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- Das Protokoll zu Irland und Nordirland (englisch Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland) oder kurz Nordirland-Protokoll (engl. Northern Ireland Protocol) ist eine Vertragsklausel des Brexit-Austrittsabkommens zwischen dem Vereinigten Königreich und der Europäischen Union. Das Protokoll trat am 1. Januar 2021 in Kraft. Es betrifft die innerirische Grenze zwischen der Republik Irland und dem zum Vereinigten Königreich gehörenden Nordirland und soll insbesondere verhindern, dass an dieser stationäre Grenzkontrollen stattfinden. Hintergrund hierfür ist, dass seit dem Karfreitagsabkommen die Grenze zwischen Irland und Nordirland offen ist. Durch den Austritt des Vereinigten Königreichs aus der EU (inklusive Zollunion und Binnenmarkt) wären jedoch ohne eine entsprechende Vereinbarung wieder Warenkontrollen an der inneririschen Grenze notwendig geworden. Dies hätte den Nordirlandkonflikt neu entflammen können. Der ursprüngliche Entwurf des Protokolls wurde im Rahmen der Verhandlungen über ein Austrittsabkommen auch Backstop genannt (engl. sinngemäß für „Auffanglösung“), da ursprünglich vorgesehen war, dass er nur als „Rückversicherung“ gelten soll, falls nach dem offiziellen Austritt aus der EU am 31. Januar 2020 bis zum Ende der Übergangsphase am 31. Dezember 2020 keine anderweitige, bessere Regelung vereinbart wurde. In jenem war noch vorgesehen, dass in diesem Fall das gesamte Vereinigte Königreich weiter an EU-Regulierung gebunden wäre, um verschiedene Rechtsregime in Großbritannien und Nordirland zu verhindern (eine Kernforderung der Unionisten, inklusive des damaligen Koalitionspartners DUP). Dies wurde allerdings von britischen Konservativen abgelehnt, da man sich hierdurch weiter an die EU gefesselt sah. Am 17. Oktober 2019 gaben EU-Kommissionspräsident Jean-Claude Juncker und der britische Premierminister Boris Johnson die Einigung auf ein verändertes Brexit-Abkommen bekannt, in welchem der Backstop in seiner ursprünglichen Form nicht mehr enthalten ist. Die neue Regelung gilt nun nur noch für Nordirland, welches faktisches Mitglied der Zollunion bleibt. Dies erfordert jedoch wiederum Zollkontrollen zwischen Nordirland und Großbritannien, dort sollen allerdings Ausnahmen für gewisse Güter gelten. Irland ist vom Brexit wirtschaftlich und politisch besonders stark betroffen: 85 % der irischen Warenexporte laufen über die schnelle Transitstrecke (10,5 Stunden) Dublin-Wales/England-Frankreich ab, unter Ausnutzung der bisher zollfreien Häfen in Holyhead, Liverpool und Calais. (de)
- The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, commonly abbreviated to the Northern Ireland Protocol, is a protocol to the Brexit withdrawal agreement that governs the unique customs and immigration issues at the border on the island of Ireland between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Union, and on some aspects of trade in goods between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom. Its terms were negotiated shortly before the 2019 general election and concluded immediately after it, in December of that year. The withdrawal agreement as a whole, including the protocol, was ratified in January 2020. The Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border has had a special status since the thirty-year internecine conflict in Northern Ireland was ended by the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. As part of the Northern Ireland Peace Process, the border has been largely invisible, without any physical barrier or custom checks on its 270 crossing points; this arrangement was made possible by both countries' common membership of both the EU's Single Market and Customs Union and of their Common Travel Area. On the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, the border in Ireland became the only land border between the UK and EU. EU single market and UK internal market provisions require certain customs checks and trade controls at their external borders. The Northern Ireland Protocol is intended to protect the EU single market, while avoiding imposition of a 'hard border' that might incite a recurrence of conflict and destabilise the relative peace that has held since the end of "the Troubles". Under the Protocol, Northern Ireland is formally outside the EU single market, but EU free movement of goods rules and EU Customs Union rules still apply; this ensures there