. . . . "El potencial de membrana es la diferencia de potencial el\u00E9ctrico a ambos lados de una membrana que separa dos soluciones de diferente concentraci\u00F3n de iones, como la membrana celular que separa el interior y el exterior de una c\u00E9lula. Cuando se habla de potenciales de membrana, se deber\u00EDa hablar del \"potencial de difusi\u00F3n\" o \"potencial de uni\u00F3n l\u00EDquida\"."@es . . . "Toute cellule biologique est entour\u00E9e d'une membrane dite membrane plasmique. Cette membrane est relativement imperm\u00E9able aux esp\u00E8ces \u00E9lectriquement charg\u00E9es telles que les ions et aux mol\u00E9cules qui peuvent participer \u00E0 l'activit\u00E9 \u00E9lectrochimique (mol\u00E9cules polaires) telles que l'eau. Elle pr\u00E9sente ainsi une grande r\u00E9sistance \u00E9lectrique et forme en quelque sorte un dip\u00F4le (comme un condensateur)."@fr . . . . . . . "Mintz potentziala zelula baten mintzaren kanpo eta barnealdearen arteko boltai aldaketa da. Potentzial diferentzia hau mintza zeharkatu dezaketen ioien kontzentrazio ezberdinak sortzen du, eta ezinbestekoa da zelulen aktibitate egokirako. Bere funtzio nagusia ekintza potentziala burutzea da, honen bidez, besteak beste, nerbio garraioa edo muskuluaren uzkurketa gertatzen baita. Atseden egoeran gizaki zelula gehienetan -70 mV eta -90 mV artean egoten da.Mintz potentziala mintz plasmatikoa zeharkatzen duten proteinek sortzen dute gehien bat. Bigeruza lipidikoa zeharkatzen duten kanalek eta ponpek ioien iragazkortasuna eta, ondorioz, barne eta kanpoaldearen arteko kontzentrazio ezberdintasuna kontrolatzen dute. Sodio, potasio eta kloro dira kontzentrazio altuenean agertzen diren ioiak, eta pon"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Per potenziale di membrana si intende la differenza di potenziale elettrico, misurabile in una cellula, tra il citosol, che presenta cariche negative, e lo spazio extracellulare, che presenta cariche positive. Il fatto che l'interno della cellula abbia come segno cariche negative e l'esterno cariche positive non significa che dentro ci siano solo cariche negative e fuori solo cariche positive. In realt\u00E0 questa differenza di cariche \u00E8 data dall'ineguale distribuzione degli ioni tra interno ed esterno della cellula e alla presenza di canali selettivi per gli ioni aperti a riposo, in particolare del potassio e del cloro. Data la maggior concentrazione di potassio all'interno e di cloro all'esterno della cellula, ne deriva che il potenziale di membrana \u00E8 molto vicino al potenziale di equilibri"@it . . . "1124166478"^^ . "Toute cellule biologique est entour\u00E9e d'une membrane dite membrane plasmique. Cette membrane est relativement imperm\u00E9able aux esp\u00E8ces \u00E9lectriquement charg\u00E9es telles que les ions et aux mol\u00E9cules qui peuvent participer \u00E0 l'activit\u00E9 \u00E9lectrochimique (mol\u00E9cules polaires) telles que l'eau. Elle pr\u00E9sente ainsi une grande r\u00E9sistance \u00E9lectrique et forme en quelque sorte un dip\u00F4le (comme un condensateur). Gr\u00E2ce \u00E0 ces propri\u00E9t\u00E9s, la membrane s\u00E9pare en deux compartiments \u00E9tanches l'int\u00E9rieur de la cellule, le cytoplasme, de l'ext\u00E9rieur de la cellule, le milieu extracellulaire. \u00C9tant donn\u00E9 l'activit\u00E9 permanente des prot\u00E9ines membranaires, la composition ionique de ces deux compartiments est diff\u00E9rente. C'est pourquoi il existe, pour chacun des compos\u00E9s ioniques dont la concentration est diff\u00E9rente, un potentiel \u00E9lectrochimique."@fr . . . . . "Potencial el\u00E9trico de membrana"@pt . . "El potencial de membrana \u00E9s el voltatge de la difer\u00E8ncia de potencial el\u00E8ctric d'una cara a l'altra de la membrana plasm\u00E0tica d'una c\u00E8l\u00B7lula. La membrana de les c\u00E8l\u00B7lules est\u00E0 polaritzada, a causa del fet que hi ha un repartiment desigual de les c\u00E0rregues el\u00E8ctriques entre l'interior i l'exterior de la c\u00E8l\u00B7lula. Aix\u00F2 crea una difer\u00E8ncia de potencial, sent l'exterior positiu respecte l'interior. El potencial de membrana \u00E9s una conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia del gradient electroqu\u00EDmic."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . "De membraanpotentiaal (Vm) is de elektrische spanning die staat over de membraan van een cel. De potentiaal ontstaat door verschillende concentratiegradi\u00EBnten van positieve en negatieve ionen (en daarmee elektrische lading) aan weerszijden van de membraan: aan de buitenkant (de extracellulaire zijde) van de membraan zijn er meer positieve ionen (vooral natriumionen) dan aan de binnenkant (het cytoplasma) van de cel."@nl . . . "\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u307E\u304F\u3067\u3093\u3044\u3001\u82F1: membrane potential\uFF09\u306F\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u5185\u5916\u306B\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5DEE\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306F\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u3092\u306F\u3055\u3093\u3067\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u4E2D\u3068\u5916\u3068\u3067\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u306E\u7D44\u6210\u304C\u7570\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3053\u306E\u96FB\u8377\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u306E\u5206\u5E03\u306E\u5DEE\u304C\u3001\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5DEE\u3092\u3082\u305F\u3089\u3059\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u3001\u7D30\u80DE\u5185\u306F\u7D30\u80DE\u5916\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u8CA0(\u9670\u6027)\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u795E\u7D4C\u7D30