Booker T. Washington

Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856 – 1915) va ser un polític afroamericà estatunidenc.

Booker T. Washington

Biografia
Naixement	(en) Booker Taliaferro Washington 5 abril 1856 Hale's Ford (Virgínia) (en)
Mort	14 novembre 1915 (59 anys) Tuskegee (Alabama)
Causa de mort	malaltia cardiovascular
Sepultura	Tuskegee University Campus Cemetery (en)
President Alabama State Teachers Association (en)
1888 – 1891
Activista pels drets civils
Dades personals
Grup ètnic	Afroamericans
Formació	Universitat de Hampton
Activitat
Ocupació	educador, empresari, polític, activista pels drets humans, pedagog, escriptor, autobiògraf, professor
Ocupador	Institut de Tuskegee
Partit	Partit Republicà dels Estats Units
Membre de	National Negro Business League (en) Alabama State Teachers Association (en)
Obra
Localització dels arxius	Biblioteques de la Universitat de Maryland
Família
Cònjuge	Margaret Murray Washington (1893–1915) Olivia Davidson (1886–1889) Fannie Smith Washington (1882–1884)
Fills	Portia M. Washington  () Fannie Smith Washington Booker T. Washington, Jr.  () Olivia Davidson Ernest Davidson Washington  () Olivia Davidson
Mare	Nataly Anette
Germans	John Henry Washington Amanda Washington
Signatura

Washington va ser de la darrera generació de líders afroamericans nascuts esclaus. Va estar en contra de les lleis discriminatòries contra els negres sorgides després de l'abolició de l'esclavisme.

Washington va ser partidari de l'African-American businesses i un dels fundadors de la National Negro Business League. La seva base va ser el Tuskegee Institute, un college d'Alabama. Com els linxaments al Sud dels Estats Units van arribar al seu màxim el 1895, Washington va fer el discurs conegut com a "Atlanta compromise", la qual cosa li va donar fama nacional. Va ser partidari de canviar la situació dels afroamericans via l'educació.

Obres

• The Future of the American Negro – 1899
• Up from Slavery – 1901
• Character Building – 1902
• Working with the Hands – 1904
• Tuskegee & Its People (editor) – 1905
• The Negro in the South (with W. E. B. Du Bois) – 1907

Notes

• Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935, 1988. .
• Bauerlein, Mark. Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois: The origins of a bitter intellectual battle. 46, Winter 2004. 
• Boston, Michael B. The Business Strategy of Booker T. Washington: Its Development and Implementation. University Press of Florida, 2010. ; 243 pp. Studies the content and influence of his philosophy of entrepreneurship
• Hamilton, Kenneth M. Booker T. Washington in American Memory (U of Illinois Press, 2017), 250 pp.
• Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington: volume 1: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901, 1972. , the major scholarly biography
  • Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington; volume 2: The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901–1915, 1983. .
• Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington in Perspective. University Press of Mississippi, 1988. .
• Harlan, Louis R «The Secret Life of Booker T. Washington». Journal of Southern History, 37, 1971.. Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.
• McMurry, Linda O. George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol, 1982. .
• Meier, August «Toward a Reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington». The Journal of Southern History, 23, 5-1957, p. 220–27. DOI: 10.2307/2955315.. Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.
• Norrell, Robert J. Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03211-8. , favorable scholarly biography.
• Smith, David L. Myth America: A Historical Anthology. II. Brandywine Press, 1997. ISBN 1-881089-97-5. «Commanding Performance: Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Address» .
• Smock, Raymond. Booker T. Washington: Black Leadership in the Age of Jim Crow. Ivan R Dee, 2009. .
• Wintz, Cary D. African American Political Thought, 1890–1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph, 1996. .
• Pole, JR «Review: Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others; The Children of Pride». The Historical Journal, 17, 4, 1974..
• Zimmerman, Andrew. Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South. Princeton University Press, 2012. .

Historiografia

• Bieze, Michael Scott, and Marybeth Gasman, eds. Booker T. Washington Rediscovered (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 265 pp. scholarly essays
• Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: Up from Slavery 100 Years Later, 2003. .
• Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. "Exploring a Century of Historical Scholarship on Booker T. Washington," Journal of African American History 92#2 (2007), pp. 239–264 in JSTOR; also pp 127-57 partly online
• Friedman, Lawrence J «Life 'In the Lion's Mouth': Another Look at Booker T. Washington». Journal of Negro History, 59, 10-1974, p. 337–351. DOI: 10.2307/2717315..
• Harlan, Louis R «Booker T. Washington in Biographical Perspective». American Historical Review, 75, 10-1970, p. 1581–99. DOI: 10.2307/1850756.
• Norrell, Robert J. "Booker T. Washington: Understanding the Wizard of Tuskegee," Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 42 (2003–4), pp. 96–109 in JSTOR
• Strickland, Arvarh E «Booker T. Washington: The Myth and the Man». Reviews in American History, 1, 12-1973, p. 559–564. DOI: 10.2307/2701723..
• Zeringue, Joshua Thomas. "Booker T. Washington and the Historians: How Changing Views on Race Relations, Economics, and Education Shaped Washington Historiography, 1915-2010" (MA Thesis, LSU, 2015) online Arxivat 2016-04-12 a Wayback Machine..

Fonts principals

• Du Bois, WEB. «3». A: The Souls of Black Folk. Bartleby, 1903. .
• Washington, Booker T. The Atlanta Cotton States Exposition Address. GMU, setembre 1895. .
• Washington, Booker T «The Awakening of the Negro». The Atlantic Monthly, 78, 9-1896.
• Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery: An Autobiography. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1901.  Documenting the American South. Other online full-text versions available via Project Gutenberg, UNC Library
• Washington, Booker T «A Farmers' College on Wheels». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XIII, 12-1906, pàg. 8352–54 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T «Chapters From My Experience I». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XX, 10-1910, pàg. 13505–22 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T «Chapters From My Experience II». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XXI, 11-1910, pàg. 13627–40 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T «Chapters From My Experience III». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XXI, 12-1910, pàg. 13784–94 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T «Chapters From My Experience IV». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XXI, 1-1911, pàg. 13847–54 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T «Chapters From My Experience V». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XXI, 2-1911, pàg. 14032–39 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T «Chapters From My Experience VI». The World's Work: A History of Our Time, XXI, 4-1911, pàg. 14230–38 [Consulta: 10 juliol 2009].
• Washington, Booker T; Harlan, Louis R; Blassingame, John W. «(search link)». A: The Booker T Washington Papers. University of Illinois Press, 1972. ISBN 0-252-00242-3 [Consulta: 4 febrer 2009]. ; fourteen-volume set of all letters to and from Booker T. Washington.
  • [2006-08-18] BTW. 14. History cooperative. «cumulative index» .

Enllaços externs

• Obres de o sobre Booker T. Washington a Internet Archive
• Booker T. Washington. Library of Congress. 
• The Booker T. Washington Society Library. The Booker T. Washington Society. 
• Booker T. Washington papers, 1853-1946 (finding aid). Library of Congress. , index to over 300,000 items related to Washington available at the Library of Congress and on microfilm.