Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2017 May 17;10(5):542.
doi: 10.3390/ma10050542.

SEM-EDX Study of the Degradation Process of Two Xenograft Materials Used in Sinus Lift Procedures

María Piedad Ramírez Fernández  1 , Sergio A Gehrke  2 , Carlos Pérez Albacete Martinez  3 , Jose L Calvo Guirado  4 , Piedad N de Aza  5
Affiliations

SEM-EDX Study of the Degradation Process of Two Xenograft Materials Used in Sinus Lift Procedures

María Piedad Ramírez Fernández et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Some studies have demonstrated that in vivo degradation processes are influenced by the material's physico-chemical properties. The present study compares two hydroxyapatites manufactured on an industrial scale, deproteinized at low and high temperatures, and how physico-chemical properties can influence the mineral degradation process of material performance in bone biopsies retrieved six months after maxillary sinus augmentation. Residual biomaterial particles were examined by field scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the composition and degree of degradation of the bone graft substitute material. According to the EDX analysis, the Ca/P ratio significantly lowered in the residual biomaterial (1.08 ± 0.32) compared to the initial composition (2.22 ± 0.08) for the low-temperature sintered group, which also presented high porosity, low crystallinity, low density, a large surface area, poor stability, and a high resorption rate compared to the high-temperature sintered material. This demonstrates that variations in the physico-chemical properties of bone substitute material clearly influence the degradation process. Further studies are needed to determine whether the resorption of deproteinized bone particles proceeds slowly enough to allow sufficient time for bone maturation to occur.

Keywords: biocompatibility; biomedical applications; hydroxyapatite; resorption; tissue reaction; xenografts.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Laboratory XRD X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the obtained (A) DBHa and (B) DPHa materials, and also (C) the synthetic HA and (D) osseous matrix for comparison purposes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR spectra of the obtained (A) DBHa and (B) DPHa materials and (C) collagen for comparison purposes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanning electron micrographs of the (A,B) DBHa and (C,D) DPHa xenograft materials before implantation [arrows = collagen].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The SEM-BSE cross-sections of the (A) DBHa and (B) DPHa xenograft materials six months after sinus augmentation (* = residual graft particles).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Comparisons between the DBHa and DPHa groups for each parameter (residual bone, interface, and new bone). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test rejected normality for all the groups. Statistically significant differences were found for each parameter between the group comparisons (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.0001).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The SEM line-scan of the (A) DBHa and (B) DPHa xenograft materials six months after implantation showing the relative concentration of the principal ions along a line that passes through a graft biomaterial particle (point 1) and the interface (point 2) to the new bone (point 3) interface (point 4), and a graft biomaterial particle (point 5). In order to clarify, the scan results are also shown separately in the figure next to each SEM image.
Figure 7
Figure 7
SEM image of the polished cross-section of a biopsy of the (A) DBHa and (B) DPHa xenograft material six months after implantation and the elemental X-ray maps of calcium and phosphorous (arrows refer to the irregular boundary with a partial degraded implant).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Jang H.Y., Kim H.C., Lee S.C., Lee J.Y. Choice of Graft Material in Relation to Maxillary Sinus Width in Internal Sinus Floor Augmentation. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010;68:1859–1868. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.093. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Szpalski C., Wetterau M., Barr J., Warren S.M. Bone tissue engineering: Current strategies and techniques–part I: Scaffolds. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2012;18:246–257. doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0427. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Jensen S.S., Aaboe M., Janner S.F., Saulacic N., Bornstein M.M., Bosshardt D.D., Buser D. Influence of particle size of deproteinized bovine bone mineral on new bone formation and implant stability after simultaneous sinus floor elevation: A histomorphometric study in minipigs. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 2015;17:274–285. doi: 10.1111/cid.12101. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Danesh-Sani S.A., Engebretson S.P., Janal M.N. Histomorphometric results of different grafting materials and effect of healing time on bone maturation after sinus floor augmentation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontal. Res. 2016 doi: 10.1111/jre.12402. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Xu H., Shimizu Y., Asai S., Ooya K. Experimental sinus grafting with the use of deproteinized bone particles of different sizes. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2003;14:548–555. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00933.x. - DOI - PubMed
  NODES
INTERN 7
twitter 2