@prefix dbo: .
@prefix dbr: .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Craig_Venter dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Clinical_metagenomic_sequencing dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Aeroplankton dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Nicole_Dubilier dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Plant_microbiome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Soil_ecology dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Root_microbiome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Tandy_Warnow dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics ;
dbo:academicDiscipline dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Katherine_Pollard dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Hopanoids dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Phototrophic_biofilm dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:The_Carpentries dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Omics dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Virophage dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Hydroxyarchaeol dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Jelly_roll_fold dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Sargasso_Sea dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Jillian_Banfield dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics ;
dbo:academicDiscipline dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Polyketide dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Mya_Breitbart dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
@prefix foaf: .
@prefix wikipedia-en: .
wikipedia-en:Metagenomics foaf:primaryTopic dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Sewage dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Escherichia_coli dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Open_reading_frame dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Anaerobic_oxidation_of_methane dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Human_Microbiome_Project dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Third-generation_sequencing dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Metagenomic dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics ;
dbo:wikiPageRedirects dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Pathogenic_Escherichia_coli dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Environmental_DNA dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Mark_Pallen dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics ;
dbo:academicDiscipline dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Grapevine_red_blotch_disease dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Fastidious_organism dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Spaced_seed dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Malacidin dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Diversity_arrays_technology dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Evolution_of_the_human_oral_microbiome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Argonne_National_Laboratory dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Tracy_Teal dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Gut_microbiota dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:List_of_omics_topics_in_biology dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Functional_cloning dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Glossary_of_genetics dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Archaeal_virus dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Halobacterium_noricense dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Fiersviridae dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Riboviria dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Public_health_genomics dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Edward_DeLong dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics ;
dbo:knownFor dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Geobiology dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Microbiota dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:MG-RAST dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Genomic_Standards_Consortium dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Metagenome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics ;
dbo:wikiPageRedirects dbr:Metagenomics .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Enteroaggregative_Escherichia_coli dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Varidnaviria dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Virome dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Cyanophage dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Gene_prediction dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
dbr:Kryptonia dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Metagenomics .
@prefix rdf: .
@prefix yago: .
dbr:Metagenomics rdf:type yago:Method105660268 ,
yago:Technique105665146 ,
yago:WikicatMicrobiologyTechniques ,
yago:Know-how105616786 ,
dbo:Book ,
yago:PsychologicalFeature100023100 ,
yago:Cognition100023271 ,
yago:Ability105616246 ,
yago:Abstraction100002137 .
@prefix rdfs: .
dbr:Metagenomics rdfs:label "\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9"@ja ,
"Metagenomics"@en ,
"Metagen\u00F2mica"@ca ,
"Metagenomica"@it ,
"Metagenomika"@in ,
"M\u00E9tag\u00E9nomique"@fr ,
"Metagenomika"@cs ,
"Metagenomik"@de ,
"\u5B8F\u57FA\u56E0\u7EC4\u5B66"@zh ,
"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062A\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0629"@ar ,
"Metagenomica"@nl ,
"Metagen\u00F4mica"@pt ,
"Metagenom"@pl ,
"Metagenomik"@sv ,
"\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0430"@uk ,
"\uAD70\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559"@ko ,
"Metagen\u00F3mica"@es ,
"\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430"@ru ;
rdfs:comment "La metagenomica \u00E8 un approccio basato sull'utilizzo di tecniche genomiche moderne per lo studio di comunit\u00E0 microbiche direttamente nel loro ambiente naturale, con il vantaggio di evitare il problema del prelevamento e coltivazione in laboratorio, attualmente viene applicata in ambienti acquatici e terricoli, ma vi sono anche approcci verso la metagenomica atmosferica ."@it ,
"\u0647\u064A \u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0626\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0647\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0646\u0633\u062E\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u0633\u062E \u062C\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u0644\u0645\u062D\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0642\u062F \u0636\u0627\u0639\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u00AB\u0628\u0646\u062F\u0642\u064A\u0629\u00BB \u0623\u0648 \u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062C\u0647 PCR \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u062A\u062D\u064A\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0645 \u0623\u062E\u0630 \u0639\u064A\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u062F\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0641\u064A \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0647\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 metagenomics \u0639\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0644\u062F\u064A\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062D\u062F\u0627\u062B \u062B\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647."@ar ,