\u80DE\u3084\u7B4B\u7D30\u80DE\u306F\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u3092\u7D20\u65E9\u304F\u3001\u52D5\u7684\u306B\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305B\u308B\u4E8B\u306B\u3088\u308A\u3001\u751F\u4F53\u306E\u6D3B\u52D5\u306B\u5927\u304D\u304F\u8CA2\u732E\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u3068\u306F\u3053\u308C\u3089\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u7279\u6709\u306E\u73FE\u8C61\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304B\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u8AA4\u89E3\u3055\u308C\u308B\u4E8B\u3082\u591A\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u73FE\u5B9F\u306B\u306F\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u819C\u5185\u5916\u306E\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u7D44\u6210\u306F\u7570\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u306F\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30BE\u30A6\u30EA\u30E0\u30B7\u306E\u7E4A\u6BDB\u306E\u6253\u3064\u65B9\u5411\u306E\u5236\u5FA1\u306F\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5909\u5316\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5236\u5FA1\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u690D\u7269\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6709\u540D\u306A\u4F8B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u3001\u30AA\u30B8\u30AE\u30BD\u30A6\u306E\u5C0F\u8449\u304C\u89E6\u308C\u308B\u4E8B\u306B\u3088\u308A\u9589\u3058\u308B\u306E\u3082\u3001\u30AA\u30B8\u30AE\u30BD\u30A6\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5909\u5316\u306B\u3088\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u4E8B\u304C\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u3068\u305D\u306E\u5909\u5316\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u5358\u7D30\u80DE\u751F\u7269\u3084\u690D\u7269\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u3055\u3048\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3001\u751F\u7269\u5171\u901A\u306E\u57FA\u672C\u539F\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Per potenziale di membrana si intende la differenza di potenziale elettrico, misurabile in una cellula, tra il citosol, che presenta cariche negative, e lo spazio extracellulare, che presenta cariche positive. Il fatto che l'interno della cellula abbia come segno cariche negative e l'esterno cariche positive non significa che dentro ci siano solo cariche negative e fuori solo cariche positive. In realt\u00E0 questa differenza di cariche \u00E8 data dall'ineguale distribuzione degli ioni tra interno ed esterno della cellula e alla presenza di canali selettivi per gli ioni aperti a riposo, in particolare del potassio e del cloro. Data la maggior concentrazione di potassio all'interno e di cloro all'esterno della cellula, ne deriva che il potenziale di membrana \u00E8 molto vicino al potenziale di equilibrio o di Nernst del potassio e del cloro (circa -80 mV). Il potenziale di membrana \u00E8 un potenziale di diffusione e non va confuso con il potenziale di superficie che \u00E8 legato alle cariche fisse presenti sui fosfolipidi di membrana. Il potenziale di membrana pu\u00F2 essere misurato posizionando due elettrodi di vetro collegati a un voltmetro all'interno e all'esterno di una cellula. Esso consente, tra le altre cose, la propagazione dei potenziali d'azione nelle cellule dei tessuti eccitabili. In particolare, nelle cellule in cui \u00E8 soggetto a variazioni improvvise, come le cellule muscolari e quelle nervose, \u00E8 detto potenziale di membrana a riposo. I segnali elettrici transitori sono particolarmente utili per trasmettere, velocemente e a lunga distanza, informazioni fugaci che possono essere di vitale importanza per un organismo vivente. Questi segnali elettrici sono dovuti a modificazioni transitorie dei flussi di corrente che, sotto forma di ioni, entrano ed escono dalle cellule. Tali flussi di corrente sono controllati dai canali ionici della membrana plasmatica."@it . . "\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: membrane potential)\u200F (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0648\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0623\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u0647\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064B \u062C\u064A\u0651\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u062B\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647\u060C \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062A\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u063A\u064A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062C\u0647\u062F \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A"@ar . . . . "Mintz potentziala zelula baten mintzaren kanpo eta barnealdearen arteko boltai aldaketa da. Potentzial diferentzia hau mintza zeharkatu dezaketen ioien kontzentrazio ezberdinak sortzen du, eta ezinbestekoa da zelulen aktibitate egokirako. Bere funtzio nagusia ekintza potentziala burutzea da, honen bidez, besteak beste, nerbio garraioa edo muskuluaren uzkurketa gertatzen baita. Atseden egoeran gizaki zelula gehienetan -70 mV eta -90 mV artean egoten da.Mintz potentziala mintz plasmatikoa zeharkatzen duten proteinek sortzen dute gehien bat. Bigeruza lipidikoa zeharkatzen duten kanalek eta ponpek ioien iragazkortasuna eta, ondorioz, barne eta kanpoaldearen arteko kontzentrazio ezberdintasuna kontrolatzen dute. Sodio, potasio eta kloro dira kontzentrazio altuenean agertzen diren ioiak, eta ponpen artean ponpa da garrantzitsuena. Honek etengabe kanporatzen ditu 3 eta 2 barneratu, ziklo bakoitzean ATP molekula bat gastatuz eta karga positibo bat gehiago kanporatuz. Energia gastu honen bidez mantendu daiteke egoera egonkorrean. Ioi eta ponpa hauez gain garrantzia handia dute zelula barruko ioi negatibo handiek. Hauek normalean proteinak dira, negatiboki kargatuak, eta ezin dute mintza zeharkatu.Kitzikagarriak ez diren zeluletan atseden potentzial honek balio konstantea mantentzen du, baina mintz potentziala asko aldatzen da. Honen adibide garbiena neuronak dira: kitzikapen nahikoa jasoz gero ekintza potentziala sortu eta garraiatzeko gai dira. Mintz potentziala -90 mV inguruko atseden baliotik despolarizatu eta balio positibo batera iritsi arte aldatuko da, eta honen ostean atseden balioa berreskuratu. Aldaketa bortitz hau boltai menpeko kanalen menpe dago, eta dena edo ezer ez motakoa da, atari potentzial bat gainditu behar da gertatu ahal izateko."