"Un dominio asociado topol\u00F3gicamente o TAD (por sus siglas en ingl\u00E9s: Topologically Associated Domain) es una regi\u00F3n gen\u00F3mica que interact\u00FAa consigo misma, lo que significa que las secuencias de ADN dentro de un TAD interact\u00FAan f\u00EDsicamente entre s\u00ED con m\u00E1s frecuencia que con secuencias fuera del TAD.\u200B El tama\u00F1o medio de un TAD en c\u00E9lulas de rat\u00F3n es de 880 kb, y tienen tama\u00F1os similares en especies no mam\u00EDferas.\u200B Los l\u00EDmites a ambos lados de estos dominios se conservan entre diferentes tipos de c\u00E9lulas de mam\u00EDferos e incluso entre especies\u200B y est\u00E1n altamente enriquecidos con el factor de uni\u00F3n a CCCTC (CTCF) y sitios de uni\u00F3n a cohesina.\u200B Adem\u00E1s, algunos tipos de genes (como los genes de transferencia de ARN y los genes de mantenimiento) aparecen cerca de los l\u00EDmites de TAD con m\u00E1s frecuencia de lo que cabr\u00EDa esperar al azar.\u200B\u200B Las funciones de los TAD no se comprenden completamente y todav\u00EDa es un tema de debate. La mayor\u00EDa de los estudios indican que los TAD regulan la expresi\u00F3n g\u00E9nica al limitar la interacci\u00F3n potenciador-promotor a cada TAD,\u200B sin embargo, un estudio reciente desacopla la organizaci\u00F3n del TAD y la expresi\u00F3n g\u00E9nica.\u200B La alteraci\u00F3n de los l\u00EDmites del TAD se asocia con una amplia gama de enfermedades como el c\u00E1ncer,\u200B \u200B \u200B una variedad de malformaciones de las extremidades como la sinpolidactilia, el s\u00EDndrome de Cooks y el s\u00EDndrome F,\u200B y el n\u00FAmero de trastornos como el cuerpo calloso hipopl\u00E1sico y la leucodistrofia desmielinizante de inicio en la edad adulta.\u200B Los mecanismos subyacentes a la formaci\u00F3n de TAD tambi\u00E9n son complejos y a\u00FAn no se han aclarado por completo, aunque varios complejos de prote\u00EDnas y elementos de ADN est\u00E1n asociados con los l\u00EDmites de TAD. Sin embargo, el modelo de esposas y el modelo de extrusi\u00F3n de bucle se describen para describir la formaci\u00F3n de TAD con la ayuda de CTCF y prote\u00EDnas de cohesina.\u200B Adem\u00E1s, se ha propuesto que la rigidez de los l\u00EDmites del TAD en s\u00ED misma podr\u00EDa causar el aislamiento del dominio y la formaci\u00F3n del TAD."@es . . . "A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. The median size of a TAD in mouse cells is 880 kb, and they have similar sizes in non-mammalian species. Boundaries at both side of these domains are conserved between different mammalian cell types and even across species and are highly enriched with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin. In addition, some types of genes (such as transfer RNA genes and housekeeping genes) appear near TAD boundaries more often than would be expected by chance. The functions of TADs are not fully understood and are still a matter of debate. Most of the studies indicate TADs regulate gene expression by limiting the enhancer-promoter interaction to each TAD, however, a recent study uncouples TAD organization and gene expression. Disruption of TAD boundaries are found to be associated with wide range of diseases such as cancer, variety of limb malformations such as synpolydactyly, Cooks syndrome, and F-syndrome, and number of brain disorders like Hypoplastic corpus callosum and Adult-onset demyelinating leukodystrophy. The mechanisms underlying TAD formation are also complex and not yet fully elucidated, though a number of protein complexes and DNA elements are associated with TAD boundaries. However, the handcuff model and the loop extrusion model describe the TAD formation by the aid of CTCF and cohesin proteins. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the stiffness of TAD boundaries itself could cause the domain insulation and TAD formation."