"\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0430 (\u0435\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0430, \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437) \u2014 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437 \u0414\u041D\u041A \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E \u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u0449\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0454 \u0456\u0437\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0432. \u0412\u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0442 \u0442\u0430 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u0456\u0445 \u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0442, \u0456\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432, \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0456\u0434\u0448\u0435 \u0435\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0442."@uk ,
"A \u00E9 a da comunidade de microrganismos de um determinado ambiente por t\u00E9cnicas independentes de cultivo. Essa abordagem consiste na extra\u00E7\u00E3o de DNA diretamente do ambiente e constru\u00E7\u00E3o de uma biblioteca metagen\u00F4mica com este genoma misto. Essa estrat\u00E9gia permite o acesso a genes de bact\u00E9rias incultiv\u00E1veis de in\u00FAmeros ambientes."@pt ,
"Metagenomik \u00E4r inom biologi studiet av metagenom, vilket \u00E4r alla genom, fr\u00E5n olika organismer, inom ett visst prov fr\u00E5n en provtagning eller inom en viss typ av milj\u00F6. Metagenomik anv\u00E4nds fr\u00E4mst f\u00F6r att studera ett omr\u00E5des mikrobiella sammans\u00E4ttning eller f\u00F6r att identifiera och studera mikroorganismer som inte g\u00E5r att kultivera med metoder som bakterieodling. V\u00E4ldigt f\u00E5 arter av bakterier, ark\u00E9er och encelliga eukaryoter g\u00E5r att isolera och odla enskilt, och representerar en v\u00E4ldigt liten del av del totala biodiversiteten. Detta g\u00F6r metagenomik mycket viktigt f\u00F6r att identifiera olika typer av bakterier, ark\u00E9er och encelliga eukaryoter samt f\u00F6r att f\u00F6rst\u00E5 deras evolution\u00E4ra sl\u00E4ktskap."@sv ,
"La metagen\u00F3mica\u200B se define como el estudio del material gen\u00E9tico, el cual es obtenido directamente de muestras ambientales. Este amplio campo tambi\u00E9n puede ser conocido como gen\u00F3mica ambiental, ecogen\u00F3mica o gen\u00F3mica de la comunidad.\u200B"@es ,
"Metagenomika studuje genetick\u00FD materi\u00E1l z\u00EDskan\u00FD z r\u016Fzn\u00FDch prost\u0159ed\u00ED. Zat\u00EDmco mikrobiologie, sekvenov\u00E1n\u00ED DNA a genomika pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED ke studiu kultivovan\u00E9 vzorky mikroorganism\u016F, uk\u00E1zalo se, \u017Ee izolace organism\u016F siln\u011B podhodnocuje skute\u010Dnou mikrobi\u00E1ln\u00ED diversitu. Sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 metagenomick\u00E9 studie pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED sekvenov\u00E1n\u00ED celkov\u00E9 DNA izolovan\u00E9 ze studovan\u00E9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ED. Proto\u017Ee metagenomika nach\u00E1z\u00ED nov\u00E9 sekvence DNA a jejich prost\u0159ednctv\u00EDm dosud nepoznan\u00E9 druhy organism\u016F, vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED prostor pro nov\u00E9 objevy. S klesaj\u00EDc\u00ED cenou sekvenace DNA se metagenomick\u00E9 postupy aplikuj\u00ED na nov\u00E9 oblasti."@cs ,
"\u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0301\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043E\u0432 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B. \u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043C\u0438\u043A\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432, \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B, \u2014 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C. \u041C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0438\u043A\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432."@ru ,
"\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\uFF08\u82F1:Metagenomics\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u74B0\u5883\u30B5\u30F3\u30D7\u30EB\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u56DE\u53CE\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0DNA\u3092\u6271\u3046\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u30FB\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u5B66\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u5206\u91CE\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5E83\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u74B0\u5883\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\u3084\u30A8\u30B3\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\u3001\u7FA4\u96C6\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790(Metagenomic analysis)\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u5358\u7D14\u306B\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0(Metagenome)\u3068\u3082\u547C\u79F0\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5F93\u6765\u306E\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306E\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5358\u4E00\u306E\u83CC\u682A\u3092\u74B0\u5883\u30B5\u30F3\u30D7\u30EB\u304B\u3089\u5206\u96E2\u57F9\u990A\u3059\u308B\u904E\u7A0B\u3092\u7D4C\u308B\u5FC5\u8981\u304C\u3042\u3063\u305F\u304C\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306F\u3053\u306E\u904E\u7A0B\u3092\u7D4C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306A\u304F\u3001\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u30B3\u30DF\u30E5\u30CB\u30C6\u30A3\uFF08\u7D30\u83CC\u53E2\uFF09\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0DNA\u3092\u62BD\u51FA\u3057\u3001\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u7CFB\u7D71\u7531\u6765\u306EDNA\u304C\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9\u3055\u308C\u305F\u72B6\u614B\u3067DNA\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\u3092\u884C\u3046\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u3067\u306F\u5F93\u6765\u306E\u57F9\u990A\u3092\u57FA\u672C\u3068\u3059\u308B\u65B9\u6CD5\u3067\u306F\u56F0\u96E3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u96E3\u57F9\u990A\u30FB\u672A\u57F9\u990A\u7CFB\u7D71\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306E\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u60C5\u5831\u304C\u5165\u624B\u53EF\u80FD\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u8AAC\u306B\u306F\u3001\u5730\u7403\u4E0A\u306B\u68F2\u606F\u3059\u308B\u7D30\u83CC\u306E99%\u4EE5\u4E0A\u306F\u5358\u72EC\u3067\u306F\u57F9\u990A\u3067\u304D\u306A\u3044\u7CFB\u7D71\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u63A8\u5BDF\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306F\u74B0\u5883\u4E2D\u306B\u57CB\u6CA1\u3059\u308B\u81A8\u5927\u306A\u6570\u306E\u672A\u77E5\u306E\u7D30\u83CC\u3001\u672A\u77E5\u306E\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3092\u89E3\u660E\u3067\u304D\u308B\u624B\u6CD5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u671F\u5F85\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002DNA\u30B7\u30FC\u30AF\u30A8\u30F3\u30B7\u30F3\u30B0\u306E\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8\u306F\u5E74\u3005\u5B89\u4FA1\u306B\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304D\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3088\u308A\u5927\u898F\u6A21\u3067\u8A73\u7D30\u306A\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u7814\u7A76\u304C\u884C\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u898B\u8FBC\u307E\u308C\u308B\u3002\u72ED\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306F\u30B7\u30E7\u30C3\u30C8\u30AC\u30F3\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\u306B\u3088\u308A\u5F97\u3089\u308C\u305F\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u5168\u4F53\u306E\u914D\u5217\u60C5\u5831\u3092\u89E3\u6790\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3001\u30BF\u30FC\u30B2\u30C3\u30C8\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3092\u7D5E\u308APCR\u3092\u7D4C\u305F\u5897\u5E45\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\uFF0816S rRNA\u30BF\u30B0\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\u306A\u3069\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u533A\u5225\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u5F8C\u8005\u3092\u5E83\u7FA9\u306E\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306B\u542B\u3081\u3066\u6271\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
