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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along this reaction coordinate. It is often marked with the double dagger \u2021 symbol. As an example, the transition state shown below occurs during the SN2 reaction of bromoethane with a hydroxide anion: The activated complex of a reaction can refer to either the transition state or to other states along the reaction coordinate between reactants and products, especially those close to the transition state." , "lang" : "en" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Een overgangstoestand, ook wel aangeduid als transitietoestand of overgangscomplex, is in de scheikunde een kortdurende tussentoestand die kan optreden tijdens een chemische reactie. Die tussentoestand weerspiegelt een welbepaalde moleculaire configuratie met de hoogste potenti\u00EBle energie langsheen de , die wordt bereikt onderweg naar een nieuwe stabielere toestand. Een overgangstoestand wordt doorgaans aangeduid met een dubbele obelisk (\u2021)." , "lang" : "nl" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441 \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C\u044B \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0432\u0434\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u044B. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438 (\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438) \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0434\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u044B \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0445\u043E\u0442\u044F \u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438). \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C, \u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u044B." , "lang" : "ru" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\uC804\uC774 \uC0C1\uD0DC(\uC601\uC5B4: transition state)\uB294 \uD654\uD559 \uBC18\uC751\uC758 \uC911\uAC04\uC5D0 \uB098\uD0C0\uB098\uB294 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB85C (reaction coordinate)\uC5D0\uC11C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB192\uC740 \uD37C\uD150\uC15C \uC5D0\uB108\uC9C0(potential energy)\uB97C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B8\uB2E4. \uC774\uC911 \uB2E8\uAC80(\u2021, double dagger) \uAE30\uD638\uB85C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B8\uB2E4. \uC804\uC774 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uC758 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC740 \uB530\uB85C \uBD84\uB9AC\uAC00 \uBD88\uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4. \uBC18\uC751 \uC911\uAC04\uCCB4(reaction intermediate)\uB294 \uC704\uCE58 \uC5D0\uB108\uC9C0\uAC00 \uB0AE\uACE0, \uB530\uB85C \uBD84\uB9AC\uAC00 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4. \uC804\uC774 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB294 \uD65C\uC131\uD654 \uCC29\uBB3C(activated complex)\uC744 \uD615\uC131\uD55C\uB2E4." , "lang" : "ko" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "O estado de transi\u00E7\u00E3o numa rea\u00E7\u00E3o qu\u00EDmica \u00E9 uma configura\u00E7\u00E3o particular ao longo da que se define como o estado que corresponde ao m\u00E1ximo de energia ao longo dessa coordenada. Neste ponto, n\u00E3o trata-se de uma forma qu\u00EDmica de estabilidade significativa, n\u00E3o podendo, desse modo, ser confundido com os intermedi\u00E1rios da rea\u00E7\u00E3o (como ES ou EP). Ademais, \u00E9 um momento molecular transit\u00F3rio em que eventos como a quebra de liga\u00E7\u00E3o, a forma\u00E7\u00E3o de liga\u00E7\u00E3o ou o desenvolvimento de carga ocorrem com a mesma probabilidade de seguirem tanto para formar novamente o substrato como para formar o produto, n\u00E3o se configurando-se como rea\u00E7\u00E3o irrevers\u00EDvel." , "lang" : "pt" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. transition state, \u043D\u0456\u043C. \u00DCbergangszustand m, \u0440\u043E\u0441. \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435) \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u0443 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0445\u0456\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0443 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0456\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044E \u0432\u0437\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436 \u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u0445\u0456\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u0432\u0438\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 (\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438) \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457." , "lang" : "uk" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "In imoibri\u00FA ceimiceach, eagar \u00E9agobhsa\u00ED na n-adamh, saini\u00FAil don fhuinneamh is airde is g\u00E1 do na hadaimh dul tr\u00EDd chun an t-imoibri\u00FA a chur i gcr\u00EDch." , "lang" : "ga" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u00D6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd kallas den konfiguration av atomk\u00E4rnor och elektroner som har den h\u00F6gsta energiniv\u00E5n l\u00E4ngs en reaktionskoordinat. En molekyl som passerar ett \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd befinner sig d\u00E4r en ytterst kort tid, n\u00E4mligen under en sv\u00E4ngning. Storleksordningen f\u00F6r denna tidsperiod \u00E4r 10\u221212 - 10\u221213 sekunder. Energiskillnaden mellan ett grundtillst\u00E5nd och \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd kallas aktiveringsenergi." , "lang" : "sv" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Un \u00E9tat de transition est, dans une r\u00E9action chimique, une configuration particuli\u00E8re le long d'une coordonn\u00E9e de r\u00E9action. Il est d\u00E9fini comme un \u00E9tat correspondant \u00E0 une \u00E9nergie maximale le long de cette coordonn\u00E9e. En ce point, si l'on postule une , les esp\u00E8ces r\u00E9agissant iront toujours vers la formation des produits. Bien que cette notion soit extensible \u00E0 toute r\u00E9action ou transition physico-chimique, elle est utilis\u00E9e essentiellement en chimie mol\u00E9culaire." , "lang" : "fr" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "L'estat de transici\u00F3 d'una reacci\u00F3 qu\u00EDmica \u00E9s una configuraci\u00F3 particular al llarg de la coordenada de reacci\u00F3 que es defineix com l'estat que correspon al m\u00E0xim d'energia en el seu decurs. En aquest punt s'assumeix que les esp\u00E8cies reactants en colidir conduiran sempre a la formaci\u00F3 de productes. Com a exemple, l'estat de transici\u00F3 que es mostra a sota ocorre durant la reacci\u00F3 SN2 de bromoet\u00E0 amb l'ani\u00F3 hidroxil." , "lang" : "ca" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Keadaan transisi (Bahasa Inggris: transition state) sebuah reaksi kimia merujuk pada konfigurasi tertentu pada koordinat reaksi. Ia didefinisikan sebagai sebuah keadaan yang memiliki energi tertinggi di sepanjang koordinat reaksi. Pada titik ini, dengan berasumsi bahwa reaksi yang sedang berjalan adalah , penabrakan molekul reaktan akan selalu menghasilkan produk. Keadaan transisi yang diperlihatkan di bawah ini terjadi selama reaksi SN2 dari bromoetana dengan anion hidroksil." , "lang" : "in" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Si chiama stato di transizione (o complesso attivato) una particolare configurazione lungo la coordinata di reazione, configurazione che corrisponde al punto pi\u00F9 alto del grafico dell'energia libera di Gibbs o dell'entalpia in funzione della coordinata di reazione (ad esempio del grado di avanzamento \u03BE). In altri termini lo stato di transizione corrisponde al momento della reazione in cui i reagenti stanno rompendo i legami per diventare prodotti e, nello stesso tempo, si stanno formando i nuovi legami che permettono la formazione del risultato della reazione." , "lang" : "it" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Stan przej\u015Bciowy \u2013 w opisach mechanizm\u00F3w reakcji chemicznych \u2013 konfiguracja atom\u00F3w i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105cych ich wi\u0105za\u0144 chemicznych o \u015Bci\u015Ble okre\u015Blonej geometrii, kt\u00F3ra teoretycznie wyst\u0119puje w momencie gdy istnieje jednakowe prawdopodobie\u0144stwo zaj\u015Bcia reakcji elementarnej w obu kierunkach. Jest to podstawowe poj\u0119cie w kwantowo-mechanicznej reakcji chemicznych. Zgodnie z t\u0105 teori\u0105 konfiguracja stanu przej\u015Bciowego reprezentuje geometri\u0119 reaguj\u0105cego uk\u0142adu cz\u0105steczek posiadaj\u0105c\u0105 najwy\u017Csz\u0105 energi\u0119. Energia tej konfiguracji nazywana jest barier\u0105 potencja\u0142u reakcji." , "lang" : "pl" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "El estado de transici\u00F3n en una reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmica elemental es una configuraci\u00F3n particular a lo largo de la coordenada de reacci\u00F3n que se define como el estado que corresponde al m\u00E1ximo de energ\u00EDa a lo largo de la misma. En este punto se asume que las especies reactantes al colisionar conducir\u00E1n siempre a la formaci\u00F3n de productos. Como