Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
- PMID: 32498686
- PMCID: PMC7270518
- DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w
Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the worldwide spread of the infectious disease COVID-19, caused by a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, as a pandemic. Like in all other infectious diseases, the host immune system plays a key role in our defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, viruses are able to evade the immune attack and proliferate and, in susceptible individuals, cause severe inflammatory response known as cytokine storm, particularly in the lungs. The advancement in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the host immune responses promises to facilitate the development of approaches for prevention or treatment of diseases. Components of immune system, such as antibodies, can also be used to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic methods as well as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize our knowledge about how the host mounts immune responses to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We also describe the diagnostic methods being used for COVID-19 identification and summarize the current status of various therapeutic strategies, including vaccination, being considered for treatment of the disease.
Keywords: Adaptive immunity; Antibody-dependent enhancement; COVID-19; Cytokine storm; Innate immunity; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Figures
Similar articles
-
The COVID-19 pandemic.Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020 Sep;57(6):365-388. doi: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198. Epub 2020 Jul 9. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020. PMID: 32645276 Review.
-
COVID-19: Coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies.Cleve Clin J Med. 2020 Jun;87(6):321-327. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.20047. Epub 2020 May 4. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020. PMID: 32366502 No abstract available.
-
Immune Response Resetting as a Novel Strategy to Overcome SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cytokine Storm.J Immunol. 2020 Nov 15;205(10):2566-2575. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000892. Epub 2020 Sep 21. J Immunol. 2020. PMID: 32958687 Review.
-
Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals.Immunity. 2020 Jun 16;52(6):971-977.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.023. Epub 2020 May 3. Immunity. 2020. PMID: 32413330 Free PMC article.
-
Harnessing the immune system to overcome cytokine storm and reduce viral load in COVID-19: a review of the phases of illness and therapeutic agents.Virol J. 2020 Oct 15;17(1):154. doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01415-w. Virol J. 2020. PMID: 33059711 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis of saliva samples from COVID-19 positive patients.Sci Rep. 2021 Oct 7;11(1):19980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w. Sci Rep. 2021. PMID: 34620977 Free PMC article.
-
The "Golden Hours" Algorithm For the Management of the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).Glob Pediatr Health. 2021 Jan 27;8:2333794X21990339. doi: 10.1177/2333794X21990339. eCollection 2021. Glob Pediatr Health. 2021. PMID: 33614843 Free PMC article.
-
Developing dendritic cell for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Breakthrough in the pandemic.Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 6;13:989685. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989685. eCollection 2022. Front Immunol. 2022. PMID: 36148241 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Immune status determined as per guidelines of Ayurveda found associated with clinical outcomes of COVID-19 disease - Results of a cross-sectional pilot study.J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022 Jan-Mar;13(1):100425. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.03.007. Epub 2021 May 24. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022. PMID: 34054247 Free PMC article.
-
Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells may be a useful biomarker in the follow-up of unvaccinated COVID-19 patients after hospitalization.Front Immunol. 2023 Nov 14;14:1266659. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266659. eCollection 2023. Front Immunol. 2023. PMID: 38035104 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Miscellaneous