@eu . . "Potencial de membrana"@es . . "\u819C\u7535\u4F4D"@zh . . . . "Mintz potentzial"@eu . . . . . . . . "Poit\u00E9inseal scann\u00E1in"@ga . . "\u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B"@ru . . "\u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "De membraanpotentiaal (Vm) is de elektrische spanning die staat over de membraan van een cel. De potentiaal ontstaat door verschillende concentratiegradi\u00EBnten van positieve en negatieve ionen (en daarmee elektrische lading) aan weerszijden van de membraan: aan de buitenkant (de extracellulaire zijde) van de membraan zijn er meer positieve ionen (vooral natriumionen) dan aan de binnenkant (het cytoplasma) van de cel. In principe heeft elke membraan een membraanpotentiaal (al is het een potentiaal van 0 mV), maar met name zenuwcellen staan bekend om hun membraanpotentiaal. Door middel van veranderingen in de membraanpotentiaal zijn zenuwcellen (of neuronen) in staat met elkaar te communiceren. Als de membraanpotentiaal van een neuron voldoende gedepolariseerd wordt, dat wil zeggen dat het potentiaalverschil kleiner wordt dan een bepaalde grenswaarde, dan ontstaat er een golf van elektrische ontlading en spreekt men van een actiepotentiaal. Dat wil in feite zeggen dat de cel bezig is met het verzenden van een boodschap. De membraanpotentiaal van een inactief neuron noemt men rustpotentiaal."@nl . . . . "Potencial de membrana"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . "Potencial el\u00E9trico de membrana (ou potencial transmembranar ou voltagem da membrana) \u00E9 a diferen\u00E7a de potencial el\u00E9ctrico (voltagem) entre os meios intra e extracelular. Ou seja, h\u00E1 uma diferen\u00E7a na energia necess\u00E1ria para que as cargas el\u00E9tricas se movam do ambiente celular interno para o externo e vice-versa, desde que n\u00E3o haja aquisi\u00E7\u00E3o de energia cin\u00E9tica ou produ\u00E7\u00E3o de radia\u00E7\u00E3o. Os gradientes de concentra\u00E7\u00E3o das cargas determinam diretamente essa necessidade de energia. Para o exterior da c\u00E9lula, os valores t\u00EDpicos de potencial, normalmente dados em unidades de milivolts e denotados como mV, variam de \u201380 mV a \u201340 mV."@pt . . . . . . . . . "Das Membranpotential (pr\u00E4ziser: die Transmembranspannung) ist eine spezielle elektrische Spannung zwischen zwei Fl\u00FCssigkeitsr\u00E4umen, in denen geladene Teilchen (Ionen) in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen vorliegen. Ein Membranpotential entsteht, wenn die Fl\u00FCssigkeitsr\u00E4ume durch eine Membran getrennt sind, die mindestens eine dieser Teilchensorten durchl\u00E4sst, aber nicht von allen Teilchensorten gleich gut passiert werden kann (Semipermeabilit\u00E4t). Angetrieben durch zuf\u00E4llige Teilchenbewegung wechseln dann mehr Ionen einer Sorte auf die Seite niedrigerer Konzentration als in die umgekehrte Richtung (Diffusion), sodass eine Ladungstrennung und damit die Transmembranspannung resultiert. Die Ladungstrennung bedeutet gleichzeitig eine zunehmende elektrische Absto\u00DFungskraft auf nachfolgende Teilch"@de . . . . "Potensial membran"@in . . . . . . . . . "Das Membranpotential (pr\u00E4ziser: die Transmembranspannung) ist eine spezielle elektrische Spannung zwischen zwei Fl\u00FCssigkeitsr\u00E4umen, in denen geladene Teilchen (Ionen) in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen vorliegen. Ein Membranpotential entsteht, wenn die Fl\u00FCssigkeitsr\u00E4ume durch eine Membran getrennt sind, die mindestens eine dieser Teilchensorten durchl\u00E4sst, aber nicht von allen Teilchensorten gleich gut passiert werden kann (Semipermeabilit\u00E4t). Angetrieben durch zuf\u00E4llige Teilchenbewegung wechseln dann mehr Ionen einer Sorte auf die Seite niedrigerer Konzentration als in die umgekehrte Richtung (Diffusion), sodass eine Ladungstrennung und damit die Transmembranspannung resultiert. Die Ladungstrennung bedeutet gleichzeitig eine zunehmende elektrische Absto\u00DFungskraft auf nachfolgende Teilchen, die schlie\u00DFlich genauso stark wird wie die Diffusion. In diesem Gleichgewichtszustand bewegen sich immer noch Teilchen der betrachteten Sorte \u00FCber die Membran, aber in jedem Moment gleich viele in beide Richtungen; der Nettostrom ist null und das Membranpotential stabil. Stabile Membranpotentiale gibt es auch, wenn mehrere Teilchensorten beteiligt sind; in diesem Fall ist der Nettostrom f\u00FCr jede einzelne Teilchensorte fast immer ungleich null, der Nettostrom \u00FCber alle Teilchen gerechnet dagegen ebenfalls null. Membranpotentiale sind in der Biologie von \u00FCberragender Bedeutung; alle lebenden Zellen bauen ein Membranpotential auf. Zur Herstellung und Aufrechterhaltung der Konzentrationsunterschiede benutzen sie dabei molekulare Pumpen wie die Natrium-Kalium-ATPase, selektive Permeabilit\u00E4t entsteht durch spezifische Ionenkan\u00E4le. Das Membranpotential nutzen Zellen f\u00FCr Transporte \u00FCber die Membran; zeitlich ver\u00E4nderliche Membranpotentiale koordinieren die Herzaktion und leiten und integrieren Informationen in Gehirn und Nerven."