ejemplo, a continuaci\u00F3n se muestra el estado de transici\u00F3n que se produce durante la reacci\u00F3n SN2 del bromoetano con un ani\u00F3n hidroxilo:" , "lang" : "es" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u0397 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 (transition state) \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BC\u03CC\u03C1\u03C6\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 (reaction coordinate). \u039F\u03C1\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C1\u03B3\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF, \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B7 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B5\u03C0\u03C4\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 (irreversible reaction), \u03B7 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03B4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C0\u03AC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03CA\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD. \u03A3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C7\u03BD\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF \u2021." , "lang" : "el" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u00DCbergangszustand ist ein Begriff aus der Chemie. Im Laufe einer chemischen Reaktion wird immer ein Stadium h\u00F6herer Energie durchlaufen. Zum Beispiel m\u00FCssen zun\u00E4chst energieaufw\u00E4ndig Bindungswinkel verdreht und Bindungsl\u00E4ngen verk\u00FCrzt oder verl\u00E4ngert werden. Der Zustand maximaler Energie wird \u00DCbergangszustand genannt. Ist diese Energiebarriere \u00FCberwunden, reagiert das Molek\u00FCl spontan weiter zum Produkt. \u00DCbergangszust\u00E4nde sind deshalb von extrem kurzer Dauer und nicht isolierbar.Die f\u00FCr die Reaktion ben\u00F6tigte Energie zum Erreichen des \u00DCbergangszustands wird als Aktivierungsenergie bezeichnet. Gem\u00E4\u00DF der Theorie des \u00DCbergangszustandes bestimmt der \u00DCbergangszustand die Geschwindigkeitskonstante einer Reaktion." , "lang" : "de" } ] ,
"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#differentFrom" : [ { "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Transition_of_state" } ] ,
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depiction" : [ { "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Transition_State.png" } ,
{ "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Base_hydrolysis_of_bromoethane,_TS.png" } ,
{ "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Structure_Correlation_Principle.png" } ] ,
"http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject" : [ { "type" : "uri", "value" : "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Chemical_kinetics" } ] ,
"http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract" : [ { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Een overgangstoestand, ook wel aangeduid als transitietoestand of overgangscomplex, is in de scheikunde een kortdurende tussentoestand die kan optreden tijdens een chemische reactie. Die tussentoestand weerspiegelt een welbepaalde moleculaire configuratie met de hoogste potenti\u00EBle energie langsheen de , die wordt bereikt onderweg naar een nieuwe stabielere toestand. Een overgangstoestand wordt doorgaans aangeduid met een dubbele obelisk (\u2021)." , "lang" : "nl" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u0397 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 (transition state) \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BC\u03CC\u03C1\u03C6\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 (reaction coordinate). \u039F\u03C1\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03AD\u03C1\u03B3\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF, \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B7 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B5\u03C0\u03C4\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 (irreversible reaction), \u03B7 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03B4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C0\u03AC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03CA\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD. \u03A3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C7\u03BD\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF \u2021. \u0388\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B4\u03B5\u03B9\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C6\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 