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u0430\u043C\u044F\u0442\u044C, \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0437\u043E\u0440\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044F: \u0422\u043E\u0442, \u041D\u0430\u0431\u0443). \u0414\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0438\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0413\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0451\u0440\u043A\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043B\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430."@ru ,
		"\u6587\u5B57\u7684\u767C\u5C55\u662F\u6F38\u9032\u767C\u5C55\u7684\uFF0C\u5728\u6587\u5B57\u767C\u5C55\u51FA\u4F86\u4E4B\u524D\uFF0C\u5DF2\u6709\u8A31\u591A\u7684\u51FA\u73FE\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u539F\u59CB\u6587\u5B57\u5904\u4E8E\u4ECE\u65E0\u6587\u5B57\u5411\u6709\u6587\u5B57\u7684\u8FC7\u6E21\u9636\u6BB5\uFF0C\u5B83\u4EEC\u548C\u6587\u5B57\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5DEE\u5225\u5728\u65BC\u9019\u4E9B\u7B26\u865F\u901A\u5E38\u4E0D\u7528\u4E8E\u8BB0\u5F55\u6BD4\u8F83\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u985E\u4F3C\u6709\u7CFB\u7D71\u7684\u6E9D\u901A\u6216\u5E6B\u52A9\u8A18\u61B6\u7684\u7B26\u865F\u3002\u4E2D\u56FD\u53D1\u73B0\u7684\u8D3E\u6E56\u5951\u523B\u7B26\u53F7\u5C31\u5C5E\u4E8E\u4ECE\u65E0\u6587\u5B57\u5411\u6709\u6587\u5B57\u53D1\u5C55\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u9636\u6BB5\uFF0C\u5B83\u53EF\u80FD\u662F\u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u5DF2\u77E5\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u539F\u59CB\u6587\u5B57\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u73B0\u5728\u666E\u904D\u8BA4\u4E3A\uFF0C\u7528\u4E8E\u8BB0\u5F55\u6BD4\u8F83\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u201C\u771F\u6B63\u201D\u7684\u6587\u5B57\u662F\u524D3500\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\u7684\u82CF\u7F8E\u5C14\u4EBA\u7684\u6954\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\uFF08\u65E7\u8BD1\u201C\u4E01\u5934\u5B57\u201D\uFF09\u3002\u6839\u64DA\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u9019\u7A2E\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u300C\u6587\u5B57\u300D\u53EA\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u8F14\u52A9\u8A18\u61B6\u7684\u5DE5\u5177\uFF0C\u7531\u7C21\u5316\u7684\u7DDA\u689D\u69CB\u6210\uFF0C\u7528\u4EE5\u6A21\u64EC\u6240\u6307\u7684\u7269\u9AD4\u3002\u5982\u725B\u982D\u7684\u7DDA\u689D\u8868\u793A\u725B\uFF0C\u4E09\u89D2\u5F62\u5167\u52A0\u4E00\u7DDA\u8868\u793A\u5973\u4EBA\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u5168\u662F\u8C61\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u3002\u96A8\u7740\u6642\u9593\u63A8\u79FB\uFF0C\u8C61\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u4E0D\u518D\u53EA\u662F\u4EE3\u8868\u5B83\u5011\u6240\u5716\u793A\u7684\u5C0D\u8C61\uFF0C\u800C\u958B\u59CB\u5F9E\u4E0A\u4E0B\u6587\u7372\u53D6\u66F4\u5EE3\u7684\u542B\u7FA9\u3002\u57C3\u53CA\u7684\u57C3\u53CA\u8C61\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u8F83\u6954\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u7A0D\u665A\uFF08\u524D3000\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\uFF09\u51FA\u73B0\u3002 \u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u5B57\u6BCD\u6587\u5B57\u662F\u524D1000\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\u7684\u8153\u5C3C\u57FA\u5B57\u6BCD\uFF0C\u6E90\u4E8E\u57C3\u53CA\u5723\u4E66\u4F53\u3002\u4ECE\u897F\u65B9\u7684\u89C2\u70B9\u6765\u770B\uFF0C\u73B0\u5728\u7684\u62C9\u4E01\u5B57\u6BCD\u3001\u897F\u91CC\u5C14\u5B57\u6BCD\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u5E0C\u814A\u5B57\u6BCD\uFF08\u4E2D\u95F4\u7ECF\u5386\u4E86\u6570\u4E2A\u9636\u6BB5\uFF09\uFF0C\u800C\u540E\u8005\u76F4\u63A5\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u8153\u5C3C\u57FA\u5B57\u6BCD\u3002 \u4E2D\u56FD\u7684\u6C49\u5B57\u5219\u7ECF\u5386\u4E86\u7531\u8868\u610F\u4E3A\u4E3B\u5411\u610F\u97F3\u517C\u987E\u7684\u8FC7\u6E21\u3002\u65E9\u671F\u7684\u6C49\u5B57\u4E2D\u8868\u610F\u7684\u8C61\u5F62\u5B57\u8F83\u591A\uFF0C\u540E\u6765\uFF0C\u7528\u5F62\u65C1\u52A0\u58F0\u65C1\u7684\u9020\u5B57\u6CD5\u521B\u9020\u7684\u5F62\u58F0\u5B57\u4E0D\u65AD\u589E\u591A\u3002\u5728\u5546\u4EE3\u7532\u9AA8\u6587\u91CC\uFF0C\u5F62\u58F0\u5B57\u7684\u6BD4\u4F8B\u5360\u5230\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u4E8C\u5341\u4EE5\u4E0A\u3002\u5728\u300A\u8BF4\u6587\u300B\u5C0F\u7BC6\u91CC\uFF0C\u5F62\u58F0\u5B57\u5360\u5230\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u516B\u5341\u4EE5\u4E0A\uFF0C\u5728\u73B0\u4EE3\u6C49\u5B57\u4E2D\u5360\u5230\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u4E5D\u5341\u4EE5\u4E0A\u3002[3] \uFF08\u9875\u9762\u5B58\u6863\u5907\u4EFD\uFF0C\u5B58\u4E8E\u4E92\u8054\u7F51\u6863\u6848\u9986\uFF09"@zh ,
