{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T04:20:55Z","timestamp":1730262055514,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D program of China","award":["2017YFB0503601"]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["4187010911"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploring the factors influencing urban vibrancy can help policy development and advance urban planning and sustainable development. Previous studies have typically focused on the effects of physical environmental factors (e.g., built environment, urban landscape) on urban vibrancy, ignoring the role of non-physical environmental factors (e.g., urban psychological perceptions). In addition, these studies remain focused on relatively coarse spatial units and lack the exploration of finer-grained spatial structures. In this study, a novel framework is proposed to analyze urban vibrancy and its influencing factors at a more fine-grained street level. Firstly, two types of urban sensing data, POIs and Weibo check-ins, are integrated to portray the spatial distribution patterns of urban vibrancy on the streets. Secondly, a full convolutional network (FCN-8s) is used to segment the streetscape images of Beijing and use them as a basis to extract potential visual\u2013spatial features and urban psychological perceptual features that influence urban vibrancy. Thirdly, we reveal the deeper causes of the impact of psychological perception on urban vibrancy. Finally, an improved ridge regression model is proposed to model the relationship between features and vibrancy, reducing the covariance between features while avoiding the reduction of important features. Satisfactory regression model performances were attained with adjusted R2 values of 0.706, 0.743, and 0.807 at each characteristic level. The results of the study show that: Urban vibrancy is highly dependent on the proposed visual\u2013spatial and urban psychological perception characteristics at the street level. In particular, positive urban psychological perceptions (safety, lively, wealthy) are positively correlated with urban vibrancy, while negative street perceptions (boring) are negatively correlated with urban vibrancy. Unlike previous research scales, our study shows that urban vibrancy portrayal based on the street scale has a greater potential to demonstrate fine-grained vibrancy distribution compared to the neighborhood scale. These findings may provide important insights for people-oriented urban development and planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12100402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T08:28:08Z","timestamp":1696235288000},"page":"402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Portraying the Influence Factor of Urban Vibrancy at Street Level Using Multisource Urban Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rujuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Vocational Institute of Energy Technology, Qujing 655000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1304-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3577-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deping","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi, A.S., Idrus, S., Mohamed, A.F., Taha, M.R., Othman, M.R., Ismail, S.M.F.S., and Ismail, S.M. (2018). Managing the Growing Kuala Lumpur Mega Urban Region for Livable City: The Sustainable Development Goals as Guiding Frame. Handb. Sustain. Sci. Res., 357\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63007-6_21"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103063","article-title":"Nonlinear and Synergistic Effects of TOD on Urban Vibrancy: Applying Local Explanations for Gradient Boosting Decision Tree","volume":"72","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808319828730","article-title":"Evaluating and Characterizing Urban Vibrancy Using Spatial Big Data: Shanghai as a Case Study","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/13574809808724418","article-title":"Making a City: Urbanity, Vitality and Urban Design","volume":"3","author":"Montgomery","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Couture, V. (2013). Three Essays in Urban Economics. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.15.2.187","article-title":"Influences of Socioeconomic Status, Social Network, and Competence on Subjective Well-Being in Later Life: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pinquart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.06.013","article-title":"Neighbourhood Inequalities in Physical Inactivity: The Role of Neighbourhood Attractiveness, Proximity to Local Facilities and Safety in the Netherlands","volume":"60","author":"Brug","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.01.002","article-title":"Evaluating Cities\u2019 Vitality and Identifying Ghost Cities in China with Emerging Geographical Data","volume":"63","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101428","article-title":"Portraying the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Vibrancy Using Multisource Urban Big Data","volume":"80","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102389","article-title":"Exploring the Relationship between Landscape Characteristics and Urban Vibrancy: A Case Study Using Morphology and Review Data","volume":"95","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Shi, C., and Yang, X. (2019). Impacts of Built Environment on Urban Vitality: Regression Analyses of Beijing and Chengdu, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234592"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2017.1381536","article-title":"How Block Density and Typology Affect Urban Vitality: An Exploratory Analysis in Shenzhen, China","volume":"39","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.11.008","article-title":"Urban