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In thought experiments, philosophers and scientists occasionally imagine entities with special abilities as a way to pose tough intellectual challenges or highlight apparent paradoxes. Examples include:

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  • In thought experiments, philosophers and scientists occasionally imagine entities with special abilities as a way to pose tough intellectual challenges or highlight apparent paradoxes. Examples include: * Descartes’ malicious demon – Cartesian skepticism (also called methodological skepticism) advocates the doubting of all things that cannot be justified through logic. Descartes uses three arguments to cast doubt on our ability to know objectively: the dream argument, the deceiving God argument, and the malicious demon argument. Since our senses cannot put us in contact with external objects themselves, but only with our mental images of such objects, we can have no absolute certainty that anything exists in the external world. In the evil demon argument Descartes proposes an entity who is capable of deceiving us to such a degree that we have reason to doubt the totality of what our senses tell us. * Laplace's demon is a hypothetical all-knowing being who knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe, and therefore could use Newton's laws to reveal the entire course of cosmic events, past and future. Based upon the philosophical proposition of causal determinism. * Maxwell's demon can distinguish between fast and slow moving molecules. If this demon only let fast moving molecules through a trapdoor to a container, the temperature inside the container would increase without any work being applied. Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics. * Morton's demon stands at the gateway of a person's senses and lets in facts that agree with that person's beliefs while deflecting those that do not. This demon is used to explain the phenomenon of confirmation bias. * In aphorism 341 of The Gay Science, Nietzsche puts forth his eternal recurrence concept. In it, he employs a demon with special metaphysical knowledge as an agent for forcing reevaluation of perspective on one's own life. * The Darwinian Demon is a hypothetical organism which can simultaneously maximize all aspects of its fitness. * The demon of Bureaucratic Chaos is the phenomenon that "blocks good things from happening" at the United States Department of Energy. This hypothesized entity makes it extremely difficult to complete complex projects — by frequently changing mission requirements, funding, and strategic direction. Examples include the Mirror Fusion Test Facility, which was constructed but never turned on; the Superconducting Super Collider, which cost $2 billion before its cancellation; and ITER, the international fusion experiment in France that the United States has alternately supported and opposed, and to which it has threatened withdrawal, cut funding, and increased funding over the decades. (en)
  • En experimentos mentales, los filósofos ocasionalmente imaginan entidades con habilidades especiales como una forma de plantear desafíos intelectuales difíciles o resaltar paradojas aparentes. Ejemplos incluyen: * El demonio malicioso de Descartes: el escepticismo cartesiano (también llamado escepticismo metodológico) aboga por dudar de todas las cosas que no pueden justificarse a través de la lógica. Descartes usa tres argumentos para poner en duda nuestra capacidad de saber objetivamente: el , el argumento engañoso de Dios y el argumento del demonio malicioso.​ Dado que nuestros sentidos no pueden ponernos en contacto con objetos externos, sino solo con nuestras imágenes mentales de tales objetos, no podemos tener una certeza absoluta de que exista algo en el mundo externo. En el malvado argumento de los demonios, Descartes propone una entidad que es capaz de engañarnos hasta tal punto que tenemos razones para dudar de la totalidad de lo que nuestros sentidos nos dicen. * El demonio de Laplace es un ser hipotético que todo lo sabe, que conoce la ubicación precisa y el impulso de cada átomo en el universo, y por lo tanto podría usar las leyes de Newton para revelar el curso completo de los eventos cósmicos, pasados y futuros. Basado en la proposición filosófica del determinismo causal. * El demonio de Maxwell puede distinguir entre moléculas de movimiento rápido y lento. Si este demonio solo permite que las moléculas se muevan rápidamente a través de una trampilla a un contenedor, la temperatura dentro del contenedor aumentaría sin que se aplique ningún trabajo. Tal escenario viola la segunda ley de la termodinámica. * El demonio de Morton se encuentra en la puerta de entrada de los sentidos de una persona y admite hechos que están de acuerdo con las creencias de esa persona, mientras que desvía a los que no lo hacen. Este demonio se utiliza para explicar el fenómeno del sesgo de confirmación. * En el aforismo 341 de The Gay Science, Nietzsche expone su concepto de recurrencia eterna. En él, emplea a un demonio con un conocimiento metafísico especial como agente para forzar la revaluación de la perspectiva en la propia vida. * El demonio darwiniano es un organismo hipotético que puede maximizar simultáneamente todos los aspectos de su condición física. (es)
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  • In thought experiments, philosophers and scientists occasionally imagine entities with special abilities as a way to pose tough intellectual challenges or highlight apparent paradoxes. Examples include: (en)
  • En experimentos mentales, los filósofos ocasionalmente imaginan entidades con habilidades especiales como una forma de plantear desafíos intelectuales difíciles o resaltar paradojas aparentes. Ejemplos incluyen: (es)
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  • Demonio (experimento mental) (es)
  • Demon (thought experiment) (en)
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