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Plzeň (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpl̩zɛɲ] ), also known in English and German as Pilsen (German: [ˈpɪlzn̩] ), is a city in the Czech Republic. It is the fourth most populous city in the Czech Republic with about 186,000 inhabitants. It is located about 78 kilometres (48 miles) west of Prague, at the confluence of four rivers: Mže, Úhlava, Úslava and Radbuza, together forming the Berounka River.
Plzeň
Pilsen | |
|---|---|
 From top: Republic Square; Cathedral of St. Bartholomew; Renaissance City hall, Great Synagogue; Techmania Science Center; Lochotín park, New Theatre; Prazdroj brewery gate; and brewery water tower. | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Motto: | |
  Plzeň Location in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°44′51″N 13°22′39″E / 49.74750°N 13.37750°E | |
| Country |  Czech Republic |
| Region | Plzeň |
| District | Plzeň-City |
| Founded | 1295 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Roman Zarzycký (ANO) |
| Area | |
• Total | 137.65 km2 (53.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 310 m (1,020 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01)[1] | |
• Total | 185,599 |
| • Density | 1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 301 00 – 326 00 |
| Website | www.pilsen.eu |
Founded as a royal city in the late 13th century, Plzeň became an important town for trade on routes linking Bohemia with Bavaria. By the 14th century it had grown to be the third largest city in Bohemia. The city was besieged three times during the 15th-century Hussite Wars, when it became a centre of resistance against the Hussites. During the Thirty Years' War in the early 17th century the city was temporarily occupied after the Siege of Plzeň.
In the 19th century, the city rapidly industrialised and became home to the Škoda Works, which became one of the most important engineering companies in Austria-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia. The city is known worldwide as the home of Pilsner beer, created by Bavarian brewer Josef Groll in the city in 1842; today, the Pilsner Urquell Brewery is the largest brewery in the Czech Republic.
Plzeň serves as the main business centre of West Bohemia and the capital of the Plzeň Region. The city is a cultural heritage zone known for its Baroque architecture, and was European Capital of Culture in 2015. Plzeň is home to football club FC Viktoria Plzeň, one of the most successful clubs in the Czech league, and ice hockey club HC Škoda Plzeň.
Administrative division
editPlzeň is divided into ten boroughs,[2] which are further divided into 25 administrative parts (in brackets):[3]
- Plzeň 1-Bolevec (Bolevec and Severní Předměstí)
- Plzeň 2-Slovany (Božkov, Černice (partly), Doudlevce (partly), Hradiště, Koterov, Lobzy (partly) and Východní Předměstí (partly))
- Plzeň 3-Bory (Doudlevce (partly), Jižní Předměstí, Litice (partly), Nová Hospoda, Radobyčice, Skvrňany, Valcha, Vnitřní Město and Východní Předměstí (partly))
- Plzeň 4-Doubravka (Bukovec, Červený Hrádek, Doubravka, Lobzy (partly), Újezd and Východní Předměstí (partly))
- Plzeň 5-Křimice (Křimice)
- Plzeň 6-Litice (Litice (partly))
- Plzeň 7-Radčice (Radčice)
- Plzeň 8-Černice (Černice (partly))
- Plzeň 9-Malesice (Dolní Vlkýš and Malesice)
- Plzeň 10-Lhota (Lhota)
Geography
edit
Plzeň is located about 78 km (48 mi) west of Prague.[4] The city is situated at the confluences of four rivers: Mže, Úhlava, Úslava and Radbuza. From the confluence of the Mže and Radbuza, the river is known as the Berounka. Plzeň lies mostly in the Plasy Uplands, with small parts of the municipal territory extending into the Švihov Highlands to the east and south. The highest point is the hill Chlum at 416 m (1,365 ft) above sea level. The lowest point is the river bed of the Berounka at 293 m (961 ft).[5] The largest body of water is the České údolí Reservoir, built on the Radbuza. A system of fishponds is located on the northern edge of the city.