are no customs checks or controls between Northern Ireland and the rest of the island. Goods from Northern Ireland may be moved without restriction to Great Britain but not conversely. Thus, in place of an Ireland/Northern Ireland land border, the protocol has created a de facto customs border in the Irish Sea, separating Northern Ireland from Great Britain, to the disquiet of prominent Unionists. Under the terms of Article 18, the Northern Ireland Assembly has the power (after 31 December 2024) to decide whether to terminate or continue the protocol arrangements. "The Withdrawal Agreement doesn’t state how Northern Ireland should give consent [to continue] – it is for the UK to determine how that decision is made" but the UK Government has already declared that the decision will be made by a simple majority of Assembly members. In the event that consent is not given, the arrangements would cease to apply two years thereafter. The Joint Committee would make alternative proposals to the UK and EU to avoid a hard border on the island of Ireland. If consent is given, then the question may be put again after a further four years. At the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, parties favouring continuance of the protocol won 53 of the 90 seats. In June 2022, the Government introduced a Northern Ireland Protocol Bill that would unilaterally disapply parts of the Protocol if enacted. (en)
- De réir "An Prótacal maidir le hÉirinn agus Tuaisceart Éireann" nó Prótacal Éireann / Thuaisceart Éireann, faigheann earraí i dTuaisceart Éireann rochtain neamhshrianta ar an . Ach ag an am céanna, caithfear earraí áirithe a chuirtear chun an Tuaiscirt ón mBreatain a sheiceáil sula ligfear isteach iad sa Mhargadh Aonair. Fágann an Prótacal iarBhreatimeachta go bhfuil rialacha trádála an Aontais Eorpaigh fós i bhfeidhm sa Tuaisceart in ainneoin an Bhreatimeachta. Tá an prótacal riachtanach de bharr an cineál Breatimeachta, ar theastaigh ón Bhreatain a chur i bhfeidhm. Maolaíonn an Prótacal Éireann an bhagairt a bhaineann le suaitheadh i dtrádáil uile-Éireann trasteorann. (ga)
- Il Protocollo sull'Irlanda/Irlanda del Nord, comunemente conosciuto come Protocollo sull'Irlanda del Nord (in lingua inglese Northern Ireland Protocol), è un protocollo dell'accordo di recesso Brexit che disciplina le questioni doganali e di immigrazione al confine, nell'isola d'Irlanda, tra il Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord e l'Unione europea, e su alcuni aspetti degli scambi di merci tra l'Irlanda del Nord e il resto del Regno Unito. I suoi termini sono stati negoziati nel 2019 e concordati e conclusi nel dicembre 2020. Il confine tra Regno Unito e Repubblica d'Irlanda aveva avuto uno status speciale da quando era stato posto fine al conflitto intestino trentennale nell'Irlanda del Nord con l'Accordo di Belfast/Accordo del Venerdì Santo del 1998. Nell'ambito del processo di pace dell'Irlanda del Nord, il confine era stato reso in gran parte invisibile, senza alcuna barriera fisica o controlli doganali sui suoi numerosi valichi; questo accordo era stato reso possibile dall'appartenenza comune di entrambi i paesi sia al mercato unico che all'Unione doganale dell'Unione europea che era la loro area di viaggio comune. Dopo il ritiro del Regno Unito dall'Unione europea, il confine nell'isola di Irlanda è diventato l'unico confine terrestre tra il Regno Unito e l'Unione europea. Le disposizioni del mercato unico dell'Unione europea e del mercato interno del Regno Unito richiedono pertanto determinati controlli doganali e commerciali alle loro frontiere esterne. Il Protocollo dell'Irlanda del Nord ha lo scopo di proteggere il mercato unico dell'Unione europea, evitando al contempo l'imposizione di un "confine rigido" che potrebbe incitare a una reiterazione del conflitto e a destabilizzare la relativa pace che regge dalla fine dei "Troubles". In base al protocollo, l'Irlanda del Nord è formalmente al di fuori del mercato unico dell'Unione europea, ma si applicano ancora le norme dell'Unione europea sulla libera circolazione delle merci e le norme dell'unione doganale dell'Unione europea; questo assicura che non ci siano controlli doganali tra l'Irlanda del Nord e la Repubblica d'Irlanda o Eire. Al posto di un confine terrestre tra Repubblica di Irlanda e Irlanda del Nord, il protocollo ha creato un confine doganale de facto lungo il Mare d'Irlanda a fini doganali, separando l'Irlanda del Nord dall'isola della Gran Bretagna. Ciò ha causato inquietudine in importanti politici unionisti. (it)
