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Review
. 2016:2016:6859523.
doi: 10.1155/2016/6859523. Epub 2015 Nov 16.

Mitochondrion-Permeable Antioxidants to Treat ROS-Burst-Mediated Acute Diseases

Zhong-Wei Zhang  1 , Xiao-Chao Xu  2 , Ting Liu  3 , Shu Yuan  1
Affiliations
Review

Mitochondrion-Permeable Antioxidants to Treat ROS-Burst-Mediated Acute Diseases

Zhong-Wei Zhang et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016.

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the inflammatory response and cytokine outbreak, such as during virus infections, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidant is an important medicine to ROS-related diseases. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C, VC) was suggested as the candidate antioxidant to treat multiple diseases. However, long-term use of high-dose VC causes many side effects. In this review, we compare and analyze all kinds of mitochondrion-permeable antioxidants, including edaravone, idebenone, α-Lipoic acid, carotenoids, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10, and mitochondria-_targeted antioxidants MitoQ and SkQ and propose astaxanthin (a special carotenoid) to be the best antioxidant for ROS-burst-mediated acute diseases, like avian influenza infection and ischemia-reperfusion. Nevertheless, astaxanthins are so unstable that most of them are inactivated after oral administration. Therefore, astaxanthin injection is suggested hypothetically. The drawbacks of the antioxidants are also reviewed, which limit the use of antioxidants as coadjuvants in the treatment of ROS-associated disorders.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structures of representative mitochondrion-permeable antioxidants (edaravone, idebenone, α-Lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, MitoQ, vitamin E, β-carotene, and astaxanthin).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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