Climate
editPlzeň has a cool and temperate Oceanic climate (Cfb). The average annual precipitation is 525 mm (21 in). The annual average temperature is 8.4 °C (47.1 °F). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −28.0 °C (−18.4 °F) on 12 February 1985 to 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) on 27 July 1983.[6]
| Climate data for Plzeň-Bolevec, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
31.0 (87.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
40.1 (104.2) |
38.5 (101.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
40.1 (104.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.8 (30.6) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.9 (46.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.1 (24.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.1 (1.11) |
22.8 (0.90) |
30.9 (1.22) |
32.2 (1.27) |
56.9 (2.24) |
70.8 (2.79) |
72.0 (2.83) |
65.6 (2.58) |
43.4 (1.71) |
39.1 (1.54) |
32.3 (1.27) |
31.4 (1.24) |
525.4 (20.69) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 15.2 (6.0) |
11.3 (4.4) |
4.6 (1.8) |
0.5 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
3.1 (1.2) |
9.6 (3.8) |
44.5 (17.5) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.9 | 80.7 | 77.0 | 71.8 | 71.1 | 71.6 | 72.1 | 74.5 | 80.1 | 84.2 | 88.0 | 87.3 | 78.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 31.4 | 61.2 | 103.9 | 165.5 | 192.0 | 194.4 | 207.0 | 202.2 | 137.2 | 79.7 | 29.9 | 22.2 | 1,426.6 |
| Source: Czech Hydrometeorological Institute[6][7][8][9][10][11] | |||||||||||||
History
editMiddle Ages
editThe first written mention of Plzeň Castle is from 976. The city of New Plzeň was founded nearby in 1295 by King Wenceslaus II. The old settlement then became known as Starý Plzenec and New Plzeň became known as Plzeň. It quickly became an important city on trade routes leading from Bohemia to Nuremberg and Regensburg. The first written mention about beer brewing is from 1307. In the 14th century, the city had about 3,000 inhabitants on an area of 20 ha (49 acres), making it the third largest city in Bohemia after Prague and Kutná Hora.[12]
During the Hussite Wars, it was the centre of Catholic resistance to the Hussites: Prokop the Great unsuccessfully besieged it three times, and it joined the league of Catholic nobles against King George of Poděbrady. In the 1470s and 1480s, the city had the first printing press in Bohemia. The first book printed here and therefore the oldest book in Bohemia is Statuta written by Arnošt of Pardubice, which was printed in 1476.[12]
17th century
edit
Emperor Rudolf II made Plzeň his seat from 1599 to 1600. During the Thirty Years' War the town was taken by Mansfeld in 1618 after the Siege of Plzeň and it was not recaptured by Imperial troops until 1621. Wallenstein made it his winter quarters in 1633. Accused of treason and losing the support of his army, he fled the town on 23 February 1634 to Eger/Cheb where he was assassinated two days later. The town was increasingly threatened by the Swedes in the last years of the war. The city commander Jan van der Croon strengthened the fortifications of Plzeň from 1645 to 1649. Swedish troops passed the town in 1645 and 1648 without attacking it. The town and region have been staunchly Catholic despite the Hussite Wars.[13]
From the end of the 17th century, the architecture of Plzeň has been influenced by the Baroque style. The city centre has been under cultural heritage preservation since 1989.
19th century
editIn the second half of the 19th century Plzeň, already an important trade centre for Bohemia, near the Bavarian/German border, began to industrialise rapidly. In 1869 Emil Škoda founded the Škoda Works, which became the most important and influential engineering company in the country and a crucial supplier of arms to the Austro-Hungarian Army. By 1917 the Škoda Works employed over 30,000 workers.
After 1898 the second largest employer was the National Railways train workshop, with about 2,000 employees: this was the largest rail repair shop in all Austria-Hungary. Between 1861 and 1877, the Plzeň railway junction was completed and in 1899 the first tram line started in the city. This burst of industry had two important effects: the growth of the local Czech population and of the urban poor. After 1868 the first Czech mayor of the city was elected.
World War II
editFollowing Czechoslovak independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918 the ethnic German minority in the countryside bordering the city of Plzeň hoped to be united with Austria and were unhappy at being included in Czechoslovakia. Many allied themselves to the Nazis after 1933 in the hope that Adolf Hitler might be able to unite them with their German-speaking neighbours.[citation needed]
Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, Plzeň became a frontier town as the creation of the Sudetenland moved Nazi Germany's borders closer to the city's outer limits. During the German occupation from 1939 to 1945, the Škoda Works in Pilsen was forced to provide armaments for the Wehrmacht, and Czech contributions, particularly in the field of tanks, were noted. The Nazis operated a Gestapo prison in the city,[14] and a forced labour camp in the Karlov district.[15]
Between 17 and 26 January 1942, the majority of the city's Jewish population, over 2,000 people, were deported by the Nazis to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in Terezín.