@de . . "\uB9C9 \uC804\uC704(\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D, Membrane potential)\uB294 \uC73C\uB85C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uC778 \uAD6C\uC870\uC758 \uC548\uACFC \uBC16\uC758 \uC804\uC704\uCC28\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC8FC\uB85C \uC138\uD3EC\uB9C9\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uC804\uC704\uCC28\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uB294 \uC758 \uAC1C\uB150\uC73C\uB85C \uB9CE\uC774 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . "\u039C\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC"@el . . . . . . . "An difr\u00EDocht voltais trasna an chillscann\u00E1in sa chuid is m\u00F3 de na cealla beo, agus an taobh istigh di\u00FAltach i leith an taobh amuigh. Tugtar an poit\u00E9inseal tras-scann\u00E1in air seo freisin. Cinneann ti\u00FAchan na n-ian ar an d\u00E1 thaobh a luach, ach b\u00EDonn s\u00E9 idir -9 is -100 mV, ag brath ar n\u00E1d\u00FAr na cille."@ga . . . . . . . . . "\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D"@ja . . "Membranpotential \u00E4r ett begrepp som ofta anv\u00E4nds inom neurovetenskapen, d\u00E4r det \u00E5syftar den elektriska sp\u00E4nningen mellan den intracellul\u00E4ra- och extracellul\u00E4ra milj\u00F6n hos en cell. Membranpotentialen f\u00F6r en nervcell skapas av att koncentrationen av olika typer av joner \u00E4r olika utanf\u00F6r respektive inne i cellen. Den intracellul\u00E4ra koncentrationen av kaliumjoner \u00E4r m\u00E5nga g\u00E5nger h\u00F6gre \u00E4n den extracellul\u00E4ra, medan den extracellul\u00E4ra koncentrationen av natriumjoner \u00E4r h\u00F6gre \u00E4n den intracellul\u00E4ra. En genomsnittlig nervcell har en vilomembranpotential som ligger kring -70 mV (minus eftersom extracellul\u00E4rrummet \u00E4r referens), och n\u00E4r cellen aktiveras d\u00E5 en aktionspotential genereras s\u00E5 str\u00F6mmar positivt laddade natriumjoner in i cellen fr\u00E5n utsidan, vilket leder till en depolarisering eftersom de positiva laddningarna bidrar till att momentant h\u00F6ja membranpotentialen hos cellen. Cellmembranet har dock en viss inneboende egenskap av genomsl\u00E4pplighet (permeabilitet) f\u00F6r kaliumjoner i \"vilotillst\u00E5ndet\", vilket leder till en f\u00F6rskjutning av nettoladdningen mot ett negativt v\u00E4rde i f\u00F6rh\u00E5llande till insidan av cellen. Permeabiliteten \u00E4r ett resultat av proteiner som fungerar som jonkanaler genom cellmembranet."@sv . . . . . . . "An difr\u00EDocht voltais trasna an chillscann\u00E1in sa chuid is m\u00F3 de na cealla beo, agus an taobh istigh di\u00FAltach i leith an taobh amuigh. Tugtar an poit\u00E9inseal tras-scann\u00E1in air seo freisin. Cinneann ti\u00FAchan na n-ian ar an d\u00E1 thaobh a luach, ach b\u00EDonn s\u00E9 idir -9 is -100 mV, ag brath ar n\u00E1d\u00FAr na cille."@ga . . . . "Membr\u00E1nov\u00FD potenci\u00E1l je rozd\u00EDl elektrick\u00E9ho potenci\u00E1lu mezi dv\u011Bma stranami biologick\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny. Z fyzik\u00E1ln\u00EDho hlediska je to vlastn\u011B nap\u011Bt\u00ED na polarizovan\u00E9 polopropustn\u00E9 membr\u00E1n\u011B. Vznik\u00E1 jako d\u016Fsledek p\u016Fsoben\u00ED elektrochemick\u00E9ho gradientu mal\u00FDch iont\u016F a proton\u016F. Z toho plyne i nerovnom\u011Brn\u00E9 rozd\u011Blen\u00ED iont\u016F vn\u011B a uvnit\u0159 membr\u00E1ny."@cs . . . "Potensial membran (bahasa Inggris: membrane potential, \u0394\u03A8) adalah beda potensial elektrik antara dinding sebelah luar dan sebelah dalam dari suatu membran sel yang berkisar dari sekitar -50 hingga -200 milivolt (tanda minus menunjukkan bahwa di dalam sel bersifat negatif dibandingkan dengan di luarnya). Semua sel memiliki tegangan melintasi membran plasmanya, di mana tegangan ialah energi potensial listrik-pemisahan muatan yang berlawanan. Sitoplasma sel bermuatan negatif dibandingkan dengan fluida ekstraseluler disebabkan oleh distribusi anion dan kation pada sisi membran yang berlawanan yang tidak sama. Potensial membran bertindak seperti baterai, suatu sumber energi yang memengaruhi lalulintas semua substansi bermuatan yang melintasi membran. Karena di dalam sel itu negatif dibandingkan dengan di luarnya, potensial membran ni mendukung transpor pasif kation ke dalam sel dan anion ke luar sel. Dengan demikian, dua gaya menggerakkan difusi ion melintasi suatu membran: gaya kimiawi (gradien konsntrasi ion) dan gaya listrik (pengaruh potensial membran pada pergerakan ion). Kombinasi kedua gaya yang bekerja pada satu ion ini disebut gradien elektrokimiawi. Perubahan lingkungan dapat memengaruhi potensial membran dan sel itu sendiri, sebagai conthnya, dari membran plasma diduga memicu apoptosis (kematian sel yang terprogram)"@in . . . . "Potencial el\u00E9trico de membrana (ou potencial transmembranar ou voltagem da membrana) \u00E9 a diferen\u00E7a de potencial el\u00E9ctrico (voltagem) entre os meios intra e extracelular. Ou seja, h\u00E1 uma diferen\u00E7a na energia necess\u00E1ria para que as cargas el\u00E9tricas se movam do ambiente celular interno para o externo e vice-versa, desde que n\u00E3o haja aquisi\u00E7\u00E3o de energia cin\u00E9tica ou produ\u00E7\u00E3o de radia\u00E7\u00E3o. Os gradientes de concentra\u00E7\u00E3o das cargas determinam diretamente essa necessidade de energia. Para o exterior da c\u00E9lula, os valores t\u00EDpicos de potencial, normalmente dados em unidades de milivolts e denotados como mV, variam de \u201380 mV a \u201340 mV. Todas as c\u00E9lulas animais s\u00E3o envolvidas por uma membrana constitu\u00EDda por uma bicamada lip\u00EDdica que cont\u00E9m prote\u00EDnas incorporadas. A membrana celular serve tanto como isolante quanto como barreira