		"L'histoire de l'\u00E9criture retrace l'\u00E9volution de l'expression du langage par des lettres ou des signes ainsi que les \u00E9tudes et descriptions de ces d\u00E9veloppements. Dans l'histoire de l'\u00E9volution des syst\u00E8mes d'\u00E9criture dans diff\u00E9rentes civilisations humaines, des syst\u00E8mes d'\u00E9criture plus complets ont \u00E9t\u00E9 pr\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9s par la proto-\u00E9criture, des syst\u00E8mes d'id\u00E9ogrammes ou mn\u00E9motechniques anciens (symboles ou lettres qui facilitent leur m\u00E9morisation)."@fr ,
		"La hist\u00F2ria de l'escriptura estudia el desenvolupament de llenguatges d'expressi\u00F3 per mitj\u00E0 de lletres o altres marques. La hist\u00F2ria de com han anat evolucionant els sistemes de representaci\u00F3 gr\u00E0fica de lleng\u00FCes en diferents civilitzacions, o sistemes d'escriptura, pot incloure tamb\u00E9 els de protoescriptura, sistemes que usen s\u00EDmbols antics o ideogrames. Una de les formes d'escriptura m\u00E9s antiga \u00E9s la cune\u00EFforme."@ca ,
		"La historia de la escritura comprende los distintos sistemas de escritura que surgieron desde la Edad del bronce (finales del IV milenio a. C.)."@es ,
		"\u6587\u5B57\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3067\u306F\u524D\u671F\u9752\u9285\u5668\u6642\u4EE3 (\u7D00\u5143\u524D4\u5343\u5E74\u7D00\u5F8C\u534A) \u306B\u65B0\u77F3\u5668\u6642\u4EE3\u306E\u539F\u6587\u5B57\u304B\u3089\u9032\u5316\u3057\u305F\u5404\u7A2E\u306E\u6587\u5B57\u4F53\u7CFB\u3092\u6982\u89B3\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
		"\uBB38\uC790\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uC8FC\uB85C \uBB38\uC790\uB098 \uB2E4\uB978 \uAE30\uD638\uB97C \uD1B5\uD55C \uC5B8\uC5B4 \uD45C\uD604\uC758 \uBC1C\uB2EC\uC744 \uC544\uC6B0\uB974\uBA70 \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBC1C\uB2EC\uC744 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uD558\uACE0 \uAE30\uC220\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uB3C4 \uD3EC\uD568\uB41C\uB2E4. \uAC04\uB2E8\uD788 \uBB38\uC790\uC0AC(\u6587\u5B57\u53F2)\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uCD5C\uCD08 \uD615\uD0DC\uC758 \uBB38\uC790 \uD45C\uD604 \uBC29\uC2DD \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370 \uD558\uB098\uB294 \uC410\uAE30 \uBB38\uC790\uC774\uB2E4."@ko ;
	rdfs:seeAlso	dbr:History_of_communication ,
		dbr:List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts ;
	foaf:depiction	<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pre-cuneiform_tags,_Sumer.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Interpretation_of_Queen_Maya\u0027s_dream.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Numerical_tablet_Khafaje_OIM_A21310.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Indus_script_recovered_from_Khirsara,_Indus_Valley_Civilization.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/P1150884_Louvre_Uruk_III_tablette_\u00E9criture_pr\u00E9cun\u00E9iforme_AO19936_rwk.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Design_of_the_Abydos_token_glyphs_dated_to_3400-3200_BCE.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jiahu_writing.svg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Development_of_writing.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Historical_Writing_Systems.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Child_learning_Brahmi_Alphabets,_Shunga_era_2nd_Century_BCE,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Proto-cuneiform_sexagesimal_type_Sa.svg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform,_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cippo_perugino,_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna,_02.jpg> ,
		<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tableta_con_trillo.png> .
