Lactobacil
Els lactobacils (Lactobacillus) són un grup de bacteris que pertanyen als bacteris làctics. Es caracteritzen per ser cocs o bacils Gram positius, no formadors d'espores, catalasa negatius, normalment immòbils i ocasionalment tenen la capacitat de reduir el nitrat. Són neutròfils, és a dir, el seu interval de pH òptim de creixement és entre 5-8. Poden créixer entre 2 i 53 °C, però l'interval òptim de temperatura està comprès entre 30 i 40 °C. Són ubics, és a dir, es poden trobar en qualsevol ambient i alguns d'ells són: el tracte gastrointestinal (cavitat bucal, estómac i intestí), l'aparell genitourinari masculí, la microbiota vaginal, vegetals, productes carnis, productes lactis, entre d'altres. Poden tenir un metabolisme homofermentatiu o heterofermentatiu tant estricte com facultatiu.
Lactobacillus  | |
|---|---|
 Lactobacillus | |
| Dades | |
| Tinció de Gram | Grampositiu |
| Taxonomia | |
| Regne | Bacillati |
| Fílum | Bacillota |
| Classe | Bacilli |
| Ordre | Lactobacillales |
| Família | Lactobacillaceae |
| Gènere | Lactobacillus Beij., 1901 |
| Tipus taxonòmic | Lactobacillus delbrueckii |
Industrialment són utilitzats com a cultius iniciadors per la producció de diversos tipus de productes fermentats com el iogurt i com a probiòtics en aliments i suplements alimentaris.[1][2]
Fins al març del 2020, el gènere Lactobacillus comprenia 262 espècies, però després de la seqüenciació completa del genoma de totes elles, un grup de científics de diversos països, treballant coordinadament, van proposar la reclassificació del gènere Lactobacillus i s'han establert 23 nous gèneres: Lactobacillus, Amylolactobacillus, Holzapfelia, Bombilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Lapidilactobacillus, Agrilactobacillus, Schleiferilactobacillus, Lacticaseibacillus, Latilactobacillus, Loigolactobacillus, Dellaglioa, Liquorilactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Furfurilactobacillus, Paucilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Secundilactobacillus, Levilactobacillus, Fructilactobacillus, Acetilactobacillus, Apilactobacillus i Lentilactobacillus.[2][3][4]
Comparació entre la nomenclatura del gènere Lactobacillus establerta fins al 2020 i la nova proposta feta per Zheng et al. 2020:[4][5]
| 1901-2020 | Zheng et al. 2020 |
Característiques |
| Lactobacillaceae | Lactobacillaceae | |
| Homofermentatius | ||
| Lactobacillus | Lactobacillus | |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii
(Beijerinck 1901) |
Lactobacillus delbrueckii | Bacils Gram positius, termòfils, homofermentatius i no formadors d'espores.
Capaces de fermentar gran diversitat de glúcids i tenen soques amb l'habilitat de fermentar fructans extracel·lulars, midó, glicogen o mannitol. S'adapten a l'hoste. P. ex. Lactobacillus melliventris està adaptat a les abelles. Gènere rellevant a l'ecosistema intestinal i vaginal. Presents en la fermentació de productes lactis i de cereals. Utilitzats com a cultius iniciadors per a la fabricació de productes lactis fermentats. |
| Lactobacillus acetotolerans
(Etani et al. 1986) |
Lactobacillus acetotolerans | |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus
(Handsen and Mocquot 1970) |
Lactobacillus acidophilus | |
| Lactobacillus amylolyticus
(Bohak et al. 1999) |
Lactobacillus amylolyticus | |
| Lactobacillus amylovorus
(Nakamura 1981) |
Lactobacillus amylovorus | |
| Lactobacillus apis
(Killer et al. 2014) |
Lactobacillus apis | |
| Lactobacillus bombicola
(Praet et al. 2015) |
Lactobacillus bombicola | |
| Lactobacillus colini
(Zhang et al. 2017) |
Lactobacillus colini | |
| Lactobacillus crispatus