SN2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B2\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03BF\u03B1\u03B9\u03B8\u03B1\u03BD\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C5\u03B4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BE\u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03CC\u03BD: \u03A4\u03BF \u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B7\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03C0\u03BB\u03BF\u03BA\u03BF (activated complex) \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03AE \u03C3\u03B5 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03B4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03CA\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AC \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7." , "lang" : "el" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u00DCbergangszustand ist ein Begriff aus der Chemie. Im Laufe einer chemischen Reaktion wird immer ein Stadium h\u00F6herer Energie durchlaufen. Zum Beispiel m\u00FCssen zun\u00E4chst energieaufw\u00E4ndig Bindungswinkel verdreht und Bindungsl\u00E4ngen verk\u00FCrzt oder verl\u00E4ngert werden. Der Zustand maximaler Energie wird \u00DCbergangszustand genannt. Ist diese Energiebarriere \u00FCberwunden, reagiert das Molek\u00FCl spontan weiter zum Produkt. \u00DCbergangszust\u00E4nde sind deshalb von extrem kurzer Dauer und nicht isolierbar.Die f\u00FCr die Reaktion ben\u00F6tigte Energie zum Erreichen des \u00DCbergangszustands wird als Aktivierungsenergie bezeichnet. Gem\u00E4\u00DF der Theorie des \u00DCbergangszustandes bestimmt der \u00DCbergangszustand die Geschwindigkeitskonstante einer Reaktion. Theoretisch-chemisch betrachtet entspricht eine Reaktion einer \u201EWanderung\u201C auf dem \u201EGebirge\u201C der potentiellen Energie der Kerne (die sich durch verschiedene Methoden, wie Hartree-Fock, MP2, Coupled-Cluster oder DFT \u00FCber eine n\u00E4herungsweise L\u00F6sung der Schr\u00F6dingergleichung berechnen l\u00E4sst), wobei jeder Anordnung der Atome im Molek\u00FCl eine bestimmte Energie zugeordnet wird, die sog. Potentialenergiehyperfl\u00E4che also von 3n-kartesischen Koordinaten f\u00FCr n Atome im Molek\u00FCl abh\u00E4ngt. Am \u00DCbergangszustand ist diese Energie auf dem Reaktionsweg maximal, global gesehen jedoch ist es ein Maximum in nur einer Dimension (die dem Reaktionsweg entspricht), in allen anderen Dimensionen weist der \u00DCbergangszustand dennoch ein Minimum auf (man kann ihn also als \u201EPass\u201C im besagten Gebirge auffassen). Mathematisch formuliert ist der \u00DCbergangszustand ein Sattelpunkt erster Ordnung auf der Potentialenergiehyperfl\u00E4che, das hei\u00DFt, der Gradientenvektor verschwindet und die Hessematrix weist einen negativen Eintrag auf (das entspricht einer imagin\u00E4ren Schwingungsfrequenz in harmonischer N\u00E4herung)." , "lang" : "de" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u00D6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd kallas den konfiguration av atomk\u00E4rnor och elektroner som har den h\u00F6gsta energiniv\u00E5n l\u00E4ngs en reaktionskoordinat. En molekyl som passerar ett \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd befinner sig d\u00E4r en ytterst kort tid, n\u00E4mligen under en sv\u00E4ngning. Storleksordningen f\u00F6r denna tidsperiod \u00E4r 10\u221212 - 10\u221213 sekunder. Ett \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd beskriver geometri och laddningsf\u00F6rdelning, och finns inte i fysisk mening. Systemet, det vill s\u00E4ga den samling atomk\u00E4rnor och elektroner, som har denna konfiguration kallas f\u00F6r aktiverat komplex. Termerna betyder strikt talat olika saker, men anv\u00E4nds ofta informellt p\u00E5 samma s\u00E4tt. F\u00F6r att beteckna att en strukturformel visar ett \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd s\u00E4tts strukturen inom hakparenteser, med ett dubbelkors utanf\u00F6r det \u00F6vre h\u00F6gra h\u00F6rnet. Storheter som beskriver ett \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd eller aktiverat komplex har ett upph\u00F6jt dubbelkors intill storhetssymbolen, till exempel \u0394H\u2021 f\u00F6r aktiveringsentalpi. I 3:e utg\u00E5van av IUPAC:s Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry anv\u00E4nds ej lika med-tecknet (\u2260) som en alternativ symbol i detta sammanhang. Energiskillnaden mellan ett grundtillst\u00E5nd och \u00F6verg\u00E5ngstillst\u00E5nd kallas aktiveringsenergi." , "lang" : "sv" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\uC804\uC774 \uC0C1\uD0DC(\uC601\uC5B4: transition state)\uB294 \uD654\uD559 \uBC18\uC751\uC758 \uC911\uAC04\uC5D0 \uB098\uD0C0\uB098\uB294 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB85C (reaction