de difus\u00E3o para o movimento de \u00EDons. As bombas de \u00EDons, que s\u00E3o prote\u00EDnas transmembranares, empurram os \u00EDons para que cruzem a membrana, atrav\u00E9s dos canais i\u00F4nicos, assim modificando os gradientes de concentra\u00E7\u00E3o. Bombas i\u00F3nicas e canais i\u00F4nicos s\u00E3o eletricamente equivalentes a um conjunto de pilhas e resistores inseridos na membrana e criam uma diferen\u00E7a de tens\u00E3o entre os dois lados da membrana, regulando as concentra\u00E7\u00F5es de \u00EDons no citoplasma, separado pela bicapa lip\u00EDdica da membrana plasm\u00E1tica. Quase todas as membranas plasm\u00E1ticas t\u00EAm um potencial el\u00E9trico atrav\u00E9s delas, com o interior geralmente negativo em rela\u00E7\u00E3o ao exterior. O potencial de membrana tem duas fun\u00E7\u00F5es b\u00E1sicas. Primeiro, permite que uma c\u00E9lula funcione como uma bateria, fornecendo energia para operar uma variedade de \"dispositivos moleculares\" embutidos na membrana. Em segundo lugar, em c\u00E9lulas eletricamente excit\u00E1veis, como neur\u00F4nios e c\u00E9lulas musculares, \u00E9 usado para transmitir sinais entre diferentes partes de uma c\u00E9lula. Os sinais s\u00E3o gerados pela abertura ou fechamento de canais i\u00F4nicos em um ponto da membrana, produzindo uma mudan\u00E7a local no potencial de membrana. Essa mudan\u00E7a no campo el\u00E9trico pode ser rapidamente percebida por canais i\u00F4nicos adjacentes ou mais distantes na membrana. Esses canais i\u00F4nicos podem ent\u00E3o abrir ou fechar como resultado da mudan\u00E7a potencial, reproduzindo o sinal. Em c\u00E9lulas n\u00E3o-excit\u00E1veis, e em c\u00E9lulas excit\u00E1veis \u200B\u200Bem seus estados basais, o potencial de membrana \u00E9 mantido em um valor relativamente est\u00E1vel, chamado potencial de repouso. Para os neur\u00F4nios, o potencial de repouso \u00E9 definido como variando de \u201380 a \u201370 milivolts. A abertura e o fechamento dos canais i\u00F4nicos podem induzir um afastamento do potencial de repouso. Isso \u00E9 chamado de despolariza\u00E7\u00E3o se a voltagem interna se tornar menos negativa (digamos, de \u201370 mV a \u201360 mV), ou hiperpolariza\u00E7\u00E3o se a voltagem interna se tornar mais negativa (digamos, de \u201370 mV a \u201380 mV). Em c\u00E9lulas excit\u00E1veis, uma despolariza\u00E7\u00E3o suficientemente grande pode evocar um potencial de a\u00E7\u00E3o, no qual o potencial de membrana muda r\u00E1pida e significativamente por um curto per\u00EDodo de tempo (da ordem de 1 a 100 milissegundos), muitas vezes invertendo sua polaridade. Os potenciais de a\u00E7\u00E3o s\u00E3o gerados pela ativa\u00E7\u00E3o de certos canais i\u00F4nicos dependentes de voltagem. Nos neur\u00F4nios, os fatores que influenciam o potencial de membrana s\u00E3o diversos. Eles incluem v\u00E1rios tipos de canais i\u00F4nicos, alguns dos quais s\u00E3o quimicamente controlados por neurotransmissores e alguns dos quais s\u00E3o dependentes de voltagem. Como os canais i\u00F4nicos dependentes de voltagem s\u00E3o controlados pelo potencial de membrana, enquanto o pr\u00F3prio potencial de membrana \u00E9 influenciado por esses mesmos canais i\u00F4nicos, surgem loops de feedback que permitem din\u00E2micas temporais complexas, incluindo oscila\u00E7\u00F5es e eventos regenerativos, como potenciais de a\u00E7\u00E3o."@pt . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043B, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043D\u044B, \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043B \u041D\u0435\u0301\u0440\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0435 (\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442), \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B (\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u2014 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438). \u0427\u0442\u043E \u043A\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438, \u0442\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0451 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u221260 \u043C\u0412 \u0434\u043E \u221290 \u043C\u0412."@ru . . . . . . "Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy \u2013 to r\u00F3\u017Cnica potencja\u0142\u00F3w elektrycznych, czyli napi\u0119cie elektryczne mi\u0119dzy wn\u0119trzem i zewn\u0119trzem przestrzeni oddzielonej b\u0142on\u0105 lipidow\u0105. Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy jest istotny dla przebiegu transb\u0142onowych proces\u00F3w metabolicznych. Kiedy zanika, to zanika te\u017C wra\u017Cliwo\u015B\u0107 \u017Cywego uk\u0142adu i najcz\u0119\u015Bciej jest to to\u017Csame ze \u015Bmierci\u0105. Napi\u0119cie jest wytwarzane katabolicznie pomp\u0105 sodowo-potasow\u0105, anabolicznie foto- lub chemosyntetycznym transportem elektron\u00F3w oraz innymi mniej typowymi procesami. Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy mo\u017Ce si\u0119 cyklicznie zmienia\u0107 lub by\u0107 niemal sta\u0142y. Na poziomie cz\u0105steczkowym jest to proces dynamiczny i jako proces zmniejszaj\u0105cy entropi\u0119 entrenergoujemny, do jego wytworzenia konieczna jest energia."@pl . . 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\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B4\u03C1\u03AC\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BF\u03C6\u03B5\u03AF\u03BB\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B5\u03BF-\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03B3\u03C7\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u03B9\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03CD\u03BB\u03C9\u03BD."