Cultivar

Un cultivar ye un grupu de plantes escoyíes artificialmente por diversos métodos a partir d'un cultivu más variable, col propósitu d'afitar nelles caracteres d'importancia pal obtentor que se caltengan tres la reproducción.^{[cita 1]}^[1] Según define'l Códigu Internacional de Nomenclatura pa Plantes Cultivaes, estos calteres tienen de cumplir colos requisitos de ser distintivos (que caractericen al cultivar, que lo estremen de los demás), homoxéneos (que s'atopen en toles plantes del cultivar) y estables (que sían heredables), pol métodu d'espardimientu indicáu.^{[cita 1]} El Códigu nun define a cultivar por parentescu, namái les plantes arrobinaes pol métodu indicáu que caltienen los calteres que los definen tán incluyíes nesi cultivar ^{[cita 2]}, y viceversa, si llógrase un grupu de plantes distintivu, homoxéneu y estable pa esi calter pol mesmu métodu d'espardimientu, considérense pertenecientes al mesmu cultivar anque s'hayan aniciáu independientemente.^{[cita 3]} Tamién puede nomase como cultivar una primer xeneración híbrida de dos llinies pures (un cultivar F1). En llogrando un cultivar, pa ser establecíu como tal tien d'asignáse-y un nome en concordanza coles regles del Códigu, depués de lo cual publicar el so nome, circunscripción y métodu d'espardimientu nun mediu non efímeru ya inscríbese nel Rexistru Internacional de Cultivares correspondiente de los llistaos nel Códigu.^{[cita 4]} El nome ye útil pal so comercialización y ye parte del trámite de rexistru de marques, que tienen de ser distintes del nome del cultivar y del rexistru de patentes pa poder reclamar cualquier derechu de venta de granes en exclusividad. En patentes y ciertes lleis tanto nacionales como internacionales denominar 'variedá', que la so definición acutada en rellación al Códigu de Botánica ye sinónimu del cultivar tal como se define nel Códigu de Plantes Cultivaes^{[cita 5]}.

Cultivar son un subgrupu del grupu más ampliu definíu pol botánicu y horticultor inglés Liberty Hyde Bailey, el cultígeno, que se define como una planta que'l so orixe o seleición débese principalmente a la intencionalidad humana.^[3]^[4]

Restricciones p'aplicar el nome

Dacuando la pallabra “cultivar” o la pallabra “variedá” (Derechu) emplegar pa nomar a los cultivos que tienen un fenotipu de mancomún ensin tener un xenotipu asemeyáu, que fuera llográu por dos horticultores independientemente. Según el Códigu, esta agrupación d'individuos SÍ tien de llamase col mesmu nome de cultivar anque tenga dos oríxenes distintos, si non pueden estremase ente sigo. Según el Códigu, "indistinguibles" significa que nun se pueden estremar según los calteres distintivos, homoxéneos y estables pol métodu d'espardimientu indicáu colos que'l cultivar foi rexistráu (por casu Pittosporum 'Margaret Trunbull', indistinguible del posterior ya independiente Pittosporum 'Garnettii'^{[cita 3]}). Al rexistrar el nome del cultivar, si dalgún xen ye parte de les sos carauterístiques distintives, la condición del Códigu ye que'l calter seya "d'importancia pal horticultor" ye dicir que tenga una espresión fenotípica d'importancia pal horticultor qu'estreme claramente al cultivar de los demás cultivares y plantes cultivaes, espresión que pueda ser rexistrada como un calter "distintivu, homoxéneu y estable" pol métodu d'espardimientu indicáu del cultivar.

Los nomes de cultivar son válidos depués de que son rexistraos nel Rexistru Internacional de Cultivares, la llista del Rexistru pa cada taxón ta dada nel Códigu Internacional de Nomenclatura pa Plantes Cultivaes.

Nomes de cultivar

Cultivar tienen de nomase según regles escrites nel Códigu Internacional de Nomenclatura pa Plantes Cultivaes (ICNCP, poles sos sigles n'inglés).

Los siguientes nomes son equivalentes, referir al mesmu cultivar y son toos válidos:

Citrullus 'Crimson Sweet' (hasta 1996 dexábase Citrullus cv. Crimson Sweet)
Sandía 'Crimson Sweet' (hasta 1996 dexábase Sandía cv. Crimson Sweet)
Citrullus lanatus 'Crimson Sweet' (hasta 1996 dexábase Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet)

El reemplazu del nome botánicu pol nome vulgar namái ta dexáu si'l nome vulgar ye inambiguo. El primer términu del nome d'un cultivar siempres ye'l xéneru botánicu al que pertenez el mesmu, especificar la especie ye opcional.

