Polimero

An polimero (Ingles: polymer, /ˈpɒlɪmər/;^[4]^[5] Griyego poly-, "nagkapira" + -mer, "parte") iyo sarong substansya o materyal na pigbibilog nin darakulaon na molekula, o makromolekula, na igwa nin nagkapirang mga uruutrong subyunit.^[6] Huli sa saindang mahiwas na ispektrum nin mga karakter,^[7] parehas an mga sintetiko asin natural na polimero na minaakto nin esensyal asin lakop na ambag sa urualdaw na pagbuhay.^[8]

Depinisyon nin IUPAC

An polimero iyo sarong substansya na pigbibilog nin mga makromolekula.^[2] An makromolekula iyo sarong molekula nin halangkaw na relatibong molekular na gabat, an istraktura niya na esensyal na pigbibilog an dakulong repetisyon nin mga yunit iyo naguno, aktwal o konseptwal, gikan sa mga molekula nin hababang relatibong molekular na gabat.^[3]

Etimolohiya asin uusipon

An terminong "polimero" iyo gikan sa taramong Griyego na πολύς (polus, boot-sabihon iyo "nagkapira") asin μέρος (meros, boot-sabihon iyo "parte"), asin minareperar sa darakulang mga molekula na an istraktura iyo pigbibilog nin dakulong mga uruutrong yunit, kun sain gikan an karakter na halangkaw na relatibong molekular na gabat asin pag-atendir na kaugalian.^[9] An mga yunit na minabilog sa polimero iyo gikan, aktwal o konseptwal, hale sa molekula nin hababang relatibong molekular na gabat.^[10]

An termino iyo namokna kaidtong 1833 ni Jöns Jacob Berzelius, alagad an depinisyon iyo lain sa modernong depinisyon nin IUPAC.^[11]^[12] An modernong konsepto nin mga polimero bilang kovalentong sugponang makromolekula na istraktura iyo pigsuhestyon kaidtong ni Hermann Staudinger,^[13] na iyo nagpadagos nin sunod na dekada sa paghanap nin eksperimental na ebidensya para sa hypothesis na ini.^[14]

Pormasyon asin karakter

An istraktura nin sarong styrene-butadiene na kadena, gikan sa molekular na simulasyon.

An mga polimero minarango hale sa pamilyar na sintetikong plastik arug kan polysterene pasiring sa mga natural na biyopolimero arug kan DNA sagkod protina na iyo pundamental sa biyolohikal na istraktura asin paggana. An mga polimero, parehas natural asin sintetiko, iyo nahimo sa paagi nin polimerisasyon nin nagkapirang mga saraditon na molekula, na iyo bistado bilang monomero. An saindang konsekwentong dakulang molekular na gabat, na iyo relatibo sa sadit na molekulang kompuwesto, naghihimo nin unikong pisikal na karakter arug kan pagkatagas, halangkaw na elastisidad, viskoelastisidad, asin an tsansa nin makaporma nin amorpo sagkod semikristalikong istraktura imbes na mga kristal.

Pag-aadal asin importansya

An mga polimero iyo pig-aadalan sa mga lado nin polimerong siyensya (na iyo kabali an polimerong kimika asin polimerong pisika), biyopisika, asin materyal na siyensya sagkod inhenyeriya. Historikal na an mga produkto na minaluwas hale sa pagsugpon nin uru-utrong yunit nin kovalentong sugpong kimikal an primerong pokus nin polimerong siyensya. An sarong nagluluwas na importanteng kahiwasan ngunyan iyo minapokus sa supramolekular na polimero na naporma nin dae-kovalentong takod. An polyisoprene nin latex na goma iyo sarong halimbawa ni natural na polimero, sagkod an polystyrene nin styrofoam iyo sarong halimbawa nin sintetikong polimero. Sa biyolohikal na konteksto, esensyal na an gabos na biyolohikal na makromolekula—halimbawa an, protina (polyamides), nukleyikong asido (polynucleotides), asin an mga polisakarido—iyo purong polimeriko, o iyo pigbibilog sa dakulang parte nin polimerikong komposisyon.