@en . "Dominios asociados topol\u00F3gicamente"@es . . "\u0422\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0301\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0301\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0438, \u0422\u0410\u0414 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. topologically associating domains, TAD) \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u043D\u043A\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457. \u0422\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u044E \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043A Hi-C: \u0444\u0456\u043A\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0441\u043E\u043C\u0438 \u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C. \u0426\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u0435\u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u0414\u041D\u041A \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043C\u0438\u0448\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u044E \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432, \u0430 \u043F\u043E \u043A\u0440\u0430\u044F\u043C \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u043D\u043A\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u044E. \u0422\u0430\u043A\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u043D\u043A\u0438, \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043E\u043C, \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438."@uk . . . . "\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATopological domains\uFF09\u6216\u79F0\u4E3A\u62D3\u6251\u76F8\u5173\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08Topologically associating domains\uFF0C\u7B80\u79F0TAD\uFF09\u662F\u67D3\u8272\u8D28\u4E9A\u7ED3\u6784\u7684\u5B66\u672F\u540D\u79F0\u3002\u7C7B\u4F3C\u7684\u5B9A\u4E49\u8FD8\u5305\u62EC\u63A5\u89E6\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08Contact domain\uFF09\u3001DNA\u73AF\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08DNA Loop domain\uFF09\u3001\u7B49\u3002\u8FD9\u4E00\u7ED3\u6784\u6700\u5148\u901A\u8FC7\u9AD8\u901A\u91CF\u67D3\u8272\u8D28\u4E09\u7EF4\u6784\u8C61\u6355\u83B7\u6280\u672F\uFF08Hi-C\uFF09\u88AB\u53D1\u73B0\uFF0C\u4E4B\u540E\u53C8\u88AB\u663E\u5FAE\u6210\u50CF\u6280\u672F\u786E\u8BA4\u3002\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\u76EE\u524D\u5728\u7EC6\u83CC\u3001\u771F\u83CC\u3001\u52A8\u7269\u548C\u4E00\u4E9B\u690D\u7269\u4E2D\u90FD\u6709\u6240\u53D1\u73B0\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u5176\u5C3A\u5EA6\u7EA6\u5728\u5343\u5230\u767E\u4E07DNA\u78B1\u57FA\u3002 \u5C3D\u7BA1\u5BF9\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\u7684\u529F\u80FD\u7406\u89E3\u5C1A\u4E0D\u660E\u6717\uFF0C\u76EE\u524D\u5B66\u754C\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u662F\u67D3\u8272\u8D28\u65BD\u884C\u8BF8\u5982\u8F6C\u5F55\u3001\u590D\u5236\u3001\u8868\u89C2\u9057\u4F20\u4FEE\u9970\u7B49\u529F\u80FD\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u5355\u4F4D\u3002\u4E00\u4E9B\u8BC1\u636E\u8868\u660E\uFF0C\u5F53\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\u8FB9\u754C\u88AB\u7834\u574F\u540E\uFF0C\u8F83\u5927\u89C4\u6A21\u7684\u57FA\u56E0\u8868\u8FBE\u4F1A\u53D7\u5230\u5F71\u54CD\u3002"@zh . . . . . "\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF"@zh . . . . . "Eine Topologically associating domain (TAD, engl. \u201Etopologisch assoziierte Dom\u00E4ne\u201C) ist eine selbst-interagierende genomische Region, d. h. DNA-Sequenzen innerhalb einer TAD wechselwirken physikalisch h\u00E4ufiger miteinander als mit Sequenzen au\u00DFerhalb der TAD. Diese dreidimensionalen Chromosomenstrukturen sind bei Tieren sowie bei einigen Pflanzen, Pilzen und Bakterien vorhanden. TADs k\u00F6nnen in der Gr\u00F6\u00DFe von Tausenden bis Millionen von DNA-Basen variieren. Die Funktionen von TADs sind nicht vollst\u00E4ndig verstanden, aber in einigen F\u00E4llen f\u00FChrt die St\u00F6rung von TADs zu Krankheiten, da die Ver\u00E4nderung der 3D-Organisation des Chromosoms die Genregulation st\u00F6rt. Die Mechanismen der TAD-Bildung sind ebenfalls komplex und noch nicht vollst\u00E4ndig gekl\u00E4rt, obwohl eine Reihe von Proteinkomplexen und DNA-Elementen mit TAD-Grenzen assoziiert sind."@de . . . "\u0422\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438"@uk . . . . "1121160516"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "46786870"^^ . . . "Topologically associating domain"@en . . . . "Topologically associating domain"@de . "29079"^^ . . . . "Eine Topologically associating domain (TAD, engl. \u201Etopologisch assoziierte Dom\u00E4ne\u201C) ist eine selbst-interagierende genomische Region, d. h. DNA-Sequenzen innerhalb einer TAD wechselwirken physikalisch h\u00E4ufiger miteinander als mit Sequenzen au\u00DFerhalb der TAD. Diese dreidimensionalen Chromosomenstrukturen sind bei Tieren sowie bei einigen Pflanzen, Pilzen und Bakterien vorhanden. TADs k\u00F6nnen in der Gr\u00F6\u00DFe von Tausenden bis Millionen von DNA-Basen variieren."