On 6 May 1945, in the final days before the end of World War II in Europe, Plzeň was liberated from Nazi Germany by the 16th Armored Division of General George Patton's 3rd Army. Also participating in the liberation of the city were elements of the 97th and 2nd Infantry Divisions supported by the Polish Holy Cross Mountains Brigade. Other Third Army units liberated major portions of Western Bohemia. The rest of Czechoslovakia was liberated from German control by the Soviet Red Army. Elements of the 3rd Army, as well as units from the 1st Army, remained in Plzeň until late November 1945.[citation needed]
After the end of the war, the city's ethnic German minority population was expelled and their property was confiscated in accordance to the provisions of the Potsdam Agreement.
Communist era
editAfter the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état, the government launched a currency reform in 1953, which caused a wave of discontent, including the Plzeň uprising. On 1 June 1953, over 20,000 people, mainly workers at the Škoda Works, began protesting against the government. Protesters forced their way into the town hall and threw communist symbols, furniture and other objects out of the windows. The protest caused a retaliation from the government. As part of its retaliation, they destroyed the statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia. The statue has since been re-erected.[citation needed]
In 1954, a West German homing pigeon was lost near the Czechoslovak border. It returned two days later, bearing a strong anticommunist message, signed "Unbowed Pilsen." The bird, named Leaping Lena, was taken to the United States, where it was celebrated as a Cold War hero.[16][17][18]
Demographics
edit
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| Source: Censuses[19][20] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Economy
editPlzeň is a centre of business in the western part of the Czech Republic.
Since the late 1990s the city has experienced high growth in foreign investment. In 2007, Israeli mall developer Plaza Centers opened the Pilsen Plaza, a 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft) shopping mall and entertainment centre featuring a multiplex cinema from Cinema City Czech Republic.
Plzeň produces about two-thirds of the Plzeň Region GDP, even though it contains only 29.8% of its population.[21] Based on these figures, the city of Plzeň has a total GDP of approximately $7.2 billion, and a per capita GDP of $44,000. While part of this is explained by commuters to the city, it is one of the most prosperous cities in the Czech Republic.
The Škoda company, established in Plzeň in 1859, has been an important element of Austro-Hungarian, Czechoslovak and Czech engineering, and one of the biggest European arms factories. During the Communist era (1948–1989) the company's production had been directed to the needs of the Eastern Bloc. Disarray in the era after the Velvet Revolution, and unsuccessful efforts to gain new Western markets, resulted in sales problems and debts. After a huge restructuring process, the company was divided into several subsidiaries, which were later sold. The most important successors companies are Škoda Transportation and Doosan Škoda Power.[22]
Many foreign companies now have manufacturing bases in Plzeň, including Daikin, Hisense and Panasonic. The software provider company ZF Openmatics was founded and is headquartered in this city. There has been much discussion of redeveloping those large areas of the Škoda plant which the company no longer uses.
Stock, located in the Božkov district, is the biggest distillery in the Czech Republic.
The Plzeň agglomeration was defined as a tool for drawing money from the European Structural and Investment Funds. It is an area that includes the city and its surroundings, linked to the city by commuting and migration. It has about 328,000 inhabitants.
Pilsner beer
edit
Plzeň is well known for the Pilsner Urquell (since 1842) and Gambrinus (since 1869) breweries, currently owned by Asahi Group Holdings.
Plzeň is an important city in the history of beer, including the development of Pilsner.[23] In 1375, Bohemian King Charles IV endowed the Dobrow Monastery near Plzeň with the beer right, and it is one of the oldest breweries to survive to modern times.[24][25] Many breweries were located in the interconnected deep cellars of the city.[26][27]
The officials of Plzeň founded a city-owned brewery in 1839, Bürger Brauerei (Citizens' Brewery, now Plzeňský Prazdroj),[28] and recruited Bavarian brewer Josef Groll (1813–1887) who produced the first batch of modern Pilsner beer on 5 October 1842. This included mastering the art of triple decoction mashing.[23] The combination of pale colour from the new malts, Plzeň's remarkably soft water, Saaz noble hops from nearby Žatec (Saaz in German) and Bavarian-style lagering produced a clear, golden beer which was regarded as a sensation. Improving transport meant that this new beer was soon available throughout Central Europe and Pilsner Brauart-style brewing was widely imitated.
In 1859, "Pilsner Bier" was registered as a brand name at the Chamber of Commerce and Trade in Plzeň. In 1898, the Pilsner Urquell trade mark was created to put emphasis on this being the brewery where the style originated.
