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Review
. 2013 Oct 9:2:47-56.
doi: 10.2147/OV.S36623. eCollection 2013.

Cell carriers for oncolytic viruses: current challenges and future directions

Dominic G Roy  1 , John C Bell  2
Affiliations
Review

Cell carriers for oncolytic viruses: current challenges and future directions

Dominic G Roy et al. Oncolytic Virother. .

Abstract

The optimal route for clinical delivery of oncolytic viruses is thought to be systemic intravenous injection; however, the immune system is armed with several highly efficient mechanisms to remove pathogens from the circulatory system. To overcome the challenges faced in trying to delivery oncolytic viruses specifically to tumors via the bloodstream, carrier cells have been investigated to determine their suitability as delivery vehicles for systemic administration of oncolytic viruses. Cell carriers protect viruses from neutralization, one of the most limiting aspects of oncolytic virus interaction with the immune system. Cell carriers can also possess inherent tumor tropism, thus directing the delivery of the virus more specifically to a tumor. With preclinical studies already demonstrating the success and feasibility of this approach with multiple oncolytic viruses, clinical evaluation of cell-mediated delivery of viruses is on the horizon. Meanwhile, ongoing preclinical studies are aimed at identifying new cellular vehicles for oncolytic viruses and improving current promising cell carrier platforms.

Keywords: cancer; cell carrier; oncolytic virus; systemic delivery; tumor _targeting.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Virus neutralization during systemic delivery. (A) Circulating antibodies and (B) complement proteins bind to virus and neutralize them, as well as marking them for destruction by immune effector cells. (C) Intravenously administered virus also interacts with circulating blood cells, leading to virus sequestration. (D) Liver macrophages, which are part of the reticulo-endothelial system, filter viruses from the blood. (E) Viruses that do reach the tumor encounter extensive tumor extracellular matrix and high interstitial fluid pressure which limits their extravasation into the tumor.
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