"Metagenomik (englisch metagenomics) ist ein Forschungsgebiet der Biowissenschaften, bei dem genetisches Material direkt aus Umweltproben extrahiert, sequenziert und analysiert wird. Dies unterscheidet es von klassischen mikrobiologischen Methoden bei denen Mikroorganismen vor der DNA-Extraktion kultiviert werden. Metagenomische Analysen k\u00F6nnen sich nicht nur auf Mikroorganismengesellschaften, sondern auch auf Tiere und Pflanzen beziehen, um etwa deren sp\u00E4t-pleistoz\u00E4nen Vorkommen im Permafrostboden zu analysieren, ohne deren Fossilien makroskopisch wahrzunehmen."@de ,
"\u5B8F\u57FA\u56E0\u7EC4\u5B66\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMetagenomics\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u5143\u57FA\u56E0\u7EC4\u5B66\u3001\u603B\u4F53\u57FA\u56E0\u4F53\u5B66\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u9580\u76F4\u63A5\u53D6\u5F97\u74B0\u5883\u4E2D\u6240\u6709\u907A\u50B3\u7269\u8CEA\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u3002\u7814\u7A76\u9818\u57DF\u5EE3\u6CDB\uFF0C\u4E5F\u53EF\u7A31\u70BA\u74B0\u5883\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u3001\u751F\u614B\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u6216\u7FA4\u843D\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u3002\u5728\u65E9\u671F\u7814\u7A76\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5FC5\u9808\u5C07\u74B0\u5883\u57FA\u56E0DNA\u6216RNA\u8F49\u6B96\u9032\u5165\u5927\u8178\u687F\u83CC\u9AD4\u5167\uFF0C\u5229\u7528\u8907\u88FD\u9078\u6B96\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF0C\u5206\u6790\u5728\u81EA\u7136\u74B0\u5883\u4E2D\u8907\u88FD\u9078\u6B96\u7279\u5B9A\u57FA\u56E0(\u901A\u5E38\u70BA16S rRNA)\u7684\u591A\u6A23\u6027\u3002\u4F46\u662F\uFF0C\u9019\u6A23\u7684\u5DE5\u4F5C\u8868\u660E\uFF0C\u7D55\u5927\u591A\u6578\u7684\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u751F\u7269\u591A\u6A23\u6027\u5DF2\u88AB\u57FA\u65BC\u8907\u88FD\u9078\u6B96\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u6240\u907A\u6F0F\u3002\u6700\u8FD1\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u4F7F\u7528\u201C\u9730\u5F48\u69CD\u201D\u6216PCR\u5B9A\u5411\u6E2C\u5E8F\u4F86\u7372\u5F97\u4F86\u81EA\u6240\u6709\u6A23\u672C\u793E\u5340\u6240\u6709\u6210\u54E1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u57FA\u56E0\u7684\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7121\u504F\u5DEE\u7684\u6A23\u672C\u57FA\u56E0\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u5176\u80FD\u5920\u63ED\u793A\u4EE5\u524D\u96B1\u85CF\u7684\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u591A\u6A23\u6027\uFF0C\u7E3D\u9AD4\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u63D0\u4F9B\u4E86\u4E00\u500B\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u93E1\u982D\uFF0C\u7528\u65BC\u89C0\u5BDF\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u4E16\u754C\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u4E16\u754C\u6709\u53EF\u80FD\u5FB9\u5E95\u6539\u8B8A\u5C0D\u6574\u500B\u751F\u547D\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u7406\u89E3\u3002\u96A8\u8457DNA\u6E2C\u5E8F\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u4E0D\u65B7\u4E0B\u964D\uFF0C\u7E3D\u9AD4\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u73FE\u5728\u5141\u8A31\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u751F\u614B\u5B78\u4EE5\u6BD4\u4EE5\u524D\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u898F\u6A21\u548C\u7D30\u7BC0\u9032\u884C\u8ABF\u67E5\u3002"@zh ,
"Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics, community genomics or microbiomics. While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and genomics rely upon cultivated clonal cultures, early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods."@en ,
"Metagenom \u2013 pula DNA organizm\u00F3w zamieszkuj\u0105cych dane \u015Brodowisko. Analiza metagenomu danego \u015Brodkowiska (np. metagenomu z pr\u00F3bki gleby) pozwala na dok\u0142adniejsz\u0105 analiz\u0119 spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci mikroorganizm\u00F3w zamieszkuj\u0105cych dany habitat (zastosowanie w analizie r\u00F3\u017Cnorodno\u015Bci biologicznej) oraz odkrycie gen\u00F3w z DNA organizm\u00F3w niehodowalnych w warunkach laboratoryjnych (kt\u00F3re stanowi\u0105 ponad 99% organizm\u00F3w glebowych). Nazw\u0119 metagenom po raz pierwszy zastosowa\u0142a (w pracy z roku 1998) Jo Handelsman."@pl ,
"La m\u00E9tag\u00E9nomique ou g\u00E9nomique environnementale est une m\u00E9thode d'\u00E9tude du contenu g\u00E9n\u00E9tique d'\u00E9chantillons issus d'environnements complexes (ex : intestin, oc\u00E9an, sols, air, etc.) pr\u00E9lev\u00E9s dans la nature (par opposition \u00E0 des \u00E9chantillons cultiv\u00E9s en laboratoire). Cette approche, via le s\u00E9quen\u00E7age direct de l'ADN pr\u00E9sent dans l'\u00E9chantillon, permet une description g\u00E9nomique du contenu de l'\u00E9chantillon, mais aussi un aper\u00E7u du potentiel fonctionnel d'un environnement."@fr ,
"La metagen\u00F2mica \u00E9s la ci\u00E8ncia que estudia els gens microbians extrets directament de comunitats en mostres ambientals sense cultivar. La microbiologia tradicional i la seq\u00FCenciaci\u00F3 del genoma microbi\u00E0 es basen cultius clonats. La metagen\u00F2mica, un camp d'estudi relativament nou, permet fer estudis d'organismes que no poden ser f\u00E0cilment cultivats en un laboratori, aix\u00ED com estudis d'organismes en el seu medi natural."@ca ,
"\uAD70\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559\uC740 \uC601\uC5B4\uC758 \"metagenomics\"\uB97C \uBC88\uC5ED\uD55C \uB9D0\uC774\uB2E4. \uAD70\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559\uC740(\uBA54\uD0C0\uC9C0\uB178\uBBF9\uC2A4)\uB294 \uBC30\uC591\uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uBBF8\uC0DD\uBB3C\uC804\uCCB4\uB97C \uD55C\uAEBC\uBC88\uC5D0 \uAC08\uC544\uC11C \uB3D9\uC815\uD55C \uACB0\uACFC\uBB3C\uC778 DNA\uB098, RNA \uB4F1\uC744 \uD55C\uAEBC\uBC88\uC5D0 \uC720\uAE30\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uD558\uB294 \uCCB4\uD559\uC758 \uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC2DD\uBB3C\uACFC \uB3D9\uBB3C, \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uAE4C\uC9C0\uC758 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC0DD\uBA85\uACC4\uB97C \uB2E4 \uD3EC\uD568\uD558\uC5EC \uB3D9\uC815, \uBD84\uB958\uD558\uC5EC \uC5F0\uAD6C\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uC774\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uB354 \uD070 \uAC1C\uB150\uC778 \uD1B5\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559(pangenomics)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko ,
"Metagenomika adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajari yaitu seluruh DNA dari suatu ekosistem secara lengkap (bukan hanya dari satu organisme saja), misalnya segenggam tanah, sepuluh mililiter air laut, atau isi perut manusia. Dengan membaca seluruh cetak biru genetik dari seluruh spesies organisme yang ada pada suatu ekosistem, dapat diketahui jenis-jenis organisme (mikrob) apa saja yang terdapat dalam ekosistem mikro tersebut, serta interaksi yang terjadi di dalamnya."@in ;
foaf:depiction ,
,
.