Transport
edit
Trams, trolleybuses and buses
editThe Plzeň metropolitan area is largely served by a network of trams, trolleybuses and buses operated by the PMDP. Like other continental European cities, tickets bought from vending machines or small shops are valid for any transport run by the city of Plzeň. For residents of the city, a Plzeň Card can be purchased and through a system of "topping up" be used on any public transport with no limitations, as long as it is paid up and valid. Tickets can be purchased in vehicles with a contactless smart card.[29]
Rail
editPlzeň is an important centre of Czech railway transport, with the crossing of five main railway lines:
- line Nr. 170: Prague – Beroun – Plzeň – Cheb
- line Nr. 180: Plzeň – Domažlice – Furth im Wald (Germany)
- line Nr. 183: Plzeň – Klatovy – Železná Ruda
- line Nr. 160: Plzeň – Žatec
- line Nr. 190: Plzeň – České Budějovice
Plzeň main railway station (Plzeň hlavní nádraží) serves all five of these lines.
Road
editThe most important transport link in the city is the D5 highway connecting Prague and Nuremberg.
Air
editA public domestic and private international airport is located 11 km south-west from Plzeň, at the nearby village of Líně.
Religion
edit
Since 31 May 1993 Plzeň has been the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Plzeň. The first bishop (current bishop emeritus) was František Radkovský. The current bishop is Tomáš Holub. The diocese covers an area with a total of 818,700 inhabitants.[citation needed] The diocesan see is in St. Bartholomew's Cathedral on Republiky Square in Plzeň. The diocese is divided into 10 vicariates with a total of 72 parishes.
The seat of the West Bohemian seniorate (literary presbytery; Central European protestant equivalent of a diocese) of Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren is currently set in Plzeň. The current senior is Miroslav Hamari, the preacher of Koranda parish congregation of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in Plzeň, commonly known as Koranda congregation located in the city centre of Plzeň. The senioral churchwarden is Josef Beneš, the parish churchwarden of the same congregation. There are two other parish congregations of Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in the Plzeň-City District – The Western congregation of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in Plzeň, known as The Western congregation located in the Western part of the city in the borough of Jižní předměstí and The Congregation of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in Chrást located in Chrást in the very east of Plzeň-City District.
The seat of Plzeň diocese of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church is located in Plzeň (although the bishop has resided in Mirovice for several years due to a reconstruction of episcopacy). The current bishop is Filip Štojdl.
The Czech Evangelical Lutheran Church is headquartered in Plzeň.[30] St. Paul's Lutheran Church is a church of the Czech Evangelical Lutheran Church in Plzeň.[31]
The other churches also present in Plzeň are the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in the Czech Republic, the United Methodist Church, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Brethren, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Greek Catholic Church, and others.
Education
editThe University of West Bohemia in Plzeň is well known for its Faculty of Law, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Faculty of Applied Science in particular.
Martin Luther Elementary School (Základní škola Martina Luthera) is a private Christian school of the Czech Evangelical Lutheran Church in Plzeň.[32][30]
Culture
editPlzeň was a European Capital of Culture in 2015, along with Mons in Belgium.
Sport
edit
The ice hockey club HC Škoda Plzeň plays in the Czech Extraliga. The team plays its home games at Home Monitoring Aréna. The football club FC Viktoria Plzeň plays in the Czech First League and belongs among the most successful clubs in the Czech Republic. Viktoria Plzeň has played in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. The team plays its home games at Doosan Arena. Handball club Talent Plzeň plays in the Czech Handball Extraliga.
The motorcycle speedway team PK Plzeň race at the Plzeň speedway track. The track has hosted significant speedway events including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Team Cup.[33][34]
Sights
edit
The most prominent sights of Plzeň are the Gothic St. Bartholomew's Cathedral, founded in the late 13th century, whose tower, at 102 m (335 ft), is the highest in the Czech Republic, the Renaissance Town Hall, and the Moorish Revival Great Synagogue, the second largest synagogue in Europe, after the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest. There is also a 20 km (12 mi) historic tunnel and cellar network, among the longest in Central Europe. Part of this network is open to the public for tours of about 750 m (2,500 ft) in length and down to a depth of 12 m (39 ft).
Built in 1532, the former water tower was integrated into the city's fortification system at Prague Gate. Another storey was added in 1822 in French Imperial style. The Gothic portal dating from the 1500s and coming from another house, which had been demolished, was added in 1912. Above the portal there is a commemorative plaque dedicated to Dr Josef Škoda (a professor at the Vienna University), who was born next door on 10 December 1805.