(Moore and Holdeman 1970) |
Lactobacillus crispatus | |
| Lactobacillus equicursoris
(Morita et al. 2010) |
Lactobacillus equicursoris | |
| Lactobacillus fornicalis
(Dicks et al. 2000) |
Lactobacillus fornicalis | |
| Lactobacillus gallinarum
(Fujisawa et al. 1992) |
Lactobacillus gallinarum | |
| Lactobacillus gasseri
(Lauer and Kandler 1980) |
Lactobacillus gasseri | |
| Lactobacillus gigeriorum
(Cousin et al. 2012) |
Lactobacillus gigeriorum | |
| Lactobacillus hamsteri | Lactobacillus hamsteri | |
| Lactobacillus helsingborgensis
(Olofsson et al. 2014) |
Lactobacillus helsingborgensis | |
| Lactobacillus helveticus
(Bergey et al. 1925) |
Lactobacillus helveticus | |
| Lactobacillus hominis
(Cousin et al. 2013) |
Lactobacillus hominis | |
| Lactobacillus iners
(Falsen et al. 1999) |
Lactobacillus iners | |
| Lactobacillus intestinalis
(Fujisawa et al. 1990) |
Lactobacillus intestinalis | |
| Lactobacillus jensenii
(Gasser et al. 1970) |
Lactobacillus jensenii | |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii
(Fujisawa et al. 1992) |
Lactobacillus johnsonii | |
| Lactobacillus kalixensis
(Roos et al. 2005) |
Lactobacillus kalixensis | |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens
(Fujisawa et al. 1988) |
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | |
| Lactobacillus kimbladii
(Olofsson et al. 2014) |
Lactobacillus kimbladii | |
| Lactobacillus kitasatonis
(Mukai et al. 2003) |
Lactobacillus kitasatonis | |
| Lactobacillus kullabergensis
(Olofsson et al. 2014) |
Lactobacillus kullabergensis | |
| Lactobacillus melliventris
(Olofsson et al. 2014) |
Lactobacillus melliventris | |
| Lactobacillus mulieris
(Rocha et al. 2020) |
Lactobacillus mulieris | |
| Lactobacillus panisapium
(Wang et al. 2018) |
Lactobacillus panisapium | |
| Lactobacillus paragasseri
(Tanizawa et al. 2018) |
Lactobacillus paragasseri | |
| Lactobacillus pasteurii
(Cousin et al. 2013) |
Lactobacillus pasteurii | |
| Lactobacillus porci
(Kim et al. 2018) |
Lactobacillus porci | |
| Lactobacillus psittaci
(Lawson et al. 2001) |
Lactobacillus psittaci | |
| Lactobacillus rodentium
(Killer et al. 2014) |
Lactobacillus rodentium | |
| Lactobacillus taiwanensis
(Wang et al. 2009) |
Lactobacillus taiwanensis | |
| Lactobacillus ultunensis
(Roos et al. 2005) |
Lactobacillus ultunensis | |
| Lactobacillus xujianguonis
(Meng et al. 2020) |
Lactobacillus xujianguonis | |
| Amylolactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus amylophilus (Nakamura and Crowell 1981) | Amylolactobacillus amylophilus | Bacils Gram positius immòbils, catalasa negatius, oxidasa negatius i no formadors d'espores. Homofermentatius i tenen activitat enzimàtica amilolítica extracel·lular. |
| Lactobacillus amylotrophicus (Naser et al. 2006) | Amylolactobacillus amylotrophicus | |
| Holzapfelia | ||
| Lactobacillus floricola (Kawasaki et al. 2011) | Holzapfelia floricola | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius, homofermentatius i aerotolerants. Fermenten únicament la glucosa i la fructosa. |
| Bombilatobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus mellifer (Olofsson et al. 2014) | Bombilactobacillus mellifer | Bacils Gram positius, homofermentatius i termòfils.
El B. mellifer fermenta algunes hexoses, sacarosa i rafinosa. El B. bombi fermenta una gran diversitat de glúcids. |
| Lactobacillus bombi
(Killer et al. 2014) |
Bombilactobacillus bombi | |
| Lactobacillus mellis (Olofsson et al. 2014) | Bombilactobacillus mellis | |
| Companilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus alimentarius (Reuter 1983) | Companilactobacillus alimentarius | Bacils Gram positