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- The call to the bar is a legal term of art in most common law jurisdictions where persons must be qualified to be allowed to argue in court on behalf of another party and are then said to have been "called to the bar" or to have received "call to the bar". "The bar" is now used as a collective noun for barristers, but literally referred to the wooden barrier in old courtrooms, which separated the often crowded public area at the rear from the space near the judges reserved for those having business with the court. Barristers would sit or stand immediately behind it, facing the judge, and could use it as a table for their briefs. Like many other common law terms, the term originated in England in the Middle Ages, and the call to the bar refers to the summons issued to one found fit to speak at the "bar" of the royal courts. In time, English judges allowed only legally qualified men to address them on the law and later delegated the qualification and admission of barristers to the four Inns of Court. Once an inn calls one of its members to its bar, they are thereafter a barrister. They may not, however, practise as a barrister until they have completed (or been exempted from) an apprenticeship called pupillage. After completing pupillage, they are considered to be a practising barrister with a right of audience before all courts. England and Wales and some other jurisdictions distinguish two types of lawyers, who are regulated by different bodies, with separate training, examinations, regulation and traditions:
* Barristers primarily practise in court and generally specialise in advocacy in a particular field of law; they have a right of audience in all courts of England and Wales.
* Solicitors do not necessarily undertake court work, but have a right of audience in the lower courts (magistrates' courts and county courts). They are admitted or enrolled as a solicitor, to conduct litigation and practise in law outside court, e.g., providing legal advice to lay clients and acting on their behalf in legal matters. A solicitor must qualify as a solicitor-advocate in order to acquire the same "higher rights" of audience as a barrister. In other jurisdictions, the terminology and the degree of overlap between the roles of solicitor and barrister varies greatly; in most, the distinction has disappeared entirely. (en)
- Call to the bar è un termine legale nella maggior parte degli ordinamenti giuridici basati sulla common law secondo il quale le persone devono essere qualificate per poter discutere in tribunale per conto di terze partiti e sono, come si dice, "calling to the bar" o hanno ricevuto una "call to the bar". Il termine "Bar" è ora utilizzato come nome generico per indicare i barrister, ma letteralmente indica la sbarra di legno delle vecchie aule di tribunale, che separava l'area pubblica, spesso affollata, dalla parte posteriore dello spazio vicino ai giudici, riservata a coloro che avevano contatti con la Corte. Gli avvocati stavano seduti o in piedi subito dietro essa, di fronte al giudice, e potevano usarla come un tavolo per poggiare le loro carte. (it)
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- Call to the bar è un termine legale nella maggior parte degli ordinamenti giuridici basati sulla common law secondo il quale le persone devono essere qualificate per poter discutere in tribunale per conto di terze partiti e sono, come si dice, "calling to the bar" o hanno ricevuto una "call to the bar". Il termine "Bar" è ora utilizzato come nome generico per indicare i barrister, ma letteralmente indica la sbarra di legno delle vecchie aule di tribunale, che separava l'area pubblica, spesso affollata, dalla parte posteriore dello spazio vicino ai giudici, riservata a coloro che avevano contatti con la Corte. Gli avvocati stavano seduti o in piedi subito dietro essa, di fronte al giudice, e potevano usarla come un tavolo per poggiare le loro carte. (it)
- The call to the bar is a legal term of art in most common law jurisdictions where persons must be qualified to be allowed to argue in court on behalf of another party and are then said to have been "called to the bar" or to have received "call to the bar". "The bar" is now used as a collective noun for barristers, but literally referred to the wooden barrier in old courtrooms, which separated the often crowded public area at the rear from the space near the judges reserved for those having business with the court. Barristers would sit or stand immediately behind it, facing the judge, and could use it as a table for their briefs. (en)
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