A popular tourist attraction is the Plzeňský Prazdroj brewery tour where visitors can discover the history of beer.
Museums
edit- Franciscan Monastery – Museum of Christian Art
- Západočeské muzeum v Plzni
Notable people
edit- Emil von Škoda (1839–1900), engineer and industrialist
- Josef Finger (1841–1925), physicist and mathematician
- Emma B. Mandl (1842–1928), Chicago charities founder
- Friedrich Goldscheider (1845–1897), ceramist and industrialist
- František Křižík (1847–1941), inventor
- Augustin Němejc (1861–1938), painter
- Rudolf Karel (1880–1945), composer
- Emil Lederer (1882–1939), economist and sociologist
- Růžena Šlemrová (1886–1962), actress
- Josef Beran (1888–1969), cardinal, Czech primate, archbishop of Prague
- Josef Skupa (1892–1957), puppeteer
- Jaroslav Vogel (1894–1970), conductor and composer
- Ladislav Sutnar (1897–1976), graphic designer, pioneer of information design and information architecture
- Jaroslav Černý (1898–1970), Oxford professor and Egyptologist
- Siegfried Lederer (1904–1972), Auschwitz escapee
- Jiří Trnka (1912–1969), artist
- Miroslav Štandera (1918–2014), fighter pilot for the Royal Air Force during World War II[35]
- Ota Šik (1919–2004), economist
- Karel Černý (1922–2014), art director
- Miroslav Holub (1923–1998), poet
- Josef Rösch (1925–2016), interventional radiologist
- Kurt Dietmar Richter (1931−2019), German composer and conductor
- Karla Erbová (born 1933), poet, prose writer and journalist
- Gabriela Basařová (1934–2019), professor of chemistry. She researched fermentation chemistry, brewing, and malting.
- Peter Grünberg (1939–2018), German physicist, 2007 Nobel prize winner
- Karel Gott (1939–2019), singer
- Vaclav Smil (born 1943), scientist
- Jaroslav Beneš (born 1946), fine art photographer
- Tomáš Šmíd (born 1956), tennis player
- Vítězslav Lavička (born 1963), football manager
- Tomáš Cihlář (born 1967), chemist and virologist
- David Kotyza (born 1967), tennis coach
- Martin Straka (born 1972), ice hockey player
- Luboš Motl (born 1973), physicist
- Jiří Mužík (born 1976), track and field athlete
- Petr Sýkora (born 1976), ice hockey player
- Milan Kraft (born 1980), ice hockey player
- Petr Čech (born 1982), football player
- Kateřina Emmons (born 1983), sport shooter, Olympic medalist
- Andrea Hlaváčková (born 1986), tennis player
- Barbora Strýcová (born 1986), tennis player
- Andrej Šustr (born 1990), ice hockey player
- Pavel Francouz (born 1990), ice hockey player
- Dominik Kubalík (born 1995), ice hockey player
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Birmingham, United States
Liège, Belgium
Limoges, France
Regensburg, Germany
Takasaki, Japan
Winterthur, Switzerland
Žilina, Slovakia
Gallery
edit-
Náměstí Republiky, the city's main square -
Research Library -
Town hall -
-
Museum of Western Bohemia -
Sokol Hall -
Faculty of Law of the University of West Bohemia -
District Court -
Municipal Library
References
edit- ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Městské obvody Plzeň" (in Czech). City of Plzeň. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Části obcí". Územně identifikační registr ČR (in Czech). Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Distance from Motol, Prague 5 to Plzeň". cs.distance.to. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "Sedm plzeňských NEJ. Hledali jsme na dně i na vrcholu" (in Czech). E15. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé kalendářní dny" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Průměrná teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Srážkové úhrny v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Délka slunečního svitu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Po stopách historie města" (in Czech). City of Plzeň. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ Mikovec, Ferdinand Břetislav (1860). Malerisch-historische Skizzen aus Böhmen (in German). Vol. 3. Vienna/Olomouc: Hölzel. pp. 352–355.
- ^ "Gestapogefängnis Pilsen". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ^ "Arbeitserziehungslager Pilsen-Karlow". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ^ "Iron Curtain Bird Here on Crusade". The New York Times. 2 August 1954. p. 10.
- ^ "Heroine Pigeon Now a 'Citizen'". The New York Times. 23 August 1954. p. 19.
- ^ Cummings, Richard H. (2010). Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom". McFarland. pp. 116–117.
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