Importancia económica

Rexístrense los nomes de cultivar con fines comerciales. La creación y l'usu de cultivares tien efeutos llegales, por casu el obtentor nun puede tramitar una patente d'un cultivar que tenga más d'un añu de rexistráu, nin se dexa rexistrar el nome de cultivar como marca (trademark), el nome de la marca y el nome de cultivar tienen de ser distintos y nun puede rexistrase unu ensin l'otru.

Patentar un cultivar significa tener el derechu esclusivu del so comercialización mientres 20 o 25 años, ver Unión Internacional pa la Proteición de los Llogros Vexetales. Los organismos que dean patentes de plantes son tamién entidaes de rexistru de nomes, polo que al otorgar una patente a una variedá (Derechu) de planta nomada per primer vegada, tamién se-y ta otorgando un nome de cultivar.^{[ensin referencies]}

Ver tamién

Cites

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Art. 2.3. A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that (a) has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters, (b) is distinct, uniform, and stable in these characters, and (c) when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters (but see Art. 9.1. Note 1). Art. 9.1. Note 1. Non assemblage of plants can be regarded as a cultivar or Group until its category, name, and circumscription has been published. For a grex its name, category, and parentage must be published. For the generic name of an intergeneric graft chimaera its name and parentage must be published. "
↑ Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) (art. 2.4 del Códigu) según : AC Zeven. 1998. Landraces: A review of definitions and classifications. Euphytica 104: 127–139 http://www.semencespaysannes.org/bdf/docs/landracereview-euphytica1998.pdf
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Dos cultivares indistinguibles ente sigo son consideraos el mesmu anque se desenvolvieren independientemente. Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Art. 2.20. In considering whether two or more plants belong to the same or different cultivars, their origins are irrelevant. Cultivars that cannot be distinguished from others by any of the means currently adopted for cultivar determination in the group concerníi are treated as one cultivar. Ex. 17. Some cultivars derived from branch sports of Pittosporum 'Garnettii' are indistinguishable and therefore belong to a single cultivar, even though these sports have occurred at different times in different locations. Pittosporum 'Margaret Trunbull', which originated in New Zealand, appears to be identical with P. 'John Flanagan' from Ireland. The International Cultivar Registration Authority for Pittosporum designated P. 'Margaret Turnbull' as the accepted name, with P 'John Flanagan' as a later synonym. Ex. 18. Dianthus 'William Sim' produces distinguishable mutants that by further mutation give rise to a range of variants, some of which are indistinguishable from D. 'William Sim'."
↑ Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Division IV. Art. 1. For the purposes of this Code, registration is the acceptance of a cultivar, Group, or grex name by an authority responsible for registering such names. 2. An International Cultivar Registration Authority is an organization appointed by the ISHS Commision for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration to be charged with the registration of cultivar, Group, or grex names as provided for by this Code. The act of registration is completed by publication of such names which also ensures their establishment where necessary (see Appendix I for a list of International Cultivar Registration Authorities)".
↑ Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Art. 2.2. The English words "variety", "form", and "strain" or their equivalents in other languages must not be used for the word "cultivar" when fulfilling the Articles of this Code nor in translation of this Code. (...) Note 4. Notwithstanding Art. 2.2, in certain national and international legislation or other llegal conventions the word "variety" or its equivalent in other languages is a statutory or otherwise llegal term used to denominate a proven variant that is distinct, uniform, and stable and is exactly equivalent to the word "cultivar" as defined in this Code."

Referencies

↑ FAO (2008). Consulta d'espertos sobre indicadores de nutrición pa la biodiversidá 1. Composición de los alimentos. Roma: Organización de les Naciones Xuníes pa l'Agricultura y l'Alimentación, páx. 21. ISBN 92-5-305924-9.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 Brickell, C.D. et al. (eds) (2009). «International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants». Scripta Horticulturae (International Society of Horticultural Science) 10: páxs. 1–184. ISBN 978-0-643-09440-6. http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf.
↑ Spencer & Cross 2007, p. 938
↑ «50 Years of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: Future Prospects for the Code» (inglés). Archiváu dende l'orixinal, el 2016-03-05. Consultáu'l 18 de xunetu de 2014. «This is often thought to be a contraction of the words “cultivated” and “variety” but this is not quite the case. The word “cultivar” was originally coined in the 1920s by that great American botanist and horticulturist Liberty Hyde Bailey as a category below that of cultigen, a word he had previously coined to distinguish man-made species from natural species which he termed the indigen»

