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- عقدت المفاوضات لتفكيك نظام الفصل العنصري في جنوب أفريقيا بين عامي 1990 و1993 بمبادرة أحادية الجانب اتخذتها حكومة دي كليرك. هدفت هذه المفاوضات لإنهاء نظام الفصل العنصري والتفاوض على دستور جديد لجنوب أفريقيا مع حكومة دي كليرك من الحزب الوطني (NP) في السلطة، والمؤتمر الوطني الأفريقي (ANC)، بمساعدة طائفة واسعة من المنظمات السياسية الأخرى في البرلمان أو خارج البرلمان. وأجريت مفاوضات في ظل أعمال عنف سياسية هامة في البلاد، بما في ذلك مزاعم حول وجود قوة ثالثة تدعومها الدولة لزعزعة استقرار البلاد. في عام 1991، كان دي كليرك قد أنشأ لجنة غولدستون للتحقيق في العنف، وإذا أمكن توقعها لمنعها. سمحت اللجنة باكتشاف وجود وحدة سرية لمكافحة الإرهاب «Vlakplaas» مرتبطة بالأجهزة الأمنية لشرطة جنوب أفريقيا، وبرئاسة العقيد يوجين دي كوك (أوقف في عام 1995). أسفرت المفاوضات على إجراء أول انتخابات متعددة الأعراق في تاريخ جنوب أفريقيا في عام 1994 بالاقتراع العام، فاز بها حزب المؤتمر الوطني الأفريقي. (ar)
- The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new interim Constitution in 1993, a precursor to the Constitution of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress (ANC) liberation movement. Although there had been gestures towards negotiations in the 1970s and 1980s, the process accelerated in 1990, when the government of F. W. de Klerk took a number of unilateral steps towards reform, including releasing Nelson Mandela from prison and unbanning the ANC and other political organisations. In 1990–91, bilateral "talks about talks" between the ANC and the government established the pre-conditions for substantive negotiations, codified in the Groote Schuur Minute and Pretoria Minute. The first multi-party agreement on the desirability of a negotiated settlement was the 1991 National Peace Accord, consolidated later that year by the establishment of the multi-party Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). However, the second plenary session of CODESA, in May 1992, encountered stubborn deadlock over questions of regional autonomy, political and cultural self-determination, and the constitution-making process itself. The ANC returned to a programme of mass action, hoping to leverage its popular support, only to withdraw from negotiations entirely in June 1992 after the Boipatong massacre. The massacre revived pre-existing, and enduring, concerns about state complicity in political violence, possibly through the use of a state-sponsored third force bent on destabilisation. Indeed, political violence was nearly continuous throughout the negotiations – white extremists and separatists launched periodic attacks, and there were regular clashes between supporters of the ANC and supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). However, intensive bilateral talks led to a new bilateral Record of Understanding, signed between the ANC and the government in September 1992, which prepared the way for the ultimately successful Multi-Party Negotiating Forum of April–November 1993. Although the ANC and the governing National Party were the main figures in the negotiations, they encountered serious difficulties building consensus not only among their own constituencies but among other participating groups, notably left-wing black groups, right-wing white groups, and the conservative leaders of the independent homelands and KwaZulu homeland. Several groups, including the IFP, boycotted the tail-end of the negotiations, but the most important among them ultimately agreed to participate in the 1994 elections. (en)
- Les négociations sur le démantèlement de l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud se sont tenues entre 1990 et 1993 au travers d'étapes menées par le gouvernement de Frederik de Klerk. Elles débutent par une rencontre entre le Congrès national africain et le gouvernement, le 4 mai 1990, à la résidence présidentielle de Groote Schuur, laquelle donne lieu à la signature de l'« accord de Groote Schuur » (Groote Schuur minute). Ces négociations, visant à mettre un terme à l'apartheid et à négocier une nouvelle constitution sud-africaine, se tiennent entre le gouvernement de Klerk, le Parti national (NP) au pouvoir et le Congrès national africain (ANC), avec le concours de nombreuses autres organisations politiques parlementaires ou non-parlementaires. Les négociations se déroulent dans le contexte d'une importante violence politique dans le pays. Il existe à cette époque des allégations quant à l'existence d'une force subventionnée par l’État pour déstabiliser le pays. En 1991, de Klerk crée la Commission Goldstone afin d'enquêter sur ces violences et, si possible, les prévenir. Celle-ci permet notamment la mise au jour de l'existence d'une unité secrète de contre-terrorisme, le Vlakplaas, lié aux services de sécurité de la police sud-africaine, alors dirigé par le colonel Eugene de Kock (arrêté en 1995). Les négociations ont pour résultat les premières élections multiraciales au suffrage universel de l'histoire de l’Afrique du Sud en 1994, qui sont remportées par le Congrès national africain. (fr)