- 北爱尔兰议定书（英語：Northern Ireland Protocol）是英国脱欧协议的一项议定书，这份议定书主要包含大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和欧盟之间在爱尔兰岛的特殊的海关和移民问题，以及北爱尔兰和英国其他地区之间货物贸易等方面的问题。此议定书各项条款于2019年开始谈判，并于2020年12月达成一致。自贝尔法斯特协议结束冲突之后，英爱边界一直处于特殊地位 - 作为北爱尔兰和平进程的一部分，这条边界基本没有明显的标志物，没有任何物理屏障或交界处的检查站；这种情况的出现正是因为两国都是欧盟单一市场和关税同盟及其共同旅游区的共同成员。 英国退出欧盟后，爱尔兰边境成为英国与欧盟之间唯一的陆地边界。欧盟单一市场和英国内部市场规定要求在其外部边界进行某些海关检查和贸易控制。《北爱尔兰议定书》旨在保护欧盟单一市场，同时避免强加可能引发冲突再次发生并破坏自麻烦结束以来保持的相对和平的“硬边界” 。 根据议定书，北爱尔兰正式脱离欧盟单一市场，但欧盟货物自由流动规则和欧盟关税同盟规则仍然适用；这确保了北爱尔兰和岛上其他地区之间没有海关检查或控制。该议定书在爱尔兰海沿岸建立了一个事实上将北爱尔兰与大不列颠岛分开的海关边界，以替代爱尔兰/北爱尔兰陆地边界，但是这条边界的出现却使爱尔兰的亲英主义者倍感焦虑。 2022年6月13日，英国外交大臣卓慧思向议会提交议案，提議单方面修改北爱尔兰议定书部分内容。此举招致欧盟反对。7月22日，英国议会下院决定修改北爱尔兰议定书部分规则内容。當天欧盟委员会对英国启动了4项司法诉讼程序。 (zh)
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- Das Protokoll zu Irland und Nordirland (englisch Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland) oder kurz Nordirland-Protokoll (engl. Northern Ireland Protocol) ist eine Vertragsklausel des Brexit-Austrittsabkommens zwischen dem Vereinigten Königreich und der Europäischen Union. Das Protokoll trat am 1. Januar 2021 in Kraft. Es betrifft die innerirische Grenze zwischen der Republik Irland und dem zum Vereinigten Königreich gehörenden Nordirland und soll insbesondere verhindern, dass an dieser stationäre Grenzkontrollen stattfinden. Hintergrund hierfür ist, dass seit dem Karfreitagsabkommen die Grenze zwischen Irland und Nordirland offen ist. Durch den Austritt des Vereinigten Königreichs aus der EU (inklusive Zollunion und Binnenmarkt) wären jedoch ohne eine entsprechende Vereinbarung wieder Wa (de)
- The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, commonly abbreviated to the Northern Ireland Protocol, is a protocol to the Brexit withdrawal agreement that governs the unique customs and immigration issues at the border on the island of Ireland between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Union, and on some aspects of trade in goods between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom. Its terms were negotiated shortly before the 2019 general election and concluded immediately after it, in December of that year. The withdrawal agreement as a whole, including the protocol, was ratified in January 2020. The Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border has had a special status since the thirty-year internecine conflict in Northern Ireland was ended by the G (en)
- De réir "An Prótacal maidir le hÉirinn agus Tuaisceart Éireann" nó Prótacal Éireann / Thuaisceart Éireann, faigheann earraí i dTuaisceart Éireann rochtain neamhshrianta ar an . Ach ag an am céanna, caithfear earraí áirithe a chuirtear chun an Tuaiscirt ón mBreatain a sheiceáil sula ligfear isteach iad sa Mhargadh Aonair. Fágann an Prótacal iarBhreatimeachta go bhfuil rialacha trádála an Aontais Eorpaigh fós i bhfeidhm sa Tuaisceart in ainneoin an Bhreatimeachta. (ga)
- Il Protocollo sull'Irlanda/Irlanda del Nord, comunemente conosciuto come Protocollo sull'Irlanda del Nord (in lingua inglese Northern Ireland Protocol), è un protocollo dell'accordo di recesso Brexit che disciplina le questioni doganali e di immigrazione al confine, nell'isola d'Irlanda, tra il Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord e l'Unione europea, e su alcuni aspetti degli scambi di merci tra l'Irlanda del Nord e il resto del Regno Unito. I suoi termini sono stati negoziati nel 2019 e concordati e conclusi nel dicembre 2020. Il confine tra Regno Unito e Repubblica d'Irlanda aveva avuto uno status speciale da quando era stato posto fine al conflitto intestino trentennale nell'Irlanda del Nord con l'Accordo di Belfast/Accordo del Venerdì Santo del 1998. Nell'ambito del processo (it)
- 北爱尔兰议定书（英語：Northern Ireland Protocol）是英国脱欧协议的一项议定书，这份议定书主要包含大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和欧盟之间在爱尔兰岛的特殊的海关和移民问题，以及北爱尔兰和英国其他地区之间货物贸易等方面的问题。此议定书各项条款于2019年开始谈判，并于2020年12月达成一致。自贝尔法斯特协议结束冲突之后，英爱边界一直处于特殊地位 - 作为北爱尔兰和平进程的一部分，这条边界基本没有明显的标志物，没有任何物理屏障或交界处的检查站；这种情况的出现正是因为两国都是欧盟单一市场和关税同盟及其共同旅游区的共同成员。 英国退出欧盟后，爱尔兰边境成为英国与欧盟之间唯一的陆地边界。欧盟单一市场和英国内部市场规定要求在其外部边界进行某些海关检查和贸易控制。《北爱尔兰议定书》旨在保护欧盟单一市场，同时避免强加可能引发冲突再次发生并破坏自麻烦结束以来保持的相对和平的“硬边界” 。 根据议定书，北爱尔兰正式脱离欧盟单一市场，但欧盟货物自由流动规则和欧盟关税同盟规则仍然适用；这确保了北爱尔兰和岛上其他地区之间没有海关检查或控制。该议定书在爱尔兰海沿岸建立了一个事实上将北爱尔兰与大不列颠岛分开的海关边界，以替代爱尔兰/北爱尔兰陆地边界，但是这条边界的出现却使爱尔兰的亲英主义者倍感焦虑。 (zh)
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