@prefix dbo: .
@prefix dbr: .
dbr:German_Americans dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Charles_Brode dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Socialist_Sunday_School dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Gymnastics dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Joseph_Eiboeck dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Louisiana_Endowment_for_the_Humanities dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Peter_Britt dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Gym dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Pommel_horse dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:History_of_Indianapolis dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Milwaukee dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Milwaukee dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
@prefix foaf: .
@prefix wikipedia-en: .
wikipedia-en:Turners foaf:primaryTopic dbr:Turners .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Timeline_of_Indianapolis dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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@prefix dbp: .
dbp:nickname dbr:Turners .
dbr:Douglass_Park dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Forty-Eighters dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Charles_Beck dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Popular_Democratic_Movement dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Outdoor_fitness dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Pole_vault dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Lager_Beer_Riot dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Turner dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners ;
dbo:wikiPageDisambiguates dbr:Turners .
dbr:List_of_Missouri_Union_Civil_War_units dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:George_Brosius dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Turner_Hall dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:German-English_Academy_Building dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Mens_sana_in_corpore_sano dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Bonnie_Prudden dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Frederick_Lee_Bridell dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Sport_in_Ukraine dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Turnverein_Building dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Physical_culture dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Fred_Kessler dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Jenifer-Spaight_Historic_District dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Battle_of_the_Systems dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Arnold_Huchting dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:List_of_events_at_Soldier_Field dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Louis_Roeder dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
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dbr:Hugo_Rothstein dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Turnverein dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners ;
dbo:wikiPageRedirects dbr:Turners .
dbr:New_York_Turn_Verein dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners ;
dbo:wikiPageRedirects dbr:Turners .
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dbr:German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Herman_Kiefer dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:List_of_German_expressions_in_English dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Andrew_Biemiller dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:History_of_Czechs_in_Baltimore dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:South_Side_Turnverein_Hall dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Herman_Koehler dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:Hugh_McCulloch_House dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbr:American_Turners dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners ;
dbo:wikiPageRedirects dbr:Turners .
dbr:WMWG-LP dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Turners .
@prefix rdf: .
@prefix owl: .
dbr:Turners rdf:type owl:Thing .
@prefix yago: .
dbr:Turners rdf:type yago:WikicatOrganizationsBasedInTheUnitedStates ,
yago:Abstraction100002137 ,
yago:SocialGroup107950920 ,
yago:YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity ,
yago:Organization108008335 ,
yago:Group100031264 ,
yago:YagoLegalActorGeo ,
yago:YagoLegalActor .
@prefix rdfs: .
dbr:Turners rdfs:label "Turners"@en ,
"\u30C8\u30A5\u30EB\u30CA\u30FC"@ja ,
"\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632"@ar ,
"Turnbewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten"@de ,
"Turnverein"@fr ;
rdfs:comment "Le Turnverein est un mouvement patriotique allemand, n\u00E9 \u00E0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, mais qui a pris son plein d\u00E9veloppement sous l'occupation fran\u00E7aise de l'Allemagne en 1811-1813. Il s'agissait d'un r\u00E9seau qui regroupait, sous l'allure innocente de soci\u00E9t\u00E9s de gymnastiques, des organisations patriotiques, pangermanistes et paramilitaires. L'objectif \u00E9tait de former une g\u00E9n\u00E9ration d'hommes disciplin\u00E9s, en pleine forme physique, dispos\u00E9s \u00E0 combattre pour le redressement de l'Allemagne et pour la revanche contre l'occupation fran\u00E7aise."@fr ,