@prefix dct: .
@prefix dbc: .
dbr:Metagenomics dct:subject dbc:Bioinformatics ,
dbc:Microbiology_techniques ,
dbc:Environmental_microbiology ,
dbc:Genomics ,
dbc:Metagenomics ;
dbo:abstract "Metagenomika studuje genetick\u00FD materi\u00E1l z\u00EDskan\u00FD z r\u016Fzn\u00FDch prost\u0159ed\u00ED. Zat\u00EDmco mikrobiologie, sekvenov\u00E1n\u00ED DNA a genomika pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED ke studiu kultivovan\u00E9 vzorky mikroorganism\u016F, uk\u00E1zalo se, \u017Ee izolace organism\u016F siln\u011B podhodnocuje skute\u010Dnou mikrobi\u00E1ln\u00ED diversitu. Sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 metagenomick\u00E9 studie pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED sekvenov\u00E1n\u00ED celkov\u00E9 DNA izolovan\u00E9 ze studovan\u00E9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ED. Proto\u017Ee metagenomika nach\u00E1z\u00ED nov\u00E9 sekvence DNA a jejich prost\u0159ednctv\u00EDm dosud nepoznan\u00E9 druhy organism\u016F, vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED prostor pro nov\u00E9 objevy. S klesaj\u00EDc\u00ED cenou sekvenace DNA se metagenomick\u00E9 postupy aplikuj\u00ED na nov\u00E9 oblasti. V\u00FDvoj metagenomiky podpo\u0159ily doklady o tom, \u017Ee dosud nekultivovan\u00E9 mikroorganismy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ED p\u0159evl\u00E1daj\u00EDc\u00ED organismy ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B prost\u0159ed\u00ED na Zemi. D\u016Fkazem jsou anal\u00FDzy genov\u00FDch sekvenc\u00ED ribozom\u00E1ln\u00ED DNA p\u0159\u00EDmo v prost\u0159ed\u00ED. Jde o p\u0159\u00EDstup, kter\u00FD nen\u00ED z\u00E1visl\u00FD na kultivaci a kter\u00FD vedl k objevu ohromuj\u00EDc\u00EDch nov\u00FDch vazeb mikrobi\u00E1ln\u00EDho sv\u011Bta."@cs ,
"\u5B8F\u57FA\u56E0\u7EC4\u5B66\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMetagenomics\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u5143\u57FA\u56E0\u7EC4\u5B66\u3001\u603B\u4F53\u57FA\u56E0\u4F53\u5B66\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u9580\u76F4\u63A5\u53D6\u5F97\u74B0\u5883\u4E2D\u6240\u6709\u907A\u50B3\u7269\u8CEA\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u3002\u7814\u7A76\u9818\u57DF\u5EE3\u6CDB\uFF0C\u4E5F\u53EF\u7A31\u70BA\u74B0\u5883\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u3001\u751F\u614B\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u6216\u7FA4\u843D\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u3002\u5728\u65E9\u671F\u7814\u7A76\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5FC5\u9808\u5C07\u74B0\u5883\u57FA\u56E0DNA\u6216RNA\u8F49\u6B96\u9032\u5165\u5927\u8178\u687F\u83CC\u9AD4\u5167\uFF0C\u5229\u7528\u8907\u88FD\u9078\u6B96\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF0C\u5206\u6790\u5728\u81EA\u7136\u74B0\u5883\u4E2D\u8907\u88FD\u9078\u6B96\u7279\u5B9A\u57FA\u56E0(\u901A\u5E38\u70BA16S rRNA)\u7684\u591A\u6A23\u6027\u3002\u4F46\u662F\uFF0C\u9019\u6A23\u7684\u5DE5\u4F5C\u8868\u660E\uFF0C\u7D55\u5927\u591A\u6578\u7684\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u751F\u7269\u591A\u6A23\u6027\u5DF2\u88AB\u57FA\u65BC\u8907\u88FD\u9078\u6B96\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u6240\u907A\u6F0F\u3002\u6700\u8FD1\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u4F7F\u7528\u201C\u9730\u5F48\u69CD\u201D\u6216PCR\u5B9A\u5411\u6E2C\u5E8F\u4F86\u7372\u5F97\u4F86\u81EA\u6240\u6709\u6A23\u672C\u793E\u5340\u6240\u6709\u6210\u54E1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u57FA\u56E0\u7684\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7121\u504F\u5DEE\u7684\u6A23\u672C\u57FA\u56E0\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u5176\u80FD\u5920\u63ED\u793A\u4EE5\u524D\u96B1\u85CF\u7684\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u591A\u6A23\u6027\uFF0C\u7E3D\u9AD4\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u63D0\u4F9B\u4E86\u4E00\u500B\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u93E1\u982D\uFF0C\u7528\u65BC\u89C0\u5BDF\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u4E16\u754C\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u4E16\u754C\u6709\u53EF\u80FD\u5FB9\u5E95\u6539\u8B8A\u5C0D\u6574\u500B\u751F\u547D\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u7406\u89E3\u3002\u96A8\u8457DNA\u6E2C\u5E8F\u7684\u50F9\u683C\u4E0D\u65B7\u4E0B\u964D\uFF0C\u7E3D\u9AD4\u57FA\u56E0\u9AD4\u5B78\u73FE\u5728\u5141\u8A31\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u751F\u614B\u5B78\u4EE5\u6BD4\u4EE5\u524D\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u898F\u6A21\u548C\u7D30\u7BC0\u9032\u884C\u8ABF\u67E5\u3002"@zh ,
"La metagen\u00F2mica \u00E9s la ci\u00E8ncia que estudia els gens microbians extrets directament de comunitats en mostres ambientals sense cultivar. La microbiologia tradicional i la seq\u00FCenciaci\u00F3 del genoma microbi\u00E0 es basen cultius clonats. La metagen\u00F2mica, un camp d'estudi relativament nou, permet fer estudis d'organismes que no poden ser f\u00E0cilment cultivats en un laboratori, aix\u00ED com estudis d'organismes en el seu medi natural. Els primers intents de seq\u00FCenciar gens del medi ambient van ser dedicats a la clonaci\u00F3 de gens espec\u00EDfics (habitualment el gen 16s rRNA) per produir un perfil de diversitat en una mostra natural. Aquest estudi va revelar que la gran majoria de la diversitat microbiana s'havia perdut a trav\u00E9s dels m\u00E8todes basats en el cultiu. L'\u00FAs del prefix meta fa refer\u00E8ncia a \u00ABall\u00F2 que ve despr\u00E9s\u00BB. Aqu\u00ED, la metagen\u00F2mica ve despr\u00E9s de la gen\u00F2mica estudiant els organismes microbians directament en el seu ambient sense passar per una etapa de cultiu en laboratori. La metagen\u00F2mica \u00E9s un nou camp de l'estudi gen\u00E8tic que ha estat possible gr\u00E0cies a l'abaratiment de cost i a la rapidesa de la nova generaci\u00F3 de tecnologies de seq\u00FCenciaci\u00F3 ('next generation sequencing' o NGS)."@ca ,