Form Breeds Neighborhood Vibrancy: A Case Study Using a GPS-Based Activity Survey in Suburban Beijing","volume":"74","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103669","article-title":"Analyzing Spatial Relationships between Urban Land Use Intensity and Urban Vitality at Street Block Level: A Case Study of Five Chinese Megacities","volume":"193","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1220561","article-title":"Measurements of POI-Based Mixed Use and Their Relationships with Neighbourhood Vibrancy","volume":"31","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Huang, Y., Shi, C., and Yang, X. (2019). Exploring the Associations Between Urban Form and Neighborhood Vibrancy: A Case Study of Chengdu, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8040165"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.01.017","article-title":"Check-in Behaviour and Spatio-Temporal Vibrancy: An Exploratory Analysis in Shenzhen, China","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Moughtin, C., Oc, T., and Tiesdell, S. (1999). Urban Design: Ornament and Decoration, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. (1992). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. 1961. N. Y. Vintage, 321\u2013325."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"13","article-title":"Jane Jacobs","volume":"21","author":"Jacobs","year":"1961","journal-title":"Death Life Gt. Am. Cities"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1068\/b12844","article-title":"Neighbourhood Land Use and Performance: The Evolution of Neighbourhood Morphology over the 20th Century","volume":"30","author":"Filion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.08.028","article-title":"Implications of Walkability towards Promoting Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood","volume":"50","author":"Azmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, July 02). Travel and the Built Environment: A Meta-Analysis: Journal of the American Planning Association: Vol 76, No 3. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01944361003766766."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2006.06.008","article-title":"The Development and Testing of an Audit for the Pedestrian Environment","volume":"80","author":"Clifton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2018.06.001","article-title":"Role of Social Indicators on Vitality Parameter to Enhance the Quality of Women\u2019s Communal Life within an Urban Public Space (Case: Isfahan\u2019s Traditional Bazaar, Iran)","volume":"7","author":"Khalili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12285","article-title":"How Friends Share Urban Space: An Exploratory Spatiotemporal Analysis Using Mobile Phone Data","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2457\/srs.36.393","article-title":"Modelling the Factors of Neighbourhood Attractiveness Reflected in Residential Location Decision Choices","volume":"36","author":"Chhetri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stud. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.01.068","article-title":"Physical and Social Aspects of Vitality Case Study: Traditional Street and Modern Street in Tehran","volume":"170","author":"Zarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1018773","article-title":"Social Sensing: A New Approach to Understanding Our Socioeconomic Environments","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1164317","article-title":"Human Dynamics in the Mobile and Big Data Era","volume":"30","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1068\/a130309p","article-title":"Evaluating the Impact of Land-Use Density and Mix on Spatiotemporal Urban Activity Patterns: An Exploratory Study Using Mobile Phone Data","volume":"46","author":"Rietveld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Nadai, M., Staiano, J., Larcher, R., Sebe, N., Quercia, D., and Lepri, B. (2016, January 11\u201315). The Death and Life of Great Italian Cities: A Mobile Phone Data Perspective. Proceedings of the 25th international Conference on World Wide Web, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883084"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2010.12.003","article-title":"Smart Card Data Use in Public Transit: A Literature Review","volume":"19","author":"Pelletier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.146","article-title":"Simulating Congestion Dynamics of Train Rapid Transit Using Smart Card Data","volume":"29","author":"Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Joosten, V., and Van Nes, A. (2005, January 13\u201317). How Block Types Influences the Natural Movement Economic Process: Micro-Spatial Conditions on the Dispersal of Shops and Caf\u00e9 in Berlin. Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2013.777139","article-title":"Spatial, Temporal, and Socioeconomic Patterns in the Use of Twitter and Flickr","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, S., Zhan, X., and Ukkusuri, S.V. (2013, January 11). Understanding Urban Human Activity and Mobility Patterns Using Large-Scale Location-Based Data from Online Social Media. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGKDD International Workshop on Urban Computing, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2505821.2505823"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Zhi, Y., Sui, Z., and Liu, Y. (2014). Intra-Urban Human Mobility and Activity Transition: Evidence from Social Media Check-in Data. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097010"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1068\/a130122p","article-title":"The Geotemporal Demographics of Twitter Usage","volume":"47","author":"Longley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2015.1089129","article-title":"The Economic Development\u2013Vibrant Center Connection: Tracking High-Growth Firms in the DC Region","volume":"68","author":"Malizia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-019-09694-8","article-title":"Analysis of the Effects of Urban Form on Neighborhood Vitality: Five Cases in Valdivia, Southern Chile","volume":"34","author":"Zumelzu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hous. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09548963.2013.817653","article-title":"Fuzzy Vibrancy: Creative Placemaking as Ascendant US Cultural Policy","volume":"22","author":"Nicodemus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cult. Trends"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/13538320120059990","article-title":"Defining and Measuring Employability","volume":"7","author":"Harvey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Qual. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980020080681","article-title":"The Vitality and Viability of Town Centres","volume":"37","author":"Ravenscroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X09358555","article-title":"Cultural Clusters: The Implications of Cultural Assets Agglomeration for Neighborhood Revitalization","volume":"29","author":"Stern","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.11.005","article-title":"Comparing Spatial Metrics That Quantify Urban Form","volume":"44","author":"Lowry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Sun, Y., Chan, T.O., Huang, Y., Zheng, A., and Liu, Z. (2021). Exploring Impact of Surrounding Service Facilities on Urban Vibrancy Using Tencent Location-Aware Data: A Case of Guangzhou. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020444"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"46","article-title":"A Review of Urban Environmental Assessment Based on Street View Images","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M., Du, Y., Liu, Q., Ren, Y., Kawachi, I., Lv, J., and Li, L. (2014). Objective Assessment of Urban Built Environment Related to Physical Activity\u2014Development, Reliability and Validity of the China Urban Built Environment Scan Tool (CUBEST). BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-109"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Tuan, Y.-F. (2013). Landscapes of Fear, University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ordonez, V., and Berg, T.L. (2014). Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, 6\u201312 September 2014, Proceedings, Part VI 13, Springer."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staff, P.O. (2015). Correction: The Collaborative Image of The City: Mapping the Inequality of Urban Perception. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119352"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, N., Philipoom, J., Raskar, R., and Hidalgo, C. (2014, January 23\u201328). Streetscore-Predicting the Perceived Safety of One Million Streetscapes. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.121"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Hu, M., Che, W., Lin, H., and Fang, C. (2018). Framework for Virtual Cognitive Experiment in Virtual Geographic Environments. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7010036"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porzi, L., Rota Bul\u00f2, S., Lepri, B., and Ricci, E. (2015, January 26\u201330). Predicting and Understanding Urban Perception with Convolutional Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806273"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.020","article-title":"Measuring Human Perceptions of a Large-Scale Urban Region Using Machine Learning","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Dubey, A., Naik, N., Parikh, D., Raskar, R., and Hidalgo, C.A. (2016). Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 11\u201314 October 2016, Proceedings, Part I 14, Springer."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Gehl, J. (1971). Life between Buildings: Using Public Space Copenhagen. Dan. Arch."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80002-7","article-title":"The Potential Influences of Environmental Perception on Human Health","volume":"11","author":"Parsons","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/01426397908705892","article-title":"Visual Landscapes and Psychological Well-Being","volume":"4","author":"Ulrich","year":"1979","journal-title":"Landsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Cresswell, T.J. (1992). In Place\/out of Place: Geography, Ideology and Transgression, The University of Wisconsin-Madison."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1207\/S15427633SCC032&3_06","article-title":"Where\u2019s Downtown?: Behavioral Methods for Determining Referents of Vague Spatial Queries","volume":"3","author":"Montello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spat. Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-015-9442-9","article-title":"In-between Spaces and Social Interaction: A Morphological Analysis of Izmir Using Space Syntax","volume":"31","author":"Can","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hous. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.867495","article-title":"Quality Assessment for Building Footprints Data on OpenStreetMap","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097","article-title":"How Good Is Volunteered Geographical Information? A Comparative Study of OpenStreetMap and Ordnance Survey Datasets","volume":"37","author":"Haklay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813515604767","article-title":"Automated Identification and Characterization of Parcels with OpenStreetMap and Points of Interest","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1367877911433750","article-title":"Cool Places, Creative Places? Community Perceptions of Cultural Vitality in the Suburbs","volume":"15","author":"Gibson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cult. Stud."