coordinate)\uC5D0\uC11C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB192\uC740 \uD37C\uD150\uC15C \uC5D0\uB108\uC9C0(potential energy)\uB97C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B8\uB2E4. \uC774\uC911 \uB2E8\uAC80(\u2021, double dagger) \uAE30\uD638\uB85C \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B8\uB2E4. \uC804\uC774 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uC758 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC740 \uB530\uB85C \uBD84\uB9AC\uAC00 \uBD88\uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4. \uBC18\uC751 \uC911\uAC04\uCCB4(reaction intermediate)\uB294 \uC704\uCE58 \uC5D0\uB108\uC9C0\uAC00 \uB0AE\uACE0, \uB530\uB85C \uBD84\uB9AC\uAC00 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4. \uC804\uC774 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB294 \uD65C\uC131\uD654 \uCC29\uBB3C(activated complex)\uC744 \uD615\uC131\uD55C\uB2E4." , "lang" : "ko" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Stan przej\u015Bciowy \u2013 w opisach mechanizm\u00F3w reakcji chemicznych \u2013 konfiguracja atom\u00F3w i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105cych ich wi\u0105za\u0144 chemicznych o \u015Bci\u015Ble okre\u015Blonej geometrii, kt\u00F3ra teoretycznie wyst\u0119puje w momencie gdy istnieje jednakowe prawdopodobie\u0144stwo zaj\u015Bcia reakcji elementarnej w obu kierunkach. Jest to podstawowe poj\u0119cie w kwantowo-mechanicznej reakcji chemicznych. Zgodnie z t\u0105 teori\u0105 konfiguracja stanu przej\u015Bciowego reprezentuje geometri\u0119 reaguj\u0105cego uk\u0142adu cz\u0105steczek posiadaj\u0105c\u0105 najwy\u017Csz\u0105 energi\u0119. Energia tej konfiguracji nazywana jest barier\u0105 potencja\u0142u reakcji. Koncepcja stanu przej\u015Bciowego zosta\u0142a zaproponowana w 1935 przez i Michaela Polanyi i po wprowadzeniu nieznacznych modyfikacji ma zastosowanie tak\u017Ce obecnie. Tradycyjnie konfiguracje stanu przej\u015Bciowego przedstawia si\u0119 w formie hipotetycznego kompleksu aktywnego i dla odr\u00F3\u017Cnienia od rzeczywistych zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w kompleksowych zaznacza symbolem \u2021 (Crux philologorum). Rysunki kompleks\u00F3w aktywnych nie zawsze jednak odzwierciedlaj\u0105 konfiguracj\u0119 o najwy\u017Cszej energii. Czasami, dla zilustrowania przebiegu reakcji przedstawia si\u0119 za ich pomoc\u0105 hipotetyczne konfiguracje tu\u017C przed lub tu\u017C po osi\u0105gni\u0119ciu stanu przej\u015Bciowego. Kompleks\u00F3w aktywnych nie nale\u017Cy myli\u0107 z rzeczywistymi produktami przej\u015Bciowymi reakcji." , "lang" : "pl" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along this reaction coordinate. It is often marked with the double dagger \u2021 symbol. As an example, the transition state shown below occurs during the SN2 reaction of bromoethane with a hydroxide anion: The activated complex of a reaction can refer to either the transition state or to other states along the reaction coordinate between reactants and products, especially those close to the transition state. According to the transition state theory, once the reactants have passed through the transition state configuration, they always continue to form products." , "lang" : "en" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Si chiama stato di transizione (o complesso attivato) una particolare configurazione lungo la coordinata di reazione, configurazione che corrisponde al punto pi\u00F9 alto del grafico dell'energia libera di Gibbs o dell'entalpia in funzione della coordinata di reazione (ad esempio del grado di avanzamento \u03BE). In altri termini lo stato di transizione corrisponde al momento della reazione in cui i reagenti stanno rompendo i legami per diventare prodotti e, nello stesso tempo, si stanno formando i nuovi legami che permettono la formazione del risultato della reazione. In base alla teoria dello stato di transizione si pu\u00F2 definire come tale un intervallo \u03B4 tale da includere il massimo della curva dell'energia libera, lungo l'asse \u03BE. Tutte le configurazioni di atomi che rientrano in questo intervallo vengono quindi dette stato di transizione. Lo stato di transizione \u00E8 in pratica un intermedio di reazione con una vita molto breve (ovvero poco stabile). Diagramma dell'entalpia lungo la coordinata di reazione. Il complesso attivato si trova in corrispondenza del picco energetico, ovvero ha un contenuto energetico maggiore rispetto ai reagenti e ai prodotti." , "lang" : "it" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0634\u0643\u064A\u0644 \u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062F\u064A\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060C \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062E\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0627\u062A. \u064A\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u2021 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644: \u062A\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A\u062C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0648\u062C\u0647\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A. \u0648\u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0623\u062F\u0649 \u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u062D\u062F \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A\u062C\u060C \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064A\u062A\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062F \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649." , "lang" : "ar" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Keadaan transisi (Bahasa Inggris: transition state) sebuah reaksi kimia merujuk pada konfigurasi tertentu pada koordinat reaksi. Ia didefinisikan sebagai sebuah keadaan yang memiliki energi tertinggi di sepanjang koordinat reaksi. Pada titik ini, dengan berasumsi bahwa reaksi yang sedang berjalan adalah , penabrakan molekul reaktan akan selalu menghasilkan produk. Keadaan transisi yang diperlihatkan di bawah ini terjadi selama reaksi SN2 dari bromoetana dengan anion hidroksil." , "lang" : "in" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "Un \u00E9tat de transition est, dans une r\u00E9action chimique, une configuration particuli\u00E8re le long d'une coordonn\u00E9e de r\u00E9action. Il est d\u00E9fini comme un \u00E9tat correspondant \u00E0 une \u00E9nergie maximale le long de cette coordonn\u00E9e. En ce point, si l'on postule une , les esp\u00E8ces r\u00E9agissant iront toujours vers la formation des produits. Bien que cette notion soit extensible \u00E0 toute r\u00E9action ou transition physico-chimique, elle est utilis\u00E9e essentiellement en chimie mol\u00E9culaire." , "lang" : "fr" } ,
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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441 \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C\u044B \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0432\u0434\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u044B. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438 (\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438) \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0434\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u044B \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0445\u043E\u0442\u044F \u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438). \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C, \u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u044B." , "lang" : "ru" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "In imoibri\u00FA ceimiceach, eagar \u00E9agobhsa\u00ED na n-adamh, saini\u00FAil don fhuinneamh is airde is g\u00E1 do na hadaimh dul tr\u00EDd chun an t-imoibri\u00FA a chur i gcr\u00EDch." , "lang" : "ga" } ,
{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "O estado de transi\u00E7\u00E3o numa rea\u00E7\u00E3o qu\u00EDmica \u00E9 uma configura\u00E7\u00E3o particular ao longo da que se define como o estado que corresponde ao m\u00E1ximo de energia ao longo dessa coordenada. Neste ponto, n\u00E3o trata-se de uma forma qu\u00EDmica de estabilidade significativa, n\u00E3o podendo, desse modo, ser confundido com os intermedi\u00E1rios da rea\u00E7\u00E3o (como ES ou EP). Ademais, \u00E9 um momento molecular transit\u00F3rio em que eventos como a quebra de liga\u00E7\u00E3o, a forma\u00E7\u00E3o de liga\u00E7\u00E3o ou o desenvolvimento de carga ocorrem com a mesma probabilidade de seguirem tanto para formar novamente o substrato como para formar o produto, n\u00E3o se configurando-se como rea\u00E7\u00E3o irrevers\u00EDvel." , "lang" : "pt" } ,
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{ "type" : "literal", "value" : "L'estat de transici\u00F3 d'una reacci\u00F3 qu\u00EDmica \u00E9s una configuraci\u00F3 particular al llarg de la coordenada de reacci\u00F3 que es defineix com l'estat que correspon al m\u00E0xim d'energia en el seu decurs. En aquest punt s'assumeix que les esp\u00E8cies reactants en colidir conduiran sempre a la formaci\u00F3 de productes. Com a exemple, l'estat de transici\u00F3 que es mostra a sota ocorre durant la reacci\u00F3 SN2 de bromoet\u00E0 amb l'ani\u00F3 hidroxil." , "lang" : "ca" } ,
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