@de . . . . . "Un dominio asociado topol\u00F3gicamente o TAD (por sus siglas en ingl\u00E9s: Topologically Associated Domain) es una regi\u00F3n gen\u00F3mica que interact\u00FAa consigo misma, lo que significa que las secuencias de ADN dentro de un TAD interact\u00FAan f\u00EDsicamente entre s\u00ED con m\u00E1s frecuencia que con secuencias fuera del TAD.\u200B El tama\u00F1o medio de un TAD en c\u00E9lulas de rat\u00F3n es de 880 kb, y tienen tama\u00F1os similares en especies no mam\u00EDferas.\u200B Los l\u00EDmites a ambos lados de estos dominios se conservan entre diferentes tipos de c\u00E9lulas de mam\u00EDferos e incluso entre especies\u200B y est\u00E1n altamente enriquecidos con el factor de uni\u00F3n a CCCTC (CTCF) y sitios de uni\u00F3n a cohesina.\u200B Adem\u00E1s, algunos tipos de genes (como los genes de transferencia de ARN y los genes de mantenimiento) aparecen cerca de los l\u00EDmites de TAD con m\u00E1s frecuenc"@es . . . . . "\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATopological domains\uFF09\u6216\u79F0\u4E3A\u62D3\u6251\u76F8\u5173\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08Topologically associating domains\uFF0C\u7B80\u79F0TAD\uFF09\u662F\u67D3\u8272\u8D28\u4E9A\u7ED3\u6784\u7684\u5B66\u672F\u540D\u79F0\u3002\u7C7B\u4F3C\u7684\u5B9A\u4E49\u8FD8\u5305\u62EC\u63A5\u89E6\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08Contact domain\uFF09\u3001DNA\u73AF\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\uFF08DNA Loop domain\uFF09\u3001\u7B49\u3002\u8FD9\u4E00\u7ED3\u6784\u6700\u5148\u901A\u8FC7\u9AD8\u901A\u91CF\u67D3\u8272\u8D28\u4E09\u7EF4\u6784\u8C61\u6355\u83B7\u6280\u672F\uFF08Hi-C\uFF09\u88AB\u53D1\u73B0\uFF0C\u4E4B\u540E\u53C8\u88AB\u663E\u5FAE\u6210\u50CF\u6280\u672F\u786E\u8BA4\u3002\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\u76EE\u524D\u5728\u7EC6\u83CC\u3001\u771F\u83CC\u3001\u52A8\u7269\u548C\u4E00\u4E9B\u690D\u7269\u4E2D\u90FD\u6709\u6240\u53D1\u73B0\uFF0C\u4E00\u822C\u5176\u5C3A\u5EA6\u7EA6\u5728\u5343\u5230\u767E\u4E07DNA\u78B1\u57FA\u3002 \u5C3D\u7BA1\u5BF9\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\u7684\u529F\u80FD\u7406\u89E3\u5C1A\u4E0D\u660E\u6717\uFF0C\u76EE\u524D\u5B66\u754C\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u662F\u67D3\u8272\u8D28\u65BD\u884C\u8BF8\u5982\u8F6C\u5F55\u3001\u590D\u5236\u3001\u8868\u89C2\u9057\u4F20\u4FEE\u9970\u7B49\u529F\u80FD\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u5355\u4F4D\u3002\u4E00\u4E9B\u8BC1\u636E\u8868\u660E\uFF0C\u5F53\u62D3\u6251\u7ED3\u6784\u57DF\u8FB9\u754C\u88AB\u7834\u574F\u540E\uFF0C\u8F83\u5927\u89C4\u6A21\u7684\u57FA\u56E0\u8868\u8FBE\u4F1A\u53D7\u5230\u5F71\u54CD\u3002"@zh . . . "\u0422\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0301\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0301\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0438, \u0422\u0410\u0414 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. topologically associating domains, TAD) \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u043D\u043A\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457. \u0422\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u044E \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043A Hi-C: \u0444\u0456\u043A\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0441\u043E\u043C\u0438 \u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C. \u0426\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u0435\u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u0414\u041D\u041A \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043C\u0438\u0448\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u044E \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432, \u0430 \u043F\u043E \u043A\u0440\u0430\u044F\u043C \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u043D\u043A\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u044E. \u0422\u0430\u043A\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u043D\u043A\u0438, \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043E\u043C, \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438."@uk . . . "A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. The median size of a TAD in mouse cells is 880 kb, and they have similar sizes in non-mammalian species. Boundaries at both side of these domains are conserved between different mammalian cell types and even across species and are highly enriched with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin. In addition, some types of genes (such as transfer RNA genes and housekeeping genes) appear near TAD boundaries more often than would be expected by chance."@en . .

  NODES