@el . . . . "Potensial membran (bahasa Inggris: membrane potential, \u0394\u03A8) adalah beda potensial elektrik antara dinding sebelah luar dan sebelah dalam dari suatu membran sel yang berkisar dari sekitar -50 hingga -200 milivolt (tanda minus menunjukkan bahwa di dalam sel bersifat negatif dibandingkan dengan di luarnya). Semua sel memiliki tegangan melintasi membran plasmanya, di mana tegangan ialah energi potensial listrik-pemisahan muatan yang berlawanan. Sitoplasma sel bermuatan negatif dibandingkan dengan fluida ekstraseluler disebabkan oleh distribusi anion dan kation pada sisi membran yang berlawanan yang tidak sama. Potensial membran bertindak seperti baterai, suatu sumber energi yang memengaruhi lalulintas semua substansi bermuatan yang melintasi membran. Karena di dalam sel itu negatif dibandingkan"@in . . . . "Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy \u2013 to r\u00F3\u017Cnica potencja\u0142\u00F3w elektrycznych, czyli napi\u0119cie elektryczne mi\u0119dzy wn\u0119trzem i zewn\u0119trzem przestrzeni oddzielonej b\u0142on\u0105 lipidow\u0105. Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy jest istotny dla przebiegu transb\u0142onowych proces\u00F3w metabolicznych. Kiedy zanika, to zanika te\u017C wra\u017Cliwo\u015B\u0107 \u017Cywego uk\u0142adu i najcz\u0119\u015Bciej jest to to\u017Csame ze \u015Bmierci\u0105. Napi\u0119cie jest wytwarzane katabolicznie pomp\u0105 sodowo-potasow\u0105, anabolicznie foto- lub chemosyntetycznym transportem elektron\u00F3w oraz innymi mniej typowymi procesami. Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy mo\u017Ce si\u0119 cyklicznie zmienia\u0107 lub by\u0107 niemal sta\u0142y. Na poziomie cz\u0105steczkowym jest to proces dynamiczny i jako proces zmniejszaj\u0105cy entropi\u0119 entrenergoujemny, do jego wytworzenia konieczna jest energia."@pl . . . "62369"^^ . . . . . "Membr\u00E1nov\u00FD potenci\u00E1l je rozd\u00EDl elektrick\u00E9ho potenci\u00E1lu mezi dv\u011Bma stranami biologick\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny. Z fyzik\u00E1ln\u00EDho hlediska je to vlastn\u011B nap\u011Bt\u00ED na polarizovan\u00E9 polopropustn\u00E9 membr\u00E1n\u011B. Vznik\u00E1 jako d\u016Fsledek p\u016Fsoben\u00ED elektrochemick\u00E9ho gradientu mal\u00FDch iont\u016F a proton\u016F. Z vlastnost\u00ED polopropustn\u00E9 membr\u00E1ny toti\u017E vypl\u00FDv\u00E1, \u017Ee pr\u016Fchod v\u011Bt\u0161iny l\u00E1tek nen\u00ED ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B p\u0159\u00EDpad\u016F mo\u017En\u00FD voln\u011B. Voln\u011B mohou p\u0159es membr\u00E1nu proch\u00E1zet pouze ty molekuly, kter\u00E9 jsou rozpustn\u00E9 v tuc\u00EDch, a takov\u00E9 molekuly, kter\u00E9 jsou pouze slab\u011B polarizov\u00E1ny (voda, mo\u010Dovina, glycerol, oxid uhli\u010Dit\u00FD) \u2013 a to pouze v m\u00EDstech siln\u00E9ho zak\u0159iven\u00ED nebo p\u0159i zm\u011Bn\u011B elektrick\u00E9ho pole. Nabit\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1stice mohou p\u0159es membr\u00E1nu proj\u00EDt za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017Ee pro n\u011B existuje bu\u010F kan\u00E1l, kter\u00FDm by mohly proj\u00EDt, nebo specifick\u00FD . Z toho plyne i nerovnom\u011Brn\u00E9 rozd\u011Blen\u00ED iont\u016F vn\u011B a uvnit\u0159 membr\u00E1ny."@cs . . . . . "\u819C\u7535\u4F4D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Amembrane potential\u3001transmembrane potential\u6216membrane voltage\uFF09\u662F\u7EC6\u80DE\u5185\u53CA\u7EC6\u80DE\u5916\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u7535\u538B\u5DEE\u3002\u82E5\u4EE5\u7EC6\u80DE\u5916\u4E3A\u57FA\u70B9\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u819C\u7535\u4F4D\u7684\u7535\u538B\u5728-40 mV\u5230\u201380 mV\u4E4B\u95F4\u3002 \u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u5E38\u6307\u4EE5\u819C\u76F8\u9694\u4E4B\u5169\u6EB6\u6DB2\u9593\u7522\u751F\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u6307\u7D30\u80DE\u751F\u547D\u6D3B\u52D5\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u4F34\u96A8\u4E4B\u96FB\u73FE\u8C61\uFF0C\u5B58\u5728\u65BC\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u5167\u5916\u5169\u5074\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u3002\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u5728\u795E\u7D93\u7D30\u80DE\u901A\u8A0A\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u6709\u8457\u5F88\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u4F5C\u7528\u3002"@zh . "Membranpotential"@sv . . . . . . . "\uB9C9 \uC804\uC704(\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D, Membrane potential)\uB294 \uC73C\uB85C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uC778 \uAD6C\uC870\uC758 \uC548\uACFC \uBC16\uC758 \uC804\uC704\uCC28\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC8FC\uB85C \uC138\uD3EC\uB9C9\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uC804\uC704\uCC28\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uB294 \uC758 \uAC1C\uB150\uC73C\uB85C \uB9CE\uC774 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. That is, there is a difference in the energy required for electric charges to move from the internal to exterior cellular environments and vice versa, as long as there is no acquisition of kinetic energy or the production of radiation. The concentration gradients of the charges directly determine this energy requirement. For the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential, normally given in units of millivolts and denoted as mV, range from \u201380 mV to \u201340 mV."