| dbo:abstract
|
- The Texas Heartbeat Act, Senate Bill 8 (SB 8), is an act of the Texas Legislature that bans abortion after the detection of embryonic or fetal cardiac activity, which normally occurs after about six weeks of pregnancy. The law took effect on September 1, 2021, after the U.S. Supreme Court denied a request for emergency relief from Texas abortion providers. It is the first time a state has successfully imposed a six-week abortion ban since Roe v. Wade, and the first abortion restriction to rely solely on enforcement by private individuals through civil lawsuits, rather than having state officials enforce the law with criminal or civil penalties. The act authorizes members of the public to sue anyone who performs or facilitates an illegal abortion for a minimum of $10,000 in statutory damages per abortion, plus court costs and attorneys' fees. The Texas Heartbeat Act has been subjected to numerous lawsuits in state and federal court, but the statute has thus far withstood each of these court challenges and remains in effect. Lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of the Act have been filed by abortion providers and advocates, as well as the United States Department of Justice, but none of these lawsuits have been able to restore access to post-heartbeat abortions in Texas. The law has been exceedingly difficult to challenge in court because of its unique enforcement mechanism, which bars state officials from enforcing the law and instead authorizes private individuals to sue anyone who performs or assists a post-heartbeat abortion. Because the law is enforced by private citizens rather than government officials, abortion providers have been unable to obtain relief that will stop private lawsuits from being initiated against them. This produced an end-run around Roe v. Wade, which had established a federal constitutional right to abortion, because the threat of private civil-enforcement lawsuits forced abortion providers to comply with SB 8 despite its incompatibility with the Supreme Court's then-existing abortion pronouncements. Even when courts have declared SB 8 unconstitutional, abortion providers have remained in compliance with the Act because it purports to subject individuals to private civil-enforcement lawsuits if they perform or assist a post-heartbeat abortion while an injunction that blocks the law's enforcement is in effect, if that injunction is later vacated or reversed on appeal. On October 6, 2021, federal district Judge Robert L. Pitman issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the state of Texas from enforcing the law, which remained in effect until the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit issued a stay of Pitman's order two days later. Yet Pitman's order was unable to fully restore access to post-heartbeat abortions in Texas, even during the 48-hour window in which it was in effect, because abortion providers were unwilling to risk the civil liability that would be imposed if Pitman's injunction were stayed or overturned by a higher court. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to overturn the Fifth Circuit's stay of Pitman's ruling, so any post-heartbeat abortions performed in reliance on Pitman's injunction are subject to private civil-enforcement lawsuits under the terms of SB 8. This has made it difficult for abortion providers to resume services even when they obtain relief from a lower court that pronounces the statute unconstitutional, and it has further frustrated efforts to thwart the statute's enforcement in court. The success of the Texas Heartbeat Act was a major blow to Roe v. Wade, as it provided a blueprint for states to outlaw abortion while insulating their laws from effective judicial review. This enabled the states to evade Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court rulings that had declared abortion to be a constitutionally protected right. It also led other states to copy SB 8’s enforcement mechanism and immunize their restrictive abortion laws from judicial review. On May 25, 2022, Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt signed HB 4327 into law, which outlaws abortion from the moment of fertilization. Because HB 4237, like the Texas Heartbeat Act, is enforced solely through civil lawsuits brought by private citizens, abortion providers were unable to stop the law in court and ceased performing abortions in Oklahoma, even though the Supreme Court had not yet overruled Roe v. Wade when the statute took effect. Idaho has also enacted a six-week abortion ban modeled after the Texas Heartbeat Act, which has prevented abortion providers from challenging the constitutionality of the statute in federal court. (en)