"Als Turners bezeichnet man die Vertreter der Turnbewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten, die in deutschamerikanischen Turnvereinen organisiert sind. Ihren H\u00F6hepunkt erlebte die Bewegung im 19. Jahrhundert. Sie f\u00F6rderten die deutsche Kultur, die K\u00F6rperkultur sowie die liberale Politik und unterst\u00FCtzten die Kriegsanstrengungen der Union w\u00E4hrend des amerikanischen B\u00FCrgerkriegs. Turner wie Francis Lieber (1798\u20131872), waren die f\u00FChrende Proponenten des Turnens in den USA als Breitensport sowie als Universit\u00E4tssport."@de ,
"Turners (German: Turner) are members of German-American gymnastic clubs called Turnvereine. They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially Francis Lieber, 1798\u20131872, were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American sport and the field of academic study."@en ,
"\u30C8\u30A5\u30EB\u30CA\u30FC(Turners)\u306F\u3001\u300C\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u4F53\u64CD\uFF08\u30C8\u30A5\u30EB\u30CD\u30F3\uFF09\u3092\u3059\u308B\u4EBA\u305F\u3061\u300D\u300C\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u4F53\u64CD\u5BB6\u300D\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002"@ja ,
"\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Turners\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632) \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062F\u064A \u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062F \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062A\u0631 Turnvater (\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632) \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062D\u062A\u0644\u062A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Turnvereine) \u0631\u064A\u0627\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062A \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u00BB \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062B\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0644\u064A\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u062A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1848. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0647\u0632\u064A\u0645\u062A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0642\u064F\u0645\u0639\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u0627\u062F\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062C\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629. \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u0648\u0627 \u062C\u0646\u0648\u062F\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u062A\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u064A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u064A\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064A\u0646 "@ar ;
foaf:depiction ,
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@prefix dcterms: .
@prefix dbc: .
dbr:Turners dcterms:subject dbc:Gymnastics_organizations ,
dbc:Gymnastics_in_the_United_States ,
dbc:Politics_and_sports ,
dbc:Physical_culture ,
dbc:German-American_culture ,
dbc:Sports_organizations_established_in_1848 ,
dbc:German-American_history ,
dbc:German-American_organizations ,
dbc:American_Civil_War_political_groups ,
dbc:People_associated_with_physical_culture ;
dbo:abstract "Als Turners bezeichnet man die Vertreter der Turnbewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten, die in deutschamerikanischen Turnvereinen organisiert sind. Ihren H\u00F6hepunkt erlebte die Bewegung im 19. Jahrhundert. Sie f\u00F6rderten die deutsche Kultur, die K\u00F6rperkultur sowie die liberale Politik und unterst\u00FCtzten die Kriegsanstrengungen der Union w\u00E4hrend des amerikanischen B\u00FCrgerkriegs. Turner wie Francis Lieber (1798\u20131872), waren die f\u00FChrende Proponenten des Turnens in den USA als Breitensport sowie als Universit\u00E4tssport. In Deutschland wurde im fr\u00FChen 19. Jahrhundert, als Deutschland von Napoleon besetzt war, die Turnbewegung von Turnvater Friedrich Ludwig Jahn ins Leben gerufen. Die Turnvereine verstanden sich nicht nur sportlich, sondern auch politisch und entsprachen damit dem Zeitgeist \u00E4hnlicher nationalistischen Turnorganisationen in Europa. Die Turnbewegung in Deutschland stand dem Liberalismus nahe, und viele deutsche Turner hatten an der Deutschen Revolution von 1848 teilgenommen. Nach deren Niederschlagung wurde die Bewegung in den deutschen Staaten unterdr\u00FCckt und viele Turner verlie\u00DFen Deutschland. Einige wanderten in die USA aus, insbesondere in das Ohio Valley. Viele dieser Forty-Eighters wurden sp\u00E4ter Unionssoldaten, und einige wurden Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Die Turnvereine dienten nicht nur der sportlichen Ert\u00FCchtigung: Sie waren auch soziale, kulturelle und politische Sammelpunkte f\u00FCr deutsche Einwanderer, und schlie\u00DFlich engagierten sie sich in der Volksbildung und in der Arbeiterbewegung. Sie waren f\u00FChrende Proponenten des Turnens als Breitensport und Schulfach in den USA. Die Bewegung verlor jedoch ab etwa 1900 an Zulauf, und drastisch ab dem Eintritt der USA in den Ersten Weltkrieg 1917. Bis heute bestehen etwa 50 Turnvereine im Dachverband der American Turners."@de ,
