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Review
. 2017 Aug 12;17(8):1866.
doi: 10.3390/s17081866.

Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments

Danielle Bruen  1 , Colm Delaney  2 , Larisa Florea  3 , Dermot Diamond  4
Affiliations
Review

Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments

Danielle Bruen et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This review highlights recent advances towards non-invasive and continuous glucose monitoring devices, with a particular focus placed on monitoring glucose concentrations in alternative physiological fluids to blood.

Keywords: diabetes; glucose; non-invasive; ocular fluid; sensing; sweat.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Conversion of glucose to gluconic acid using glucose oxidase. Adapted from [28].
Figure 1
Figure 1
Finger pricking device (left). A. Lancet needle; B. Blood sample on test-strip; C. Glucose meter displaying glucose concentration in mmol/L. Continuous glucose monitor (right). Adapted from [46,47].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic of the microneedle glucose-sensing patch on the forearm. Adapted from [62].
Figure 3
Figure 3
SwEatch: watch-sensing platform for sodium analysis in sweat. 1. Electronics. 2. 3D printed casing 3. Microfluidic chip and ion-selective/ion-specific electrode 4. 3D printed sweat harvester and sensor connections. Reproduced from [73], Copyright (2016), with permission from John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic representation of the eyeglasses biosensor system, which integrates a wireless circuit board along the arms of the spectacles and two electrochemical sensors for lactate and potassium on to the nose-bridge pads. A schematic of the lactate sensor (left) and potassium sensor (right), along with the corresponding recognition and transduction events is also shown. Adapted from [80].
Figure 5
Figure 5
A. Flexible glucose sensor. B. Glucose sensor integrated in to a wearable wristband for non-invasive sensing in sweat. Adapted from [81].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Lactate sensing mouth guard for non-invasive continuous lactate sensing in saliva. (A) Mouth guard sensing platform showing integrated printable 3-electrode system, with a lactase enzyme immobilised on the working electrode; (B) Detailed representation of the working electrode and components. Adapted from [103].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Glucose-sensing tattoo printed on to a tooth platform as a non-invasive continuous monitoring device. (A) Graphene printed on bio-resorbable silk with contacts containing a wireless coil; (B) Bio-transfer of sensor on to tooth enamel; (C) Magnified image of the sensing unit with a wireless readout system; (D) Self-assembly of pathogenic bacteria bound by peptides on nanotransducer surface. Adapted from [104].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Google and Novartis smart-contact lens. Adapted from [107].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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