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Jakobitisme

Jakobitisme (Engels: ˈ|dʒ|æ|k|ə|b|aɪ|ˌ|t|ɪ|z|əm; |JAK|ə|bye|tiz|əm Skots-Gaelies: Seumasachas) is die naam wat algemeen gebruik word vir die beweging wat die herstel van die Huis van Stuart op die Britse troon ondersteun het. Die naam is afgelei van Jakobus, die Latynse (en Afrikaanse) vorm van James.

Toe Jakobus II en VII na die 1688 Glorieryke Rewolusie in ballingskap gegaan het, het die Parlement van Engeland geargumenteer dat hy die Engelse troon deur sy optrede abandoneer het en dit aan sy Protestantse dogter Mary II en haar man Willem III verbeur het. [1] Die Skotse Konvensie van 1689 het beweer dat hy die troon van Skotland weens sy optrede verbeur het, welke gelys is in die griefskrif. [2] [3]

Die beginsel dat monarge legitimiteit van die Parlement verkry eerder as van God, of goddelike reg, het 'n belangrike ideologiese verskil tussen Jakobiete en hul teenstanders geword. Jakobitisme was egter 'n komplekse mengsel van idees, waarvan baie deur die Stuarts self beveg is en teenkanting uit hul geledere ontvang het; in Ierland het dit verdraagsaamheid teenoor Katolisisme beteken, wat Jakobus ondersteun het, maar ook Ierse outonomie en die omkering van die 17de eeuse landsnedersettings, welke hy teengestaan het. In 1745 het die Skotse Jakobiete die 1707 Union Act en goddelike reg teengestaan; Prins Charles het albei ondersteun.

Buite Ierland was Jakobitisme die sterkste teenwoordig in die westelike Skotse Hoogland, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire en in gebiede in Noord-Engeland met groot Katolieke bevolkings soos westelike Lancashire en Northumberland. Simpatiseerders is ook in dele van Wallis en in die West Midlands en Suid-Wes Engeland gevind, wat tot 'n mate oorvleuel het met die Rojalistiese bolwerke uit die era van die Engelse Burgeroorlog. Die beweging het ook 'n internasionale geur gehad; verskeie Europese moondhede het die Jakobiete bygestaan as 'n uitbreiding van groter konflikte, terwyl Jakobiet-ballinge in buitelandse leërs gedien het.

Benewens die 1689–1691 Willemiet-oorlog in Ierland en die gelyktydige Jakobiet-opstand van 1689; was daar ook Jakobiet opstande en onluste in Skotland en Engeland tydens die Jakobiet-opstande van 1715, 1719 en 1745; asook ongeslaagde Frans-gesteunde invalpogings in 1708 en 1744, en 'n aantal onsuksesvolle komplotte. Terwyl die opstand in 1745 vir 'n kort tyd 'n ernstige krisis vir die Britse staat ingehou het, wat gelei het tot die herroeping van Britse troepe uit Kontinentale Europa, het die ineenstorting daarvan en die terugtrekking van Franse steun in 1748 die Jakobitisme as 'n ernstige politieke beweging beëindig.

Verwysings

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  1. ↑ Harris 2007, pp. 271–272.
  2. ↑ Barnes 1973, pp. 310-312.
  3. ↑ Ferguson 1994, p. 172.

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