"Metagenomika adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajari yaitu seluruh DNA dari suatu ekosistem secara lengkap (bukan hanya dari satu organisme saja), misalnya segenggam tanah, sepuluh mililiter air laut, atau isi perut manusia. Dengan membaca seluruh cetak biru genetik dari seluruh spesies organisme yang ada pada suatu ekosistem, dapat diketahui jenis-jenis organisme (mikrob) apa saja yang terdapat dalam ekosistem mikro tersebut, serta interaksi yang terjadi di dalamnya."@in ,
"Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics, community genomics or microbiomics. While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and genomics rely upon cultivated clonal cultures, early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods. Because of its ability to reveal the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, metagenomics offers a powerful lens for viewing the microbial world that has the potential to revolutionize understanding of the entire living world. As the price of DNA sequencing continues to fall, metagenomics now allows microbial ecology to be investigated at a much greater scale and detail than before. Recent studies use either \"shotgun\" or PCR directed sequencing to get largely unbiased samples of all genes from all the members of the sampled communities."@en ,
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"Metagenom \u2013 pula DNA organizm\u00F3w zamieszkuj\u0105cych dane \u015Brodowisko. Analiza metagenomu danego \u015Brodkowiska (np. metagenomu z pr\u00F3bki gleby) pozwala na dok\u0142adniejsz\u0105 analiz\u0119 spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci mikroorganizm\u00F3w zamieszkuj\u0105cych dany habitat (zastosowanie w analizie r\u00F3\u017Cnorodno\u015Bci biologicznej) oraz odkrycie gen\u00F3w z DNA organizm\u00F3w niehodowalnych w warunkach laboratoryjnych (kt\u00F3re stanowi\u0105 ponad 99% organizm\u00F3w glebowych). Nazw\u0119 metagenom po raz pierwszy zastosowa\u0142a (w pracy z roku 1998) Jo Handelsman."@pl ,
"\uAD70\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559\uC740 \uC601\uC5B4\uC758 \"metagenomics\"\uB97C \uBC88\uC5ED\uD55C \uB9D0\uC774\uB2E4. \uAD70\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559\uC740(\uBA54\uD0C0\uC9C0\uB178\uBBF9\uC2A4)\uB294 \uBC30\uC591\uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uBBF8\uC0DD\uBB3C\uC804\uCCB4\uB97C \uD55C\uAEBC\uBC88\uC5D0 \uAC08\uC544\uC11C \uB3D9\uC815\uD55C \uACB0\uACFC\uBB3C\uC778 DNA\uB098, RNA \uB4F1\uC744 \uD55C\uAEBC\uBC88\uC5D0 \uC720\uAE30\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uD558\uB294 \uCCB4\uD559\uC758 \uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC2DD\uBB3C\uACFC \uB3D9\uBB3C, \uBC14\uC774\uB7EC\uC2A4\uAE4C\uC9C0\uC758 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC0DD\uBA85\uACC4\uB97C \uB2E4 \uD3EC\uD568\uD558\uC5EC \uB3D9\uC815, \uBD84\uB958\uD558\uC5EC \uC5F0\uAD6C\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uC774\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uB354 \uD070 \uAC1C\uB150\uC778 \uD1B5\uC720\uC804\uCCB4\uD559(pangenomics)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko ,
"La metagen\u00F3mica\u200B se define como el estudio del material gen\u00E9tico, el cual es obtenido directamente de muestras ambientales. Este amplio campo tambi\u00E9n puede ser conocido como gen\u00F3mica ambiental, ecogen\u00F3mica o gen\u00F3mica de la comunidad.\u200B Por otro lado, la microbiolog\u00EDa tradicional, la secuenciaci\u00F3n del genoma microbiano y la gen\u00F3mica est\u00E1n basadas en la clonaci\u00F3n. Las primeras secuenciaciones g\u00E9nicas clonaban genes espec\u00EDficos (normalmente el gen del ARNr 16S) para producir un perfil espec\u00EDfico de la diversidad en una muestra natural. Dicho trabajo revel\u00F3 que la gran mayor\u00EDa de la biodiversidad microbiana se hab\u00EDa perdido debido a los m\u00E9todos basados en el cultivo.\u200B Estudios recientes, usando tanto secuenciaci\u00F3n escopeta como el m\u00E9todo de secuenciaci\u00F3n de PCR dirigido para obtener muestras no alteradas de todos los genes de todos los miembros de la comunidad de la muestra tomada.\u200B Debido a su habilidad para revelar la vida microsc\u00F3pica previa escondida, la metagen\u00F3mica ofrece una manera poderosa de poder ver y conocer el mundo microbiano que tiene el potencial de revolucionar el entendimiento de todo el mundo vivo.\u200B Como el precio de la secuenciaci\u00F3n de ADN sigue cayendo, la metagen\u00F3mica ahora permite investigar la ecolog\u00EDa microbiana a mayor escala y con mejor detalle que antes."@es ,
"La m\u00E9tag\u00E9nomique ou g\u00E9nomique environnementale est une m\u00E9thode d'\u00E9tude du contenu g\u00E9n\u00E9tique d'\u00E9chantillons issus d'environnements complexes (ex : intestin, oc\u00E9an, sols, air, etc.) pr\u00E9lev\u00E9s dans la nature (par opposition \u00E0 des \u00E9chantillons cultiv\u00E9s en laboratoire). Cette approche, via le s\u00E9quen\u00E7age direct de l'ADN pr\u00E9sent dans l'\u00E9chantillon, permet une description g\u00E9nomique du contenu de l'\u00E9chantillon, mais aussi un aper\u00E7u du potentiel fonctionnel d'un environnement. L'utilisation du pr\u00E9fixe \u00AB m\u00E9ta- \u00BB signifiant \u00AB au-del\u00E0 \u00BB, \u00AB apr\u00E8s \u00BB ; ici, la m\u00E9tag\u00E9nomique vient au-del\u00E0 la g\u00E9nomique en \u00E9tudiant les organismes directement dans leur environnement sans passer par une \u00E9tape de culture en laboratoire."@fr ,
"La metagenomica \u00E8 un approccio basato sull'utilizzo di tecniche genomiche moderne per lo studio di comunit\u00E0 microbiche direttamente nel loro ambiente naturale, con il vantaggio di evitare il problema del prelevamento e coltivazione in laboratorio, attualmente viene applicata in ambienti acquatici e terricoli, ma vi sono anche approcci verso la metagenomica atmosferica . Si basa sul sequenziamento del genoma di microrganismi di uno stesso luogo, la cui analisi effettuata nel proprio habitat naturale viene definita metagenoma, pionieri di questa tecnica sono stati Carl Woese e nel 1981. La maggior parte di questi organismi \u00E8 di difficile coltivazione a causa delle loro particolari esigenze (temperature elevatissime, pressioni pari a quella dei fondali oceanici, concentrazioni saline alte, ecc). Non potendo coltivare queste forme di vita, occorre un prelievo nei siti in cui esse crescono attivamente. Ad esempio, cercando un particolare microrganismo produttore di petrolio, occorre un carotaggio in un terreno dove sappiamo si trova un giacimento. Si estrae il DNA che \u00E8 presente in tutto il campione e si avvia il sequenziamento. Saranno presenti genomi di svariati organismi (tra cui anche insetti e altre forme di vita), ma non interessa tanto andare a sequenziare un genoma in particolare, bens\u00EC solo identificare quel particolare gene produttore di petrolio. Questa tecnica ovviamente si pu\u00F2 applicare anche per la ricerca di un nuovo antibiotico, di produttori di metano, etc."@it ,
"\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\uFF08\u82F1:Metagenomics\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u74B0\u5883\u30B5\u30F3\u30D7\u30EB\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u56DE\u53CE\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0DNA\u3092\u6271\u3046\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u30FB\u30A6\u30A4\u30EB\u30B9\u5B66\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u5206\u91CE\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5E83\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u74B0\u5883\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\u3084\u30A8\u30B3\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\u3001\u7FA4\u96C6\u30B2\u30CE\u30DF\u30AF\u30B9\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790(Metagenomic analysis)\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u5358\u7D14\u306B\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0(Metagenome)\u3068\u3082\u547C\u79F0\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5F93\u6765\u306E\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306E\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5358\u4E00\u306E\u83CC\u682A\u3092\u74B0\u5883\u30B5\u30F3\u30D7\u30EB\u304B\u3089\u5206\u96E2\u57F9\u990A\u3059\u308B\u904E\u7A0B\u3092\u7D4C\u308B\u5FC5\u8981\u304C\u3042\u3063\u305F\u304C\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306F\u3053\u306E\u904E\u7A0B\u3092\u7D4C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306A\u304F\u3001\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u30B3\u30DF\u30E5\u30CB\u30C6\u30A3\uFF08\u7D30\u83CC\u53E2\uFF09\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0DNA\u3092\u62BD\u51FA\u3057\u3001\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u7CFB\u7D71\u7531\u6765\u306EDNA\u304C\u30DF\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9\u3055\u308C\u305F\u72B6\u614B\u3067DNA\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\u3092\u884C\u3046\u3002\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u3067\u306F\u5F93\u6765\u306E\u57F9\u990A\u3092\u57FA\u672C\u3068\u3059\u308B\u65B9\u6CD5\u3067\u306F\u56F0\u96E3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u96E3\u57F9\u990A\u30FB\u672A\u57F9\u990A\u7CFB\u7D71\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306E\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u60C5\u5831\u304C\u5165\u624B\u53EF\u80FD\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u8AAC\u306B\u306F\u3001\u5730\u7403\u4E0A\u306B\u68F2\u606F\u3059\u308B\u7D30\u83CC\u306E99%\u4EE5\u4E0A\u306F\u5358\u72EC\u3067\u306F\u57F9\u990A\u3067\u304D\u306A\u3044\u7CFB\u7D71\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u63A8\u5BDF\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306F\u74B0\u5883\u4E2D\u306B\u57CB\u6CA1\u3059\u308B\u81A8\u5927\u306A\u6570\u306E\u672A\u77E5\u306E\u7D30\u83CC\u3001\u672A\u77E5\u306E\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3092\u89E3\u660E\u3067\u304D\u308B\u624B\u6CD5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u671F\u5F85\