- Entre 1990 e 1993 foram realizadas uma série de negociações para desmantelar o sistema do apartheid na África do Sul, assim como etapas unilaterais por parte do governo de Frederik de Klerk. Essas negociações ocorreram entre o Partido Nacional governista, o Congresso Nacional Africano e uma grande variedade de outras organizações políticas, em um cenário de violência política no país, que incluía alegações de uma terceira força patrocinada pelo Estado, desestabilizando o país. As negociações resultaram na primeira eleição não-racial da África do Sul, que foi vencida pelo Congresso Nacional Africano. (pt)
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- Our country is on the brink of disaster. First there is the crisis in the negotiation process itself. The central blockage stems from the refusal of the NP government to move together with all of us in the process of truly democratising South Africa. Secondly, the continuing direct and indirect involvement of the NP government, the state security forces and the police in the violence as well as your unwillingness to act decisively to bring such violence to an end has created an untenable and explosive situation... [T]he NP government has been pursuing the path of embracing the shell of a democratic South Africa while seeking to ensure that it is not democratic in content. (en)
- # Creation of a climate for free and fair elections
# Constitutional principles and guidelines for a constitution-making body
# Transitional mechanisms and transitional government structures
# Re-incorporation of the TBVC states
# Implementation, process, and time frames (en)
- Comrades, we look at a GNU as a trap for us, but what if we see it as an opportunity?... If we have de Klerk and the others in government, we can control them more easily than if they are outside creating mayhem. (en)
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- Entre 1990 e 1993 foram realizadas uma série de negociações para desmantelar o sistema do apartheid na África do Sul, assim como etapas unilaterais por parte do governo de Frederik de Klerk. Essas negociações ocorreram entre o Partido Nacional governista, o Congresso Nacional Africano e uma grande variedade de outras organizações políticas, em um cenário de violência política no país, que incluía alegações de uma terceira força patrocinada pelo Estado, desestabilizando o país. As negociações resultaram na primeira eleição não-racial da África do Sul, que foi vencida pelo Congresso Nacional Africano. (pt)
- عقدت المفاوضات لتفكيك نظام الفصل العنصري في جنوب أفريقيا بين عامي 1990 و1993 بمبادرة أحادية الجانب اتخذتها حكومة دي كليرك. هدفت هذه المفاوضات لإنهاء نظام الفصل العنصري والتفاوض على دستور جديد لجنوب أفريقيا مع حكومة دي كليرك من الحزب الوطني (NP) في السلطة، والمؤتمر الوطني الأفريقي (ANC)، بمساعدة طائفة واسعة من المنظمات السياسية الأخرى في البرلمان أو خارج البرلمان. وأجريت مفاوضات في ظل أعمال عنف سياسية هامة في البلاد، بما في ذلك مزاعم حول وجود قوة ثالثة تدعومها الدولة لزعزعة استقرار البلاد. (ar)
- Les négociations sur le démantèlement de l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud se sont tenues entre 1990 et 1993 au travers d'étapes menées par le gouvernement de Frederik de Klerk. Elles débutent par une rencontre entre le Congrès national africain et le gouvernement, le 4 mai 1990, à la résidence présidentielle de Groote Schuur, laquelle donne lieu à la signature de l'« accord de Groote Schuur » (Groote Schuur minute). (fr)
- The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new interim Constitution in 1993, a precursor to the Constitution of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress (ANC) liberation movement. (en)
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