- テキサス州ハートビート法（英語: Texas Heartbeat Act）は、2021年に効力が発生したテキサス州の州法であり、実質的にアメリカ合衆国初の妊娠6週間を過ぎた妊婦の人工妊娠中絶を禁止するものである。 この州法は、妊娠6週間を過ぎた人工妊娠中絶に関わった者を一般市民が民事訴訟し、10000ドル以上の法定損害賠償を請求することを可能とするものである。すなわち公的機関による執行ではなく民間人による執行を可能とするものであり、アメリカ合衆国で初のものである。において、上院法案8（SB 8）、下院法案1515（HB 1515）として提出され、2021年5月19日に署名されたのち、同年9月1日に効力が発生した。 (ja)
- De Texas Heartbeat Bill is een wet in de Amerikaanse staat Texas die bepaalt dat een vrouw geen abortus mag ondergaan als ze langer dan zes weken zwanger is. Degene die een melding doet van een abortus na zes weken zwangerschap kan een beloning van 10.000 dollar plus eventuele gerechtskosten ontvangen. De wet werd geïntroduceerd als Senate Bill 8 (SB 8) en House Bill 1515 (HB 1515) op 11 maart 2021. Het wetsvoorstel werd ondertekend op 19 mei 2021 en werd van kracht op 1 september 2021. De Texas Heartbeat Bill wordt beschouwd als een feitelijk verbod op abortus in Texas. Het is het eerste abortusverbod na zes weken in de Verenigde Staten, en het eerste in zijn soort dat berust op civiele in plaats van strafrechtelijke handhaving. (nl)
- 텍사스 심장박동 법안(영어: Texas Heartbeat Act)은 텍사스주의 국회에서 통과된 법안으로 '상원 법안 8' 과 '하원 법안 1515'로 2021년 3월 11일에 표결되어, 같은 해 5월 19일에 통과되었으면 효력은 같은 해 9월 1일 시행되었다. 이 법안은 미국 역사상 최초의 6주동안의 낙태금지 법안으로 낙태를 시행하는 개인에게 1만불의 벌금까지 고소할 수 있다는 내용을 갖고 있다. (ko)
- 德克萨斯州心跳法案（Texas Heartbeat Act） ，是美國德克萨斯州立法机关通過的一项法案。它于2021年3月11日作为德克薩斯州参议院第8号法案（SB 8）和得克薩斯州众议院第1515号法案（HB 1515）提出，並于2021年5月19日签署成为法律，2021年9月1日生效。该项法案并不禁止妇女堕胎，也不會使墮胎婦女受任何懲戒，但將協助墮胎定為違法行為，規定公众可以起诉違法幫助怀孕超过六周的妇女堕胎的人、組織或機構，並可要求被告赔偿至少10,000美元。自德克萨斯心跳法案实施以来，德克萨斯州周边的俄克拉荷马州堕胎人数增长133%，新墨西哥州堕胎人数增长67%。 2021年9月2日，美国联邦最高法院以5：4的结果拒绝废除德克萨斯心跳法案。9月10日，美国司法部就德克萨斯心跳法案提起民事诉讼。10月6日，德克萨斯州联邦地区法院下令暂停德克萨斯心跳法案。2021年10月8日，美国第五巡回上诉法院又下令暂缓执行德克萨斯州联邦地区法院的命令，德克萨斯心跳法案得以繼續生效。 (zh)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- テキサス州ハートビート法（英語: Texas Heartbeat Act）は、2021年に効力が発生したテキサス州の州法であり、実質的にアメリカ合衆国初の妊娠6週間を過ぎた妊婦の人工妊娠中絶を禁止するものである。 この州法は、妊娠6週間を過ぎた人工妊娠中絶に関わった者を一般市民が民事訴訟し、10000ドル以上の法定損害賠償を請求することを可能とするものである。すなわち公的機関による執行ではなく民間人による執行を可能とするものであり、アメリカ合衆国で初のものである。において、上院法案8（SB 8）、下院法案1515（HB 1515）として提出され、2021年5月19日に署名されたのち、同年9月1日に効力が発生した。 (ja)
- 텍사스 심장박동 법안(영어: Texas Heartbeat Act)은 텍사스주의 국회에서 통과된 법안으로 '상원 법안 8' 과 '하원 법안 1515'로 2021년 3월 11일에 표결되어, 같은 해 5월 19일에 통과되었으면 효력은 같은 해 9월 1일 시행되었다. 이 법안은 미국 역사상 최초의 6주동안의 낙태금지 법안으로 낙태를 시행하는 개인에게 1만불의 벌금까지 고소할 수 있다는 내용을 갖고 있다. (ko)
- 德克萨斯州心跳法案（Texas Heartbeat Act） ，是美國德克萨斯州立法机关通過的一项法案。它于2021年3月11日作为德克薩斯州参议院第8号法案（SB 8）和得克薩斯州众议院第1515号法案（HB 1515）提出，並于2021年5月19日签署成为法律，2021年9月1日生效。该项法案并不禁止妇女堕胎，也不會使墮胎婦女受任何懲戒，但將協助墮胎定為違法行為，規定公众可以起诉違法幫助怀孕超过六周的妇女堕胎的人、組織或機構，並可要求被告赔偿至少10,000美元。自德克萨斯心跳法案实施以来，德克萨斯州周边的俄克拉荷马州堕胎人数增长133%，新墨西哥州堕胎人数增长67%。 2021年9月2日，美国联邦最高法院以5：4的结果拒绝废除德克萨斯心跳法案。9月10日，美国司法部就德克萨斯心跳法案提起民事诉讼。10月6日，德克萨斯州联邦地区法院下令暂停德克萨斯心跳法案。2021年10月8日，美国第五巡回上诉法院又下令暂缓执行德克萨斯州联邦地区法院的命令，德克萨斯心跳法案得以繼續生效。 (zh)
- The Texas Heartbeat Act, Senate Bill 8 (SB 8), is an act of the Texas Legislature that bans abortion after the detection of embryonic or fetal cardiac activity, which normally occurs after about six weeks of pregnancy. The law took effect on September 1, 2021, after the U.S. Supreme Court denied a request for emergency relief from Texas abortion providers. It is the first time a state has successfully imposed a six-week abortion ban since Roe v. Wade, and the first abortion restriction to rely solely on enforcement by private individuals through civil lawsuits, rather than having state officials enforce the law with criminal or civil penalties. The act authorizes members of the public to sue anyone who performs or facilitates an illegal abortion for a minimum of $10,000 in statutory damage (en)
- De Texas Heartbeat Bill is een wet in de Amerikaanse staat Texas die bepaalt dat een vrouw geen abortus mag ondergaan als ze langer dan zes weken zwanger is. Degene die een melding doet van een abortus na zes weken zwangerschap kan een beloning van 10.000 dollar plus eventuele gerechtskosten ontvangen. De wet werd geïntroduceerd als Senate Bill 8 (SB 8) en House Bill 1515 (HB 1515) op 11 maart 2021. Het wetsvoorstel werd ondertekend op 19 mei 2021 en werd van kracht op 1 september 2021. (nl)
|