@en . . "563161"^^ . . . . . . "Potentiel \u00E9lectrochimique de membrane"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Membranpotential \u00E4r ett begrepp som ofta anv\u00E4nds inom neurovetenskapen, d\u00E4r det \u00E5syftar den elektriska sp\u00E4nningen mellan den intracellul\u00E4ra- och extracellul\u00E4ra milj\u00F6n hos en cell. Membranpotentialen f\u00F6r en nervcell skapas av att koncentrationen av olika typer av joner \u00E4r olika utanf\u00F6r respektive inne i cellen. Den intracellul\u00E4ra koncentrationen av kaliumjoner \u00E4r m\u00E5nga g\u00E5nger h\u00F6gre \u00E4n den extracellul\u00E4ra, medan den extracellul\u00E4ra koncentrationen av natriumjoner \u00E4r h\u00F6gre \u00E4n den intracellul\u00E4ra. En genomsnittlig nervcell har en vilomembranpotential som ligger kring -70 mV (minus eftersom extracellul\u00E4rrummet \u00E4r referens), och n\u00E4r cellen aktiveras d\u00E5 en aktionspotential genereras s\u00E5 str\u00F6mmar positivt laddade natriumjoner in i cellen fr\u00E5n utsidan, vilket leder till en depolarisering eftersom de po"@sv . . . . . . "Membraanpotentiaal"@nl . . . . "El potencial de membrana \u00E9s el voltatge de la difer\u00E8ncia de potencial el\u00E8ctric d'una cara a l'altra de la membrana plasm\u00E0tica d'una c\u00E8l\u00B7lula. La membrana de les c\u00E8l\u00B7lules est\u00E0 polaritzada, a causa del fet que hi ha un repartiment desigual de les c\u00E0rregues el\u00E8ctriques entre l'interior i l'exterior de la c\u00E8l\u00B7lula. Aix\u00F2 crea una difer\u00E8ncia de potencial, sent l'exterior positiu respecte l'interior. El potencial de membrana \u00E9s una conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia del gradient electroqu\u00EDmic. L'exist\u00E8ncia d'aquest potencial de membrana \u00E9s imprescindible per l'origen i la transmissi\u00F3 de l'impuls nervi\u00F3s. Tamb\u00E9 es manifesta imprescindibles en les dues fases de la fotos\u00EDntesi i en l'activitat mitocondrial (respiraci\u00F3 cel\u00B7lular)."@ca . . "Potencja\u0142 b\u0142onowy"@pl . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043B, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0301\u043D\u044B, \u0438\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043B \u041D\u0435\u0301\u0440\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0435 (\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442), \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B (\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u2014 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438). \u0427\u0442\u043E \u043A\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043A\u0438, \u0442\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0451 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u221260 \u043C\u0412 \u0434\u043E \u221290 \u043C\u0412."@ru . "El potencial de membrana es la diferencia de potencial el\u00E9ctrico a ambos lados de una membrana que separa dos soluciones de diferente concentraci\u00F3n de iones, como la membrana celular que separa el interior y el exterior de una c\u00E9lula. Cuando se habla de potenciales de membrana, se deber\u00EDa hablar del \"potencial de difusi\u00F3n\" o \"potencial de uni\u00F3n l\u00EDquida\"."@es . "Membrane potential"@en . . . . "Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. That is, there is a difference in the energy required for electric charges to move from the internal to exterior cellular environments and vice versa, as long as there is no acquisition of kinetic energy or the production of radiation. The concentration gradients of the charges directly determine this energy requirement. For the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential, normally given in units of millivolts and denoted as mV, range from \u201380 mV to \u201340 mV. All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Transmembrane proteins, also known as ion transporter or ion pump proteins, actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage between the two sides of the membrane. Almost all plasma membranes have an electrical potential across them, with the inside usually negative with respect to the outside. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of \"molecular devices\" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly sensed by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal. In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, resting potential is defined as ranging from \u201380 to \u201370 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from \u201370 mV to \u201360 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from \u201370 mV to \u201380 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels. In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials."@en . . . "\uB9C9 \uC804\uC704"@ko . . . . . "\u819C\u7535\u4F4D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Amembrane potential\u3001transmembrane potential\u6216membrane voltage\uFF09\u662F\u7EC6\u80DE\u5185\u53CA\u7EC6\u80DE\u5916\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u7535\u538B\u5DEE\u3002\u82E5\u4EE5\u7EC6\u80DE\u5916\u4E3A\u57FA\u70B9\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u819C\u7535\u4F4D\u7684\u7535\u538B\u5728-40 mV\u5230\u201380 mV\u4E4B\u95F4\u3002 \u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u5E38\u6307\u4EE5\u819C\u76F8\u9694\u4E4B\u5169\u6EB6\u6DB2\u9593\u7522\u751F\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u6307\u7D30\u80DE\u751F\u547D\u6D3B\u52D5\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u4F34\u96A8\u4E4B\u96FB\u73FE\u8C61\uFF0C\u5B58\u5728\u65BC\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u5167\u5916\u5169\u5074\u7684\u96FB\u4F4D\u5DEE\u3002\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u5728\u795E\u7D93\u7D30\u80DE\u901A\u8A0A\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u6709\u8457\u5F88\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u4F5C\u7528\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u307E\u304F\u3067\u3093\u3044\u3001\u82F1: membrane