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(06)60032-6","article-title":"Entropy Method for Determination of Weight of Evaluating Indicators in Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation for Water Quality Assessment","volume":"18","author":"Zou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walks, R.A. (2010). Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2010.485752"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.06.005","article-title":"Community Deprivation, Walkability, and lic Health: Highlighting the Social Inequalities in Land Use Planning for Health Promotion","volume":"67","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20219341","article-title":"Street View Imagery: Methods and Applications Based on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1643024","article-title":"A Human-Machine Adversarial Scoring Framework for Urban Perception Assessment Using Street-View Images","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cacint.2021.100069","article-title":"Analyzing the Correlation between Visual Space and Residents\u2019 Psychology in Wuhan, China Using Street-View Images and Deep-Learning Technique","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"City Environ. Interact."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.07.008","article-title":"Health Benefits of Green Spaces in the Living Environment: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"14","author":"Kemper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.05.005","article-title":"Representing Place Locales Using Scene Elements","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2004.04.002","article-title":"Comprehensive Concept Planning of Urban Greening Based on Ecological Principles: A Case Study in Beijing, China","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.103086","article-title":"Measuring Human Perceptions of Streetscapes to Better Inform Urban Renewal: A Perspective of Scene Semantic Parsing","volume":"110","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewing, R., Clemente, O., Neckerman, K.M., Purciel-Hill, M., Quinn, J.W., and Rundle, A. (2013). Measuring Urban Design: Metrics for Livable Places, Springer.","DOI":"10.5822\/978-1-61091-209-9"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Lynch, K. (1964). The Image of the City, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.09.024","article-title":"Measuring Visual Enclosure for Street Walkability: Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Google Street View Imagery","volume":"76","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-019-0182-z","article-title":"The Linkage between the Perception of Neighbourhood and Physical Activity in Guangzhou, China: Using Street View Imagery with Deep Learning Techniques","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1975.10479105","article-title":"Ridge Regression in Practice","volume":"29","author":"Marquardt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-6561-6-S2-S10","article-title":"Genomic Selection Using Regularized Linear Regression Models: Ridge Regression, Lasso, Elastic Net and Their Extensions","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Ogutu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"96","article-title":"Mapping Block-Level Urban Areas for All Chinese Cities","volume":"106","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/10\/402\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T20:46:25Z","timestamp":1730234785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/10\/402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12100402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12100402","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}  <script>parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.url:https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3390%2FIJGI12100402', '*'); </script> <div id='browserdiffcontainer' style='position: fixed; right: 10px; top: 10vh; min-width: 60px;  border: 1px solid white; background: rgb(251, 189, 0);; opacity: 0.9; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans serif;  font-size: 12px; z-index: 20001; padding-bottom: 20px;'><div onclick="toggle('browserdiffcontainerlist'); return false;" style='background: rgb(151, 89, 0);; color: white; '><strong>&nbsp; <span class='glyphicon glyphicon-minus'></span> NODES</strong></div><div id='browserdiffcontainerlist' style='padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 5px; max-height: 50vh; overflow: auto; '><div><a href='#diffid883' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:883', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>Association </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid883'><sup>2</sup></a></div><div><a href='#diffid116' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:116', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>COMMUNITY </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid116'><sup>2</sup></a></div><div><a href='#diffid123' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:123', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>INTERN </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid123'><sup>5</sup></a></div><div><a href='#diffid129' style='color: white;' onClick="parent.window.postMessage('ixistenz.opendiff:129', '*');; return false;" style='text-decoration: none; '>twitter </a> <a style='color: white;' href='#diffid129'><sup>2</sup></a></div></div></div>
<script>
function toggle( divname ) {
  var x = document.getElementById( divname );
  if (x.style.display === 'none') {
    x.style.display = 'block';
  } else {
    x.style.display = 'none';
  }
} </script>