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Jewish ghettos in Europe were neighbourhoods of European cities in which Jews were permitted to live. In addition to being confined to the ghettos, Jews were placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities. The character of ghettos fluctuated over the centuries. In some cases, they comprised a Jewish quarter, the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews. In many instances, ghettos were places of terrible poverty and during periods of population growth, ghettos had narrow streets and small, crowded houses. Residents had their own justice system. Around the ghetto stood walls that, during pogroms, were closed from inside to protect the community, but from the outside during Christmas, Pesach, and Easter Week to prevent the Jews from leaving at those time

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  • الغيتوات اليهودية في أوروبا أحياء في مدن أوروبية سُمح لليهود بالعيش فيها. وإلى جانب حصر وجودهم في الغيتوات، وُضع اليهود تحت قوانين وقيود صارمة في الكثير من المدن الأوروبية. تذبذبت طبيعة هذه الأحياء خلال العقود، فشكلت في بعض الحالات أحياء يهودية، في مناطق الوجود التقليدي لليهود في المدن. في حالات كثيرة، كانت الغيتوات أماكن شديدة الفقر، وفي أوقات النمو السكاني، كانت الشوارع فيها ضيقة والمنازل صغيرة مكتظة. أقام سكان الغيتو نظام عدالة خاص بهم. وأحاطت بالغيتو أسوار، تُغلق من الداخل خلال البوغرومات لحماية السكان، ومن الخارج خلال عيد الميلاد وعيد الفصح اليهودي وأسبوع عيد الفصح لمنع اليهود من المغادرة. مع قدوم التحرر اليهودي في القرن التاسع عشر، أُلغيت الغيتوات وحُطمت أسوارها على نحو تدريجي. ولكن خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أنشأ الرايخ الثالث نظام غيتو يهودي جديد تمامًا بهدف اضطهاد اليهود وإرهابهم واستغلالهم، وكان معظمهم في أوروبا الشرقية. وفقًا لمتحف ذكرى الهولوكوست بالولايات المتحدة، «أسس الألمان ما لا يقل عن 1000 غيتو في بولندا المحتلة والاتحاد السوفيتي فحسب». (ar)
  • Jewish ghettos in Europe were neighbourhoods of European cities in which Jews were permitted to live. In addition to being confined to the ghettos, Jews were placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities. The character of ghettos fluctuated over the centuries. In some cases, they comprised a Jewish quarter, the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews. In many instances, ghettos were places of terrible poverty and during periods of population growth, ghettos had narrow streets and small, crowded houses. Residents had their own justice system. Around the ghetto stood walls that, during pogroms, were closed from inside to protect the community, but from the outside during Christmas, Pesach, and Easter Week to prevent the Jews from leaving at those times. In the 19th century, with the coming of Jewish emancipation, Jewish ghettos were progressively abolished, and their walls taken down. However, in the course of World War II the Third Reich created a totally new Jewish ghetto-system for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation of Jews, mostly in Eastern Europe. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives, "The Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone." (en)
  • Getto żydowskie – zamknięta dzielnica żydowska. W wielu europejskich miastach getta pozostawały dla Żydów przymusowym miejscem osiedlania od średniowiecza do XIX wieku. W państwach okupowanych przez III Rzeszę w czasie II wojny światowej władze okupacyjne tworzyły zamknięte i strzeżone getta, w których przymusowo osiedlano ludność żydowską z danego terenu. Getta te były zazwyczaj otoczone murem strzeżonym od zewnątrz i całkowicie zależne od dostaw żywności oraz energii. Utworzenie gett było pierwszym etapem zaplanowanej i przeprowadzonej przez Niemców Zagłady Żydów. (pl)