potential\uFF09\u306F\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u5185\u5916\u306B\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5DEE\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306F\u7D30\u80DE\u819C\u3092\u306F\u3055\u3093\u3067\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u4E2D\u3068\u5916\u3068\u3067\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u306E\u7D44\u6210\u304C\u7570\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3053\u306E\u96FB\u8377\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u306E\u5206\u5E03\u306E\u5DEE\u304C\u3001\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5DEE\u3092\u3082\u305F\u3089\u3059\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u3001\u7D30\u80DE\u5185\u306F\u7D30\u80DE\u5916\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u8CA0(\u9670\u6027)\u306E\u96FB\u4F4D\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u795E\u7D4C\u7D30\u80DE\u3084\u7B4B\u7D30\u80DE\u306F\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u3092\u7D20\u65E9\u304F\u3001\u52D5\u7684\u306B\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305B\u308B\u4E8B\u306B\u3088\u308A\u3001\u751F\u4F53\u306E\u6D3B\u52D5\u306B\u5927\u304D\u304F\u8CA2\u732E\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u3068\u306F\u3053\u308C\u3089\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u7279\u6709\u306E\u73FE\u8C61\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304B\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u8AA4\u89E3\u3055\u308C\u308B\u4E8B\u3082\u591A\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u73FE\u5B9F\u306B\u306F\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u819C\u5185\u5916\u306E\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u7D44\u6210\u306F\u7570\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u306F\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30BE\u30A6\u30EA\u30E0\u30B7\u306E\u7E4A\u6BDB\u306E\u6253\u3064\u65B9\u5411\u306E\u5236\u5FA1\u306F\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5909\u5316\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5236\u5FA1\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u690D\u7269\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6709\u540D\u306A\u4F8B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u3001\u30AA\u30B8\u30AE\u30BD\u30A6\u306E\u5C0F\u8449\u304C\u89E6\u308C\u308B\u4E8B\u306B\u3088\u308A\u9589\u3058\u308B\u306E\u3082\u3001\u30AA\u30B8\u30AE\u30BD\u30A6\u306E\u7D30\u80DE\u306E\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\u306E\u5909\u5316\u306B\u3088\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u4E8B\u304C\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u819C\u96FB\u4F4D\uFF08\u3068\u305D\u306E\u5909\u5316\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u5358\u7D30\u80DE\u751F\u7269\u3084\u690D\u7269\u7D30\u80DE\u306B\u3055\u3048\u5B58\u5728\u3059\u308B\u3001\u751F\u7269\u5171\u901A\u306E\u57FA\u672C\u539F\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . "\u03A4\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC (\u03AE \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BC\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC) \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03C5\u03C4\u03C4\u03B1\u03C1\u03CC\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B5\u03BE\u03C9\u03BA\u03C5\u03C4\u03C4\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03BF, \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE . \u03A4\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03BA\u03CD\u03C0\u03C4\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B9\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03CD\u03BB\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B9\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AD\u03C9\u03BD, \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B5\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B9\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03BD\u03B4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C5\u03C4\u03C4\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1, \u03CC\u03C3\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03BE\u03C9\u03BA\u03C5\u03C4\u03C4\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03AC\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2."@el . "Membranpotential"@de . . . "Potenziale di membrana"@it . . . . . . . "Membr\u00E1nov\u00FD potenci\u00E1l"@cs . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: membrane potential)\u200F (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064A) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0648\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0623\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u0647\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064B \u062C\u064A\u0651\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u062B\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647\u060C \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062A\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u063A\u064A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064A\u062F\u0639\u0649 \u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u062F \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u064A\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u064A\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0648\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0651\u0629\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064A\u062D\u062A\u0648\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064A \u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A (\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062A\u062F\u0631\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646). \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0636\u0644\u064A."@ar . .
  NODES