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002DNA\u30B7\u30FC\u30AF\u30A8\u30F3\u30B7\u30F3\u30B0\u306E\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8\u306F\u5E74\u3005\u5B89\u4FA1\u306B\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304D\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3088\u308A\u5927\u898F\u6A21\u3067\u8A73\u7D30\u306A\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u7814\u7A76\u304C\u884C\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u898B\u8FBC\u307E\u308C\u308B\u3002\u72ED\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u3001\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306F\u30B7\u30E7\u30C3\u30C8\u30AC\u30F3\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\u306B\u3088\u308A\u5F97\u3089\u308C\u305F\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u5168\u4F53\u306E\u914D\u5217\u60C5\u5831\u3092\u89E3\u6790\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3001\u30BF\u30FC\u30B2\u30C3\u30C8\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3092\u7D5E\u308APCR\u3092\u7D4C\u305F\u5897\u5E45\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\uFF0816S rRNA\u30BF\u30B0\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B9\u306A\u3069\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u533A\u5225\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u5F8C\u8005\u3092\u5E83\u7FA9\u306E\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u306B\u542B\u3081\u3066\u6271\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4ECA\u65E5\u3067\u306F\u3001\u6D77\u6C34\u3084\u571F\u58CC\u3001\u8178\u5185\u3084\u53E3\u8154\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u5E38\u5728\u7D30\u83CC\u53E2\u3001\u6D77\u5E95\u306E\u9BE8\u9AA8\u7D30\u83CC\u7FA4\u3001\u9271\u5C71\u5EC3\u6C34\u4E2D\u306E\u30D0\u30A4\u30AA\u30D5\u30A3\u30EB\u30E0\u3001\u52D5\u690D\u7269\u306E\u5171\u751F\u7D30\u83CC\u3001\u4E0B\u6C34\u51E6\u7406\u65BD\u8A2D\u3001\u5357\u6975\u6C37\u5E8A\u3001\u6E29\u6CC9\u3001\u5927\u6DF1\u5C64\u306E\u5730\u6BBB\u306A\u3069\u3001\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u74B0\u5883\u3092\u5BFE\u8C61\u3068\u3057\u305F\u30E1\u30BF\u30B2\u30CE\u30E0\u89E3\u6790\u304C\u8AD6\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5831\u544A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
"A \u00E9 a da comunidade de microrganismos de um determinado ambiente por t\u00E9cnicas independentes de cultivo. Essa abordagem consiste na extra\u00E7\u00E3o de DNA diretamente do ambiente e constru\u00E7\u00E3o de uma biblioteca metagen\u00F4mica com este genoma misto. Essa estrat\u00E9gia permite o acesso a genes de bact\u00E9rias incultiv\u00E1veis de in\u00FAmeros ambientes. Atrav\u00E9s de t\u00E9cnicas de cultivo puro, os microrganismos podem ser estudados individualmente. Entretanto essa abordagem limita a avalia\u00E7\u00E3o taxon\u00F4mica, filogen\u00E9tica e a estimativa da da biosfera, porque apenas uma pequena parcela dos microrganismos, em torno de 1%, s\u00E3o cultiv\u00E1veis em laborat\u00F3rio pelas t\u00E9cnicas padr\u00F5es de cultivo. Com a metagen\u00F4mica foi poss\u00EDvel realizar an\u00E1lises de comunidades microbianas de ambiente por t\u00E9cnicas independentes de cultivo . Devido ao vasto dom\u00EDnio do campo, esta \u00E1rea de estudo tamb\u00E9m pode ser referenciada como gen\u00F4mica ambiental, ecogen\u00F4mica ou gen\u00F4mica de comunidade. Enquanto a microbiologia tradicional, a gen\u00F4mica e o sequenciamento do genoma microbiano dependem de culturas clonais, a metagen\u00F4mica usa o sequenciamento de regi\u00F5es g\u00EAnicas conservadas (muitas vezes o gene 16S rRNA) para possibilitar a identifica\u00E7\u00E3o dos g\u00EAneros em uma amostra natural. Esse trabalho revelou que parte da biodiversidade microbiana \u00E9 perdida quando m\u00E9todos de cultivo s\u00E3o usados. Estudos recentes utilizam o seq\u00FCenciamento Sanger ou em paralelo o pirosequenciamento para obter informa\u00E7\u00F5es imparciais de todos os genes, de todos os organismos da comunidade amostrada. Devido \u00E0 capacidade de revelar a diversidade de vida microsc\u00F3pica anteriormente oculta, a metagen\u00F4mica oferece uma poderosa lente para enxergar o potencial que o mundo microbiano oferece. A t\u00E9cnica de metagen\u00F4mica foi citada primeiramente em 1998, tratando-se da recupera\u00E7\u00E3o de genomas de bact\u00E9rias cultiv\u00E1veis e n\u00E3o cultiv\u00E1veis, a partir de amostras de solo . O m\u00E9todo envolvia a extra\u00E7\u00E3o do DNA total das amostras seguida da clonagem em cromossomo artificial de bact\u00E9ria e sequenciamento. A partir dessa abordagem, os projetos em metagen\u00F4mica tiveram como objetivo a montagem de genomas completos de bact\u00E9rias n\u00E3o cultiv\u00E1veis . As an\u00E1lises de metagen\u00F4mica proporcionam uma compreens\u00E3o da diversidade microbiana sem a necessidade de cultivos, al\u00E9m de ampliar o conhecimento da diversidade gen\u00E9tica, organiza\u00E7\u00F5es de popula\u00E7\u00F5es e papeis e/ou fun\u00E7\u00F5es ecol\u00F3gicas dos microrganismos . Atualmente, atrav\u00E9s das an\u00E1lises de metagen\u00F4mica \u00E9 poss\u00EDvel capturar e identificar desde um microrganismo at\u00E9 mesmo um microbioma, sem a necessidade de cultura, clonagem e conhecimento pr\u00E9vio de sua identidade taxon\u00F4mica/composi\u00E7\u00E3o. A