Hilingon man

Panluwas na takod

Polymer (chemistry) sa Encyclopædia Britannica
How to Analyze Polymers Using X-ray Diffraction
Polymer Chemistry Hypertext, Educational resource
The Macrogalleria
Introduction to Polymers
Glossary of Polymer Abbreviations

Toltolan

↑ Roiter, Y.; Minko, S. (2005). "AFM Single Molecule Experiments at the Solid-Liquid Interface: In Situ Conformation of Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains". Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 (45): 15688–15689. doi:10.1021/ja0558239. PMID 16277495.
↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "polymer". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04735
↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "macromolecule (polymer molecule)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03667
↑ "Polymer – Definition of polymer". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
↑ "Define polymer". Dictionary Reference. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
↑ "Polymer on Britannica".
↑ Painter, Paul C.; Coleman, Michael M. (1997). Fundamentals of polymer science: an introductory text. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Pub. Co. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-56676-559-6.
↑ McCrum, N. G.; Buckley, C. P.; Bucknall, C. B. (1997). Principles of polymer engineering. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-856526-0.
↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "macromolecule (polymer molecule)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03667
↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "macromolecule (polymer molecule)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03667
↑ If two substances had molecular formulae such that one was an integer multiple of the other – e.g., acetylene (C₂H₂) and benzene (C₆H₆) – Berzelius called the multiple formula "polymeric". See: Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1833) "Isomerie, Unterscheidung von damit analogen Verhältnissen" (Isomeric, distinction from relations analogous to it), Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschitte der physischen Wissenschaften …, 12: 63–67. From page 64: "Um diese Art von Gleichheit in der Zusammensetzung, bei Ungleichheit in den Eigenschaften, bezeichnen zu können, möchte ich für diese Körper die Benennung polymerische (von πολυς mehrere) vorschlagen." (In order to be able to denote this type of similarity in composition [which is accompanied] by differences in properties, I would like to propose the designation "polymeric" (from πολυς, several) for these substances.)
Originally published in 1832 in Swedish as: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1832) "Isomeri, dess distinktion från dermed analoga förhållanden," Årsberättelse om Framstegen i Fysik och Kemi, pages 65–70; the word "polymeriska" appears on page 66.
↑ Jensen, William B. (2008). "Ask the Historian: The origin of the polymer concept". Journal of Chemical Education 85 (5): 624–625. doi:10.1021/ed085p624. Bibcode: 2008JChEd..85..624J. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf. Retrieved on 2013-03-04.
↑ Staudinger, H (1920). "Über Polymerisation" (in de). Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 53 (6): 1073–1085. doi:10.1002/cber.19200530627. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481298;view=1up;seq=1283.
↑ Allcock, Harry R.; Lampe, Frederick W.; Mark, James E. (2003). Contemporary Polymer Chemistry (3 ed.). Pearson Education. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-13-065056-6.

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[1] Roiter, Y.; Minko, S. (2005). "AFM Single Molecule Experiments at the Solid-Liquid Interface: In Situ Conformation of Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains". Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 (45): 15688–15689. doi:10.1021/ja0558239. PMID 16277495.

[2] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "polymer". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04735

[3] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "macromolecule (polymer molecule)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03667

[4] "Polymer – Definition of polymer". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

[5] "Define polymer". Dictionary Reference. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

[6] "Polymer on Britannica".

[PC1-7] Painter, Paul C.; Coleman, Michael M. (1997). Fundamentals of polymer science: an introductory text. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic Pub. Co. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-56676-559-6.

[MBB1-8] McCrum, N. G.; Buckley, C. P.; Bucknall, C. B. (1997). Principles of polymer engineering. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-856526-0.

[9] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "macromolecule (polymer molecule)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03667

[10] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "macromolecule (polymer molecule)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03667

[11] If two substances had molecular formulae such that one was an integer multiple of the other – e.g., acetylene (C₂H₂) and benzene (C₆H₆) – Berzelius called the multiple formula "polymeric". See: Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1833) "Isomerie, Unterscheidung von damit analogen Verhältnissen" (Isomeric, distinction from relations analogous to it), Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschitte der physischen Wissenschaften …, 12: 63–67. From page 64: "Um diese Art von Gleichheit in der Zusammensetzung, bei Ungleichheit in den Eigenschaften, bezeichnen zu können, möchte ich für diese Körper die Benennung polymerische (von πολυς mehrere) vorschlagen." (In order to be able to denote this type of similarity in composition [which is accompanied] by differences in properties, I would like to propose the designation "polymeric" (from πολυς, several) for these substances.)
Originally published in 1832 in Swedish as: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1832) "Isomeri, dess distinktion från dermed analoga förhållanden," Årsberättelse om Framstegen i Fysik och Kemi, pages 65–70; the word "polymeriska" appears on page 66.

[12] Jensen, William B. (2008). "Ask the Historian: The origin of the polymer concept". Journal of Chemical Education 85 (5): 624–625. doi:10.1021/ed085p624. Bibcode: 2008JChEd..85..624J. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf. Retrieved on 2013-03-04.

[13] Staudinger, H (1920). "Über Polymerisation" (in de). Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 53 (6): 1073–1085. doi:10.1002/cber.19200530627. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481298;view=1up;seq=1283.

[14] Allcock, Harry R.; Lampe, Frederick W.; Mark, James E. (2003). Contemporary Polymer Chemistry (3 ed.). Pearson Education. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-13-065056-6.

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