@prefix dcterms:	<http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix dbc:	<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:> .
dbr:History_of_writing	dcterms:subject	dbc:History_of_writing ;
	dbo:abstract	"L'histoire de l'\u00E9criture retrace l'\u00E9volution de l'expression du langage par des lettres ou des signes ainsi que les \u00E9tudes et descriptions de ces d\u00E9veloppements. Dans l'histoire de l'\u00E9volution des syst\u00E8mes d'\u00E9criture dans diff\u00E9rentes civilisations humaines, des syst\u00E8mes d'\u00E9criture plus complets ont \u00E9t\u00E9 pr\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9s par la proto-\u00E9criture, des syst\u00E8mes d'id\u00E9ogrammes ou mn\u00E9motechniques anciens (symboles ou lettres qui facilitent leur m\u00E9morisation). L'\u00E9criture en tant que telle, dans laquelle le contenu d'un \u00E9nonc\u00E9 linguistique est cod\u00E9 de mani\u00E8re qu'un autre lecteur puisse reconstruire l'\u00E9nonc\u00E9 exact \u00E9crit, avec un certain degr\u00E9 de pr\u00E9cision, est un d\u00E9veloppement ult\u00E9rieur. Elle se distingue de la proto\u00E9criture, qui \u00E9vitait g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement de coder des mots grammaticaux et des affixes en rendant ainsi plus difficile la reconstruction du sens exact voulu par l'\u00E9crivain \u00E0 moins qu'une grande partie du contexte ne soit d\u00E9j\u00E0 connue \u00E0 l'avance. L'une des premi\u00E8res formes d'expression \u00E9crite est le cun\u00E9iforme."@fr ,
		"Die Geschichte der Schrift umfasst viele unterschiedliche Schriften, die in verschiedenen Regionen der Welt entstanden sind. Einige Schriften haben sich \u00FCber Jahrtausende ver\u00E4ndert und zu den in der Gegenwart verwendeten Schriften weiterentwickelt.Allgemein ist die Schrift ein Zeichensystem mit dem ein Schreiber, Schriftproduzent (Sender) eine Nachricht, mittels eines Mediums zeitlich und \u00F6rtlich getrennten Lesern, Rezipienten (Empf\u00E4ngern) zug\u00E4nglich machen kann. Die wesentliche Voraussetzung ist dabei, dass f\u00FCr den Empf\u00E4nger das Zeichensystem dekodierbar ist. Schriften lassen sich kategorisieren; so k\u00F6nnen zur groben \u00DCbersicht unterschieden werden: \n* Alphabetschrift oder Buchstabenschrift, einzelne, segmentale Grapheme entsprechen Phonemen der jeweiligen Sprache. \n* Syllabographie oder Silbenschrift, suprasegmentale Grapheme korrelieren mit Silben der jeweiligen Sprache. \n* Logographie oder Wortschrift, die meist bildhaften komplexen Grapheme entsprechen einzelnen Morphemen der jeweiligen Sprache. Dabei sind aber viele Schriften nicht direkt einer dieser Varianten zuordenbar; bei diesen handelt es sich um Mischformen mit verschiedenen Anteilen. Dieser Artikel behandelt historische Schriften und die Geschichte der heute verwendeten Schriften. Einen \u00DCberblick \u00FCber die heutigen Schriften gibt der Artikel Schriften der Welt."@de ,
		"Gaur egun, 6.000 hizkuntza inguru dago munduan eta 19 idazkera sistema. Idazketak markatzen du Historiaurrea eta Historiaren arteko muga. Zibilizazio garatuenek idatzizko kultura oso garatua izan dute. Historialariek diotenez, duela 300.000 edo 200.000 urte inguru, Homo erectusak hitz egiten zuen eta lehen saiakera grafikoak duela 30.000 urte hasi ziren labar-artearekin. Gero, 20.000 eta 6.500 urte bitartean sortu zen protoidazkera -marrak hezurretan, mueskak makiletan eta abar - zenbakitzeko beharragatik. Lehenengo hizkuntza keinuen bidezkoa izan zen, -batez ere eskuaren keinuen bidezkoa- eta lehenengo piktogramak keinuen transposizio grafikoak. Antzinako sinbolo mnemonikoak erabili zituzten informazioa transmititzeko. Azkenik etorri ziren mintzatutakoak adierazteko zeinuak."@eu ,
		"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E \u0431\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0435\u0432 (\u0426\u0430\u043D \u0426\u0437\u0435), \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0438\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044E \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u0430\u043C\u044F\u0442\u044C, \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0437\u043E\u0440\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044F: \u0422\u043E\u0442, \u041D\u0430\u0431\u0443). \u0414\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0438\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0413\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0451\u0440\u043A\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043B\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A (\u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0439) \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u2014 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0434\u043B\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044E \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044E \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0442\u0430 \u043A 5800-\u043C \u0433\u0433. \u0434\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u0440\u044B, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0430\u044F \u2014 \u043A 3200-\u043C \u0433\u0433. \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0451\u043C \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B \u2014 \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0431\u043E\u044F (\u0441\u043C., \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0443 \u041F\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u041D\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0430). \u041E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E \u0441\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044B \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u0443\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0442\u044F\u043D \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043C, \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044F."@ru ,
		"\u6587\u5B57\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3067\u306F\u524D\u671F\u9752\u9285\u5668\u6642\u4EE3 (\u7D00\u5143\u524D4\u5343\u5E74\u7D00\u5F8C\u534A) \u306B\u65B0\u77F3\u5668\u6642\u4EE3\u306E\u539F\u6587\u5B57\u304B\u3089\u9032\u5316\u3057\u305F\u5404\u7A2E\u306E\u6587\u5B57\u4F53\u7CFB\u3092\u6982\u89B3\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
		"La historia de la escritura comprende los distintos sistemas de escritura que surgieron desde la Edad del bronce (finales del IV milenio a. C.)."@es ,
		"\uBB38\uC790\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uC8FC\uB85C \uBB38\uC790\uB098 \uB2E4\uB978 \uAE30\uD638\uB97C \uD1B5\uD55C \uC5B8\uC5B4 \uD45C\uD604\uC758 \uBC1C\uB2EC\uC744 \uC544\uC6B0\uB974\uBA70 \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBC1C\uB2EC\uC744 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uD558\uACE0 \uAE30\uC220\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uB3C4 \uD3EC\uD568\uB41C\uB2E4. \uAC04\uB2E8\uD788 \uBB38\uC790\uC0AC(\u6587\u5B57\u53F2)\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uCD5C\uCD08 \uD615\uD0DC\uC758 \uBB38\uC790 \uD45C\uD604 \uBC29\uC2DD \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370 \uD558\uB098\uB294 \uC410\uAE30 \uBB38\uC790\uC774\uB2E4."@ko ,
		"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0437 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0457\u0432 (\u0426\u0430\u043D \u0426\u0437\u0454), \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0456\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F\u0445 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0454 \u044F\u043A \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0448\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0443 (\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043F\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u0442\u044C, \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u043A\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0437\u043E\u0440\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044F:\u0422\u043E\u0442, \u041D\u0430\u0431\u0443). \u0414\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0443\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044E \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043C\u0456\u0444\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457: \u043D\u0430\u0432\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0456 \u0413\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0446\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438, \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043B\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043B\u0456\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043A\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u0441\u043F\u0456\u0432\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C (\u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0439) \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0439, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0445 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0456\u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0433\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u044E \u0404\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u043E 5800 \u0440. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435., \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0434\u043E 3200 \u0440. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. (\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0433\u0456 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457). \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438 \u2014 \u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0431\u043E\u044E (\u0434\u0438\u0432., \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041F\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u041D\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0430). \u041E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E \u0437\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043A, \u043F\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0448\u0443\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0454\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0442\u044F\u043D \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0438\u043C, \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0433\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F."@uk ,
		"Vznik, resp. vyn\u00E1lez p\u00EDsma se datuje n\u011Bkdy p\u0159ed 5000 lety. Vznikem p\u00EDsma tak\u00E9 skon\u010Dil dlouh\u00FD prav\u011Bk, kter\u00FD trval miliony let, a za\u010Dala nov\u00E1 doba \u2013 starov\u011Bk. Tvrd\u00ED se, \u017Ee prvn\u00ED p\u00EDsma mohla vzniknout v tehdej\u0161\u00EDch \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00EDch, jako byly nap\u0159\u00EDklad Egypt, \u010C\u00EDna aj. P\u00EDsmo v\u011Bt\u0161inou ovl\u00E1dali pouze a jenom kn\u011B\u017E\u00ED, p\u00EDsa\u0159i a podobn\u00E9 d\u016Fle\u017Eit\u00E9 osoby. Pravd\u011Bpodobn\u011B nejstar\u0161\u00ED zn\u00E1m\u00E9 p\u00EDsmo, v\u00E1pencov\u00E1 desti\u010Dka ze Sumeru p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B z roku 3500 p\u0159. n. l. Nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm pokrokem za vyn\u00E1lezu p\u00EDsma, od toho piktografick\u00E9ho, k na\u0161emu nyn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmu, bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ED hl\u00E1skov\u00E9 abecedy F\u00E9ni\u010Dany. Surovinou, na kterou se nejd\u00E9le z cel\u00E9 historie psalo, byl k\u00E1men. Vyr\u00FDv\u00E1n\u00ED do kamene nebylo v\u0161ak moc praktick\u00E9, a tak i velmi pracn\u00E9. Z tohoto d\u016Fvodu se pro b\u011B\u017En\u00E9 psan\u00ED vyu\u017E\u00EDvaly jin\u00E9 materi\u00E1ly; zejm\u00E9na pap\u00EDr (ve starov\u011Bk\u00E9m Egypt\u011B se psalo na papyrus, zat\u00EDmco v dob\u011B Mezopot\u00E1mie se psalo na hlin\u011Bn\u00E9 tabulky, a tak d\u00E1le). Na Bl\u00EDzk\u00E9m v\u00FDchod\u011B se za\u010Dal p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B v 6. a\u017E 5. stolet\u00ED p\u0159. n. l. vyr\u00E1b\u011Bt n\u00E1m ji\u017E v\u00EDce zn\u00E1m\u00FD pergamen. Tento pergamen je pe\u010Dliv\u011B vyd\u011Blan\u00E1 koz\u00ED, ov\u010D\u00ED, telec\u00ED nebo osl\u00ED k\u016F\u017Ee. Jm\u00E9no pergamen je z\u0159ejm\u011B odvozeno od m\u011Bsta v dne\u0161n\u00EDm Turecku \u2013 Pergamonu."@cs ,
		"La hist\u00F2ria de l'escriptura estudia el desenvolupament de llenguatges d'expressi\u00F3 per mitj\u00E0 de lletres o altres marques. La hist\u00F2ria de com han anat evolucionant els sistemes de representaci\u00F3 gr\u00E0fica de lleng\u00FCes en diferents civilitzacions, o sistemes d'escriptura, pot incloure tamb\u00E9 els de protoescriptura, sistemes que usen s\u00EDmbols antics o ideogrames. Una de les formes d'escriptura m\u00E9s antiga \u00E9s la cune\u00EFforme. L'escriptura existeix des de fa uns 5.300 anys. Va apar\u00E8ixer en diferents formes almenys en cinc o sis focus de civilitzacions amb llarg domini de l'agricultura i el desenvolupament urb\u00E0 a l'aire lliure: a Mesopot\u00E0mia cap a 3300 aC, a Egipte cap al 3200 aC, a Xipre cap al 2200 aC, a Creta cap al 1900 aC, a la Xina cap al 1400 aC i a l'Am\u00E8rica central cap al 900 aC. Aquests escrits van donar lloc a gaireb\u00E9 tots els sistemes gr\u00E0fics actualment coneguts. El primer idioma escrit \u00E9s el sumeri. La hist\u00F2ria de l'alfabet comen\u00E7a a l'antic Egipte, m\u00E9s d'un mil\u00B7lenni despr\u00E9s d'haver comen\u00E7at la hist\u00F2ria de l'escriptura. Els estudis hist\u00F2rics relacionats amb aquesta s\u00F3n la paleografia i l'epigrafia."@ca ,
		"\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0639 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062D\u064A\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062C\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062F\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062E\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0647\u062A\u062F\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649\u060C \u0641\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062D\u0641\u0638 \u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0648\u0645\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062B\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062F\u062B\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u062A\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062B\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064A \u0633\u0646\u0629 5000 \u0642.\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062C\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0623\u062F\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645. \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 3600 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064A \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u064A\u0639. \u062B\u0645 \u064A\u062C\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062A\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0631\u0648\u063A\u0644\u064A\u0641\u064A\u0629 3400 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u060C \u062B\u0645 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629."@ar ,
		"The history of writing traces the development of expressing language by systems of markings and how these markings were used for various purposes in different societies, thereby transforming social organization. Writing systems are the foundation of literacy and literacy learning, with all the social and psychological consequences associated with literacy activities. In the history of how writing systems have evolved in human civilizations, more complete writing systems were preceded by proto-writing, systems of ideographic or early mnemonic symbols (symbols or letters that make remembering them easier). True writing, in which the content of a linguistic utterance is encoded so that another reader can reconstruct, with a fair degree of accuracy, the exact utterance written down, is a later development. It is distinguished from proto-writing, which typically avoids encoding grammatical words and affixes, making it more difficult or even impossible to reconstruct the exact meaning intended by the writer unless a great deal of context is already known in advance. The earliest uses of writing in ancient Sumeria were to document agricultural produce and create contracts, but soon writing became used for purposes of finances, religion, government, and law. These uses supported the spread of these social activities, their associated knowledge, and the extension of centralized power. Writing then became the basis of knowledge institutions such as libraries, schools, universities and scientific and disciplinary research. These uses were accompanied by the proliferation of genres, which typically initially contained markers or reminders of the social situations and uses, but the social meaning and implications of genres often became more implicit as the social functions of these genres became more recognizable in themselves, as in the examples of money, currency, financial instruments, and now digital currency."@en ,
		"Sejarah tulisan mencatat perkembangan bahasa ekspresi dengan huruf atau tanda - tanda lainnya. Sejarah mencatat bahwa bahasa telah berkembang secara berbeda pada tiap peradaban manusia. Awal mula tulisan diketahui pada masa proto dengan sistem ideografik dan simbol mnemonik. Penemuan tulisan ditemukan pada dua tempat yang berbeda: Mesopotamia (khususnya Sumer kuno) sekitar 3200 SM dan Mesoamerika sekitar 600 SM. Dua belas naskah kuno Mesoamerika diketahui berasal dari Zapotec, Meksiko. Sementara itu, tempat berkembangnya tulisan masih menjadi perdebatan antara di Mesir yaitu sekitar 3200 SM atau di China pada 1300 SM."@in ,