metagen\u00F4mica pode ser aplicada em diferentes tipos amostras: de solo, \u00E1gua, intestino de humanos entre outras, tornando poss\u00EDvel, as an\u00E1lises de amostras complexas, compostas por diferentes \u00E1cidos nucleicos, sendo capaz, inclusive, de recuperar genomas completos de organismos desconhecidos . O acerelado crescimento dos estudos de metagen\u00F4mica de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, s\u00F3 foi poss\u00EDvel devido a capacidade da produ\u00E7\u00E3o densa de dados de forma r\u00E1pida e sens\u00EDvel dos sequenciadores com alto desempenho e de \u00FAltima gera\u00E7\u00E3o (Higt Throughput Sequencing-HTS) . Com o progresso e amplitude das tecnologias de sequenciamentos, quest\u00F5es biol\u00F3gicas que eram incompreens\u00EDveis, agora com a contribui\u00E7\u00E3o da metagen\u00F4mica est\u00E3o sendo esclarecidas . Os sequenciamentos realizados com a tecnologia de HTS geram terabytes de dados e informa\u00E7\u00F5es que precisam ser armazenados, processados e analisados, o que \u00E9 um grande desafio para os profissionais de bioinform\u00E1tica. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento de software de bioinform\u00E1tica est\u00E1 evoluindo rapidamente, o que torna vi\u00E1vel a produ\u00E7\u00E3o de grandes volumes de dados e consequentemente, possibilita a explora\u00E7\u00E3o dessas informa\u00E7\u00F5es gen\u00F4micas por uma ampla gama de pesquisadores . A metodologia e an\u00E1lises de bioinform\u00E1tica a serem aplicadas s\u00E3o espec\u00EDficas para diferentes situa\u00E7\u00F5es, o que faz necess\u00E1rio o conhecimento pr\u00E9vio do cen\u00E1rio a ser estudado, quando aplicado a abordagem de metagen\u00F4mica para uma quest\u00E3o biol\u00F3gica. Geralmente, uma an\u00E1lise de metagen\u00F4mica entende tr\u00EAs etapas principais: processamento das amostras biol\u00F3gicas; sequenciamento em uma plataforma de alto desempenho (NGS), como por exemplo, a plataforma Illumina; e an\u00E1lises dos dados, nesta terceira parte, utiliza-se apenas ferramentas computacionais para o processamento dos dados. Ap\u00F3s o sequenciamento, s\u00E3o obtidos os dados brutos, que devem ser passados primeiramente, em todos os casos, pelo controle de qualidade, etapa fundamental para prosseguir somente com as sequ\u00EAncias boas, programas que podem ser utilizados para essa etapa s\u00E3o o FastQC, para a visualiza\u00E7\u00E3o da qualidade e, o PRINSEQ, usado para filtrar, reformatar ou aparar as sequ\u00EAncias. Ap\u00F3s o controle de qualidade, as an\u00E1lises podem ser realizadas de maneiras diferentes e com v\u00E1rios programas de bioinform\u00E1ticas que s\u00E3o espec\u00EDficos para an\u00E1lises de metagen\u00F4mica. Integrar as tr\u00EAs etapas \u00E9 de extrema import\u00E2ncia para entendimento, interpreta\u00E7\u00E3o e sucesso da an\u00E1lise."@pt ,
"Metagenomik \u00E4r inom biologi studiet av metagenom, vilket \u00E4r alla genom, fr\u00E5n olika organismer, inom ett visst prov fr\u00E5n en provtagning eller inom en viss typ av milj\u00F6. Metagenomik anv\u00E4nds fr\u00E4mst f\u00F6r att studera ett omr\u00E5des mikrobiella sammans\u00E4ttning eller f\u00F6r att identifiera och studera mikroorganismer som inte g\u00E5r att kultivera med metoder som bakterieodling. V\u00E4ldigt f\u00E5 arter av bakterier, ark\u00E9er och encelliga eukaryoter g\u00E5r att isolera och odla enskilt, och representerar en v\u00E4ldigt liten del av del totala biodiversiteten. Detta g\u00F6r metagenomik mycket viktigt f\u00F6r att identifiera olika typer av bakterier, ark\u00E9er och encelliga eukaryoter samt f\u00F6r att f\u00F6rst\u00E5 deras evolution\u00E4ra sl\u00E4ktskap. Om ett metagenom DNA-sekvenseras f\u00F6r alla gener, ist\u00E4llet f\u00F6r enskilda mark\u00F6rer som 16S, och sedan analyseras med bioinformatiska metoder s\u00E5 kan enskilda genom eller delar av dem identifieras ur metagenomet f\u00F6r att sedan analyseras individuellt. Detta har till exempel anv\u00E4nts f\u00F6r att identifiera och beskriva Lokiarchaeota, ett fylum av ark\u00E9er."@sv ,
"Metagenomik (englisch metagenomics) ist ein Forschungsgebiet der Biowissenschaften, bei dem genetisches Material direkt aus Umweltproben extrahiert, sequenziert und analysiert wird. Dies unterscheidet es von klassischen mikrobiologischen Methoden bei denen Mikroorganismen vor der DNA-Extraktion kultiviert werden. Metagenomische Methoden erm\u00F6glichen die Identifizierung von Mikroorganismen unabh\u00E4ngig von ihrer Kultivierbarkeit. Neben den damit erstmals erm\u00F6glichten Einblicken in die Komplexit\u00E4t der Physiologie und der \u00D6kologie von Mikroorganismen bergen metagenomische Ans\u00E4tze mit der Analyse der nat\u00FCrlich vorkommenden Biodiversit\u00E4t auch ein gewaltiges Potential f\u00FCr die Identifizierung und Entwicklung neuer biotechnologischer und pharmazeutischer Produkte. Metagenomische Analysen k\u00F6nnen sich nicht nur auf Mikroorganismengesellschaften, sondern auch auf Tiere und Pflanzen beziehen, um etwa deren sp\u00E4t-pleistoz\u00E4nen Vorkommen im Permafrostboden zu analysieren, ohne deren Fossilien makroskopisch wahrzunehmen. Zwei generelle Typen von metagenomischen Untersuchungen k\u00F6nnen unterschieden werden: funktionelle Ans\u00E4tze und sequenzorientierte Ans\u00E4tze."@de ;
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