"\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Turners\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632) \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062F\u064A \u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062F \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062A\u0631 Turnvater (\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632) \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062D\u062A\u0644\u062A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Turnvereine) \u0631\u064A\u0627\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062A \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u00BB \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062B\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0644\u064A\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u062A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1848. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0647\u0632\u064A\u0645\u062A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0642\u064F\u0645\u0639\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u0627\u062F\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062C\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629. \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u0648\u0627 \u062C\u0646\u0648\u062F\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u062A\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u064A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u064A\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062A\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0623\u062F\u062A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0648\u062D\u064A\u062F \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627."@ar ,
"\u30C8\u30A5\u30EB\u30CA\u30FC(Turners)\u306F\u3001\u300C\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u4F53\u64CD\uFF08\u30C8\u30A5\u30EB\u30CD\u30F3\uFF09\u3092\u3059\u308B\u4EBA\u305F\u3061\u300D\u300C\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u4F53\u64CD\u5BB6\u300D\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002"@ja ,
"Turners (German: Turner) are members of German-American gymnastic clubs called Turnvereine. They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially Francis Lieber, 1798\u20131872, were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American sport and the field of academic study. In Germany, a major gymnastic movement was started by Turnvater (\"father of gymnastics\") and nationalist Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in the early 19th century when Germany was occupied by Napoleon. The Turnvereine (\"gymnastic unions\"; from German turnen meaning \u201Cto practice gymnastics,\u201D and Verein meaning \u201Cclub, union\u201D) were not only athletic but also political, reflecting their origin in similar ethnocentric \"national gymnastic\" organizations in Europe (such as the Czech Sokol), who were participants in various national movements for independence. The Turner movement in Germany was generally liberal in nature, and many Turners took part in the Revolutions of 1848. After the failure of the 1848 Revolution in Germany, the Turner movement was suppressed, and many Turners left Germany, some emigrating to the United States, especially to the Ohio Valley region, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas. Several of these Forty-Eighters went on to become Union soldiers, and some became Republican politicians. Besides serving as physical education, social, political, and cultural organizations for German immigrants, Turners were also active in public education and labor movements. They were leading promoters of gymnastics in the United States as a sport and as a school subject. In the United States, the movement declined after 1900, and especially after 1917."@en ,
"Le Turnverein est un mouvement patriotique allemand, n\u00E9 \u00E0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, mais qui a pris son plein d\u00E9veloppement sous l'occupation fran\u00E7aise de l'Allemagne en 1811-1813. Il s'agissait d'un r\u00E9seau qui regroupait, sous l'allure innocente de soci\u00E9t\u00E9s de gymnastiques, des organisations patriotiques, pangermanistes et paramilitaires. L'objectif \u00E9tait de former une g\u00E9n\u00E9ration d'hommes disciplin\u00E9s, en pleine forme physique, dispos\u00E9s \u00E0 combattre pour le redressement de l'Allemagne et pour la revanche contre l'occupation fran\u00E7aise. Les Turnvereine essaiment aussi \u00E0 l'\u00E9tranger, au fil des migrations allemandes, par exemple dans les villes industrielles des \u00C9tats-Unis \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1860, o\u00F9 naissent les premi\u00E8res associations de gymnastique du continent. En 1865, le Deutsches Turnverein parisien organise une f\u00EAte au Pr\u00E9-Catelan, o\u00F9 des d\u00E9l\u00E9gu\u00E9s d'associations alsaciennes de gymnastique sont convi\u00E9s. C'est par elles que l'\u00E9ducation physico-patriotique se d\u00E9veloppe en France, en particulier apr\u00E8s la d\u00E9faite de 1870 o\u00F9 l'on s'inspire du mod\u00E8le allemand en liant sport, moralit\u00E9, force physique et patriotisme. L'Union des soci\u00E9t\u00E9s de gymnastique de France na\u00EEt ainsi en 1873."@fr ;
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