		"La storia della scrittura \u00E8, in primo luogo, lo sviluppo del linguaggio tramite tecnologie espresso con le lettere o altri segni, lo studio e la descrizione di questi sistemi. Nella storia di come si sono evoluti i sistemi di rappresentazione del linguaggio attraverso mezzi grafici nelle diverse civilt\u00E0 umane, appare che i sistemi di scrittura pi\u00F9 completi sono stati preceduti da proto-scrittura, sistemi ideografici e/o all'inizio rappresentazione di simboli mnemonici. La vera scrittura, in cui l'intero contenuto di un'espressione linguistica \u00E8 codificato in modo che un altro lettore possa ricostruire, con un buon grado di precisione, l'esatta espressione scritta, \u00E8 uno sviluppo successivo, e si distingue dalla proto-scrittura che evita in genere la codifica grammaticale delle parole, rendendo difficile o impossibile ricostruire con sicurezza l'esatto significato inteso dallo scrittore, a meno che una grande parte del contesto sia gi\u00E0 nota in anticipo. Una delle prime forme di espressione scritta \u00E8 quella cuneiforme."@it ,
		"A hist\u00F3ria da escrita descreve a forma\u00E7\u00E3o e a evolu\u00E7\u00E3o de diversos sistemas de escrita que surgem na Idade do Bronze a partir da protoescrita do final do Neol\u00EDtico. O surgimento da escrita \u00E9 um marco importante na hist\u00F3ria do mundo por demarcar a separa\u00E7\u00E3o entre a hist\u00F3ria e a pr\u00E9-hist\u00F3ria iniciando os registros dos acontecimentos. A protoescrita que surge no final do Neol\u00EDtico ainda n\u00E3o pode ser considerada como forma de escrita por n\u00E3o possuir significado lingu\u00EDstico, por\u00E9m forma as bases necess\u00E1rias para a posterior cria\u00E7\u00E3o da escrita. Neste per\u00EDodo o homem fez uso de ideogramas, mnem\u00F4nicos ou outras formas capazes de evocar algum tipo de informa\u00E7\u00E3o. Nesta categoria est\u00E1 o Quipu dos Incas e as runas esl\u00E1vicas. A escrita surge como necessidade do desenvolvimento da economia e da sociedade que estavam ocorrendo principalmente no Oriente M\u00E9dio. A primeira forma de escrita registrada nesta localidade \u00E9 a cuneiforme que evoluiu dos registros de tempo de trabalho. Por volta do ano 3000 a.C. na Mesopot\u00E2mia os sum\u00E9rios desenvolveram uma escrita sil\u00E1bica para representar a l\u00EDngua sum\u00E9ria falada, m\u00E9todo adotado tamb\u00E9m pelos ac\u00E1dios e que leva a cria\u00E7\u00E3o dos alfabetos. No mesmo per\u00EDodo h\u00E1 o surgimento da escrita hierogl\u00EDfica no Egito Antigo com alguma rela\u00E7\u00E3o com a escrita da Mesopot\u00E2mia. A escrita chinesa e a adotada pelas civiliza\u00E7\u00F5es pr\u00E9-colombianas na Am\u00E9rica, como por exemplo a escrita maia, tiveram origens independentes. A escrita japonesa foi criada a partir da escrita chinesa por volta do s\u00E9culo IV."@pt ,
		"\u6587\u5B57\u7684\u767C\u5C55\u662F\u6F38\u9032\u767C\u5C55\u7684\uFF0C\u5728\u6587\u5B57\u767C\u5C55\u51FA\u4F86\u4E4B\u524D\uFF0C\u5DF2\u6709\u8A31\u591A\u7684\u51FA\u73FE\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u539F\u59CB\u6587\u5B57\u5904\u4E8E\u4ECE\u65E0\u6587\u5B57\u5411\u6709\u6587\u5B57\u7684\u8FC7\u6E21\u9636\u6BB5\uFF0C\u5B83\u4EEC\u548C\u6587\u5B57\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5DEE\u5225\u5728\u65BC\u9019\u4E9B\u7B26\u865F\u901A\u5E38\u4E0D\u7528\u4E8E\u8BB0\u5F55\u6BD4\u8F83\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u985E\u4F3C\u6709\u7CFB\u7D71\u7684\u6E9D\u901A\u6216\u5E6B\u52A9\u8A18\u61B6\u7684\u7B26\u865F\u3002\u4E2D\u56FD\u53D1\u73B0\u7684\u8D3E\u6E56\u5951\u523B\u7B26\u53F7\u5C31\u5C5E\u4E8E\u4ECE\u65E0\u6587\u5B57\u5411\u6709\u6587\u5B57\u53D1\u5C55\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u9636\u6BB5\uFF0C\u5B83\u53EF\u80FD\u662F\u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u5DF2\u77E5\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u539F\u59CB\u6587\u5B57\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u73B0\u5728\u666E\u904D\u8BA4\u4E3A\uFF0C\u7528\u4E8E\u8BB0\u5F55\u6BD4\u8F83\u5B8C\u6574\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u201C\u771F\u6B63\u201D\u7684\u6587\u5B57\u662F\u524D3500\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\u7684\u82CF\u7F8E\u5C14\u4EBA\u7684\u6954\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\uFF08\u65E7\u8BD1\u201C\u4E01\u5934\u5B57\u201D\uFF09\u3002\u6839\u64DA\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u9019\u7A2E\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u300C\u6587\u5B57\u300D\u53EA\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u8F14\u52A9\u8A18\u61B6\u7684\u5DE5\u5177\uFF0C\u7531\u7C21\u5316\u7684\u7DDA\u689D\u69CB\u6210\uFF0C\u7528\u4EE5\u6A21\u64EC\u6240\u6307\u7684\u7269\u9AD4\u3002\u5982\u725B\u982D\u7684\u7DDA\u689D\u8868\u793A\u725B\uFF0C\u4E09\u89D2\u5F62\u5167\u52A0\u4E00\u7DDA\u8868\u793A\u5973\u4EBA\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u5168\u662F\u8C61\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u3002\u96A8\u7740\u6642\u9593\u63A8\u79FB\uFF0C\u8C61\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u4E0D\u518D\u53EA\u662F\u4EE3\u8868\u5B83\u5011\u6240\u5716\u793A\u7684\u5C0D\u8C61\uFF0C\u800C\u958B\u59CB\u5F9E\u4E0A\u4E0B\u6587\u7372\u53D6\u66F4\u5EE3\u7684\u542B\u7FA9\u3002\u57C3\u53CA\u7684\u57C3\u53CA\u8C61\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u8F83\u6954\u5F62\u6587\u5B57\u7A0D\u665A\uFF08\u524D3000\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\uFF09\u51FA\u73B0\u3002 \u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u5B57\u6BCD\u6587\u5B57\u662F\u524D1000\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\u7684\u8153\u5C3C\u57FA\u5B57\u6BCD\uFF0C\u6E90\u4E8E\u57C3\u53CA\u5723\u4E66\u4F53\u3002\u4ECE\u897F\u65B9\u7684\u89C2\u70B9\u6765\u770B\uFF0C\u73B0\u5728\u7684\u62C9\u4E01\u5B57\u6BCD\u3001\u897F\u91CC\u5C14\u5B57\u6BCD\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u5E0C\u814A\u5B57\u6BCD\uFF08\u4E2D\u95F4\u7ECF\u5386\u4E86\u6570\u4E2A\u9636\u6BB5\uFF09\uFF0C\u800C\u540E\u8005\u76F4\u63A5\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u8153\u5C3C\u57FA\u5B57\u6BCD\u3002 \u4E2D\u56FD\u7684\u6C49\u5B57\u5219\u7ECF\u5386\u4E86\u7531\u8868\u610F\u4E3A\u4E3B\u5411\u610F\u97F3\u517C\u987E\u7684\u8FC7\u6E21\u3002\u65E9\u671F\u7684\u6C49\u5B57\u4E2D\u8868\u610F\u7684\u8C61\u5F62\u5B57\u8F83\u591A\uFF0C\u540E\u6765\uFF0C\u7528\u5F62\u65C1\u52A0\u58F0\u65C1\u7684\u9020\u5B57\u6CD5\u521B\u9020\u7684\u5F62\u58F0\u5B57\u4E0D\u65AD\u589E\u591A\u3002\u5728\u5546\u4EE3\u7532\u9AA8\u6587\u91CC\uFF0C\u5F62\u58F0\u5B57\u7684\u6BD4\u4F8B\u5360\u5230\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u4E8C\u5341\u4EE5\u4E0A\u3002\u5728\u300A\u8BF4\u6587\u300B\u5C0F\u7BC6\u91CC\uFF0C\u5F62\u58F0\u5B57\u5360\u5230\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u516B\u5341\u4EE5\u4E0A\uFF0C\u5728\u73B0\u4EE3\u6C49\u5B57\u4E2D\u5360\u5230\u767E\u5206\u4E4B\u4E5D\u5341\u4EE5\u4E0A\u3002[3] \uFF08\u9875\u9762\u5B58\u6863\u5907\u4EFD\uFF0C\u5B58\u4E8E\u4E92\u8054\u7F51\u6863\u6848\u9986\uFF09 \u6587\u5B57\u7684\u53D1\u5C55\u7ECF\u5386\u4E86\u201C\u56FE\u753B\u6587\u5B57-\u8868\u610F\u6587\u5B57-\u8868\u97F3\u6587\u5B57\u201D\u8FD9\u51E0\u4E2A\u9636\u6BB5\u3002\u8981\u6CE8\u610F\u7684\u662F\uFF0C\u8FD9\u51E0\u4E2A\u9636\u6BB5\u53EA\u662F\u8868\u73B0\u4E86\u5404\u79CD\u4E0D\u540C\u6587\u5B57\u51FA\u73B0\u7684\u987A\u5E8F\u53CA\u76F8\u4E92\u5173\u7CFB\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E0D\u7B49\u4E8E\u540E\u8005\u5C31\u4E00\u5B9A\u6BD4\u524D\u8005\u4F18\u8D8A\u3002\u4E0D\u540C\u7C7B\u578B\u6587\u5B57\u7684\u4F18\u52A3\u5E94\u8BE5\u7ED3\u5408\u5176\u6240\u8BB0\u5F55\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u4E0D\u540C\u7279\u5F81\u6765\u5224\u65AD\uFF0C\u53EA\u6709\u80FD\u591F\u51C6\u786E\u5730\u8BB0\u5F55\u76F8\u5E94\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u7279\u5F81\u7684\u6587\u5B57\u624D\u662F\u4F18\u79C0\u7684\u6587\u5B57\u3002"@zh ;
	dbo:wikiPageWikiLink	dbr:History_of_American_newspapers ,
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	dbo:wikiPageRedirects	dbr:History_of_writing .  <script>parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.url:http://dbpedia.org/data/History_of_writing.n3', '*'); </script> <div id='browserdiffcontainer' style='position: fixed; right: 10px; top: 10vh; min-width: 60px;  border: 1px solid white; background: rgb(251, 189, 0);; opacity: 0.9; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans serif;  font-size: 12px; z-index: 20001; padding-bottom: 20px;'><div onclick="toggle('browserdiffcontainerlist'); return false;" style='background: rgb(151, 89, 0);; color: white; '><strong>&nbsp; <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-minus'></span> NODES</strong></div><div id='browserdiffcontainerlist' style='padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 5px; max-height: 50vh; overflow: auto; '><div><a href='#diffid878' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:878', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>Note </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid878'><sup>2</sup></a></div><div><a href='#diffid115' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:115', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>Project </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid115'><sup>1</sup></a></div><div><a href='#diffid122' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:122', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>todo </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid122'><sup>1</sup></a></div></div></div>
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