  • O termo gueto originou-se da designação italiana para o bairro judaico de Veneza, que foi criado em 1516 pelas autoridades venezianas para obrigar os judeus da cidade a lá viverem. Durante os séculos XVI e XVII, diversas autoridades, desde aquelas ao nível municipal até o sacro-imperador Carlos V, ordenaram a criação de outros guetos para colocar os judeus nas cidades de Frankfurt, Roma, Praga e várias outras. Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, os guetos eram regiões urbanas, em geral cercadas, onde os alemães concentravam a população judaica local, muitas vezes de outras regiões, e a forçava a viver sob condições miseráveis. Os guetos isolavam os judeus, separando-os não só das comunidades envolventes, mas também de outros grupos judaicos. Os alemães estabeleceram pelo menos 1000 guetos na Polônia e na União Soviética. As autoridades alemãs de ocupação estabeleceram o primeiro gueto na Polônia em Piotrków Trybunalski, no mês de outubro de 1939. (pt)
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  • Soviet Belarus before World War II in green. Marked in shades of orange, the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939 overlaid with subdivisions of present-day Belarus (en)
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  • Belorussian SSR in 1940 after annexation of eastern Poland.jpg (en)
  • Belarus today & Belorussian SSR in 1940.png (en)
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  • Getto żydowskie – zamknięta dzielnica żydowska. W wielu europejskich miastach getta pozostawały dla Żydów przymusowym miejscem osiedlania od średniowiecza do XIX wieku. W państwach okupowanych przez III Rzeszę w czasie II wojny światowej władze okupacyjne tworzyły zamknięte i strzeżone getta, w których przymusowo osiedlano ludność żydowską z danego terenu. Getta te były zazwyczaj otoczone murem strzeżonym od zewnątrz i całkowicie zależne od dostaw żywności oraz energii. Utworzenie gett było pierwszym etapem zaplanowanej i przeprowadzonej przez Niemców Zagłady Żydów. (pl)
  • الغيتوات اليهودية في أوروبا أحياء في مدن أوروبية سُمح لليهود بالعيش فيها. وإلى جانب حصر وجودهم في الغيتوات، وُضع اليهود تحت قوانين وقيود صارمة في الكثير من المدن الأوروبية. تذبذبت طبيعة هذه الأحياء خلال العقود، فشكلت في بعض الحالات أحياء يهودية، في مناطق الوجود التقليدي لليهود في المدن. في حالات كثيرة، كانت الغيتوات أماكن شديدة الفقر، وفي أوقات النمو السكاني، كانت الشوارع فيها ضيقة والمنازل صغيرة مكتظة. أقام سكان الغيتو نظام عدالة خاص بهم. وأحاطت بالغيتو أسوار، تُغلق من الداخل خلال البوغرومات لحماية السكان، ومن الخارج خلال عيد الميلاد وعيد الفصح اليهودي وأسبوع عيد الفصح لمنع اليهود من المغادرة. (ar)
  • Jewish ghettos in Europe were neighbourhoods of European cities in which Jews were permitted to live. In addition to being confined to the ghettos, Jews were placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities. The character of ghettos fluctuated over the centuries. In some cases, they comprised a Jewish quarter, the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews. In many instances, ghettos were places of terrible poverty and during periods of population growth, ghettos had narrow streets and small, crowded houses. Residents had their own justice system. Around the ghetto stood walls that, during pogroms, were closed from inside to protect the community, but from the outside during Christmas, Pesach, and Easter Week to prevent the Jews from leaving at those time (en)
  • O termo gueto originou-se da designação italiana para o bairro judaico de Veneza, que foi criado em 1516 pelas autoridades venezianas para obrigar os judeus da cidade a lá viverem. Durante os séculos XVI e XVII, diversas autoridades, desde aquelas ao nível municipal até o sacro-imperador Carlos V, ordenaram a criação de outros guetos para colocar os judeus nas cidades de Frankfurt, Roma, Praga e várias outras. (pt)
rdfs:label
  • Jewish ghettos in Europe (en)
  • غيتوات يهودية في أوروبا (ar)
  • Getto żydowskie (pl)
  • Guetos judeus na Europa (pt)
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