Bibliografía

El Códigu de Plantes Cultivaes (n'inglés nel orixinal): Brickell, C.D. et al. (eds) 2009 International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code), incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. 8th edn. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. International Society of Horticultural Science. Scripta Horticulturae 10:1–184 isbn: 978-0-643-09440-6

Enllaces esternos

Brickell, C.D. et al. (eds) 2009 International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code), incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. 8th edn. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. International Society of Horticultural Science. Scripta Horticulturae 10:1–184 isbn: 978-0-643-09440-6
Unión Internacional pa la Proteición de los Llogros Vexetales, establecida pa crear les lleis pa patentar cultivares, a les que xunten la mayoría de los países hispanofalantes.

[art2.3-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Art. 2.3. A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that (a) has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters, (b) is distinct, uniform, and stable in these characters, and (c) when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters (but see Art. 9.1. Note 1). Art. 9.1. Note 1. Non assemblage of plants can be regarded as a cultivar or Group until its category, name, and circumscription has been published. For a grex its name, category, and parentage must be published. For the generic name of an intergeneric graft chimaera its name and parentage must be published. "

[art2.4-4] Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) (art. 2.4 del Códigu) según : AC Zeven. 1998. Landraces: A review of definitions and classifications. Euphytica 104: 127–139 http://www.semencespaysannes.org/bdf/docs/landracereview-euphytica1998.pdf

[art2.20-5] 3,0 ^3,1 Dos cultivares indistinguibles ente sigo son consideraos el mesmu anque se desenvolvieren independientemente. Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Art. 2.20. In considering whether two or more plants belong to the same or different cultivars, their origins are irrelevant. Cultivars that cannot be distinguished from others by any of the means currently adopted for cultivar determination in the group concerníi are treated as one cultivar. Ex. 17. Some cultivars derived from branch sports of Pittosporum 'Garnettii' are indistinguishable and therefore belong to a single cultivar, even though these sports have occurred at different times in different locations. Pittosporum 'Margaret Trunbull', which originated in New Zealand, appears to be identical with P. 'John Flanagan' from Ireland. The International Cultivar Registration Authority for Pittosporum designated P. 'Margaret Turnbull' as the accepted name, with P 'John Flanagan' as a later synonym. Ex. 18. Dianthus 'William Sim' produces distinguishable mutants that by further mutation give rise to a range of variants, some of which are indistinguishable from D. 'William Sim'."

[artIV.1.-6] Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Division IV. Art. 1. For the purposes of this Code, registration is the acceptance of a cultivar, Group, or grex name by an authority responsible for registering such names. 2. An International Cultivar Registration Authority is an organization appointed by the ISHS Commision for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration to be charged with the registration of cultivar, Group, or grex names as provided for by this Code. The act of registration is completed by publication of such names which also ensures their establishment where necessary (see Appendix I for a list of International Cultivar Registration Authorities)".

[art2.2nota4-7] Códigu Internacional de Plantes Cultivaes (Brickell et al. 2009^[2]) "Art. 2.2. The English words "variety", "form", and "strain" or their equivalents in other languages must not be used for the word "cultivar" when fulfilling the Articles of this Code nor in translation of this Code. (...) Note 4. Notwithstanding Art. 2.2, in certain national and international legislation or other llegal conventions the word "variety" or its equivalent in other languages is a statutory or otherwise llegal term used to denominate a proven variant that is distinct, uniform, and stable and is exactly equivalent to the word "cultivar" as defined in this Code."

[2] FAO (2008). Consulta d'espertos sobre indicadores de nutrición pa la biodiversidá 1. Composición de los alimentos. Roma: Organización de les Naciones Xuníes pa l'Agricultura y l'Alimentación, páx. 21. ISBN 92-5-305924-9.

[Brickell_et_al._2009-3] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 Brickell, C.D. et al. (eds) (2009). «International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants». Scripta Horticulturae (International Society of Horticultural Science) 10: páxs. 1–184. ISBN 978-0-643-09440-6. http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf.

[8] Spencer & Cross 2007, p. 938

[9] «50 Years of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: Future Prospects for the Code» (inglés). Archiváu dende l'orixinal, el 2016-03-05. Consultáu'l 18 de xunetu de 2014. «This is often thought to be a contraction of the words “cultivated” and “variety” but this is not quite the case. The word “cultivar” was originally coined in the 1920s by that great American botanist and horticulturist Liberty Hyde Bailey as a category below that of cultigen, a word he had previously coined to distinguish man-made species from natural species which he termed the indigen»

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