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- Medicare Part D, also called the Medicare prescription drug benefit, is an optional United States federal-government program to help Medicare beneficiaries pay for self-administered prescription drugs. Part D was enacted as part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 and went into effect on January 1, 2006. Under the program, drug benefits are provided by private insurance plans that receive premiums from both enrollees and the government. Part D plans typically pay most of the cost for prescriptions filled by their enrollees. However, plans are later reimbursed for much of this cost through rebates paid by manufacturers and pharmacies. Part D enrollees cover a portion of their own drug expenses by paying cost-sharing. The amount of cost-sharing an enrollee pays depends on the retail cost of the filled drug, the rules of their plan, and whether they are eligible for additional Federal income-based subsidies. Prior to 2010, enrollees were required to pay 100% of their retail drug costs during the coverage gap phase, commonly referred to as the "doughnut hole.” Subsequent legislation, including the Affordable Care Act, “closed” the doughnut hole from the perspective of beneficiaries, largely through the creation of a manufacturer discount program. In 2019, about three-quarters of Medicare enrollees obtained drug coverage through Part D. Program expenditures were $102 billion, which accounted for 12% of Medicare spending. Through the Part D program, Medicare finances more than one-third of retail prescription drug spending in the United States. (en)
- 聯邦醫療保險D部分（英語：Medicare Part D，也稱為聯邦醫療保險處方藥福利（英語：Medicare prescription drug benefit））是聯邦醫療保險計劃中的一個選項，目的是幫助Medicare受益人利用支付保費來涵蓋自身給藥的處方藥費用（幾乎所有“專業給藥”的處方藥的費用，都由聯邦醫療保險B部分所涵蓋）。D部分最初是由柯林頓總統於1999年所提出，然後再由各政黨、眾議院、和布希總統在2002年和2003年提出。最後的法案是包括在2003年通過的《》裡面，於2006年1月1日生效（這個法案對Medicare公共C部分也做了修正。不同時期的建議都把D部分當作是一種選項，而與Medicare的其他A、B、C三個部分分開，而且允許透過各地區的私人藥物福利管理機構和藥廠協商藥物的價格。不同時期的差異包括有柯林頓/民主黨的提案中，建議在美國全國維持福利的一致性（相對於最終由共和黨所通過法案中的多重選擇）以及各式各樣的自負額和共付額（包括聲名不佳的""，或稱"甜甜圈洞（donut hole）"）；布希總統在最初的提議中包括有為中等收入老年人提供真正的災難性保險覆蓋（catastrophic coverage），但這項提議並未包含在最終的提議版本之中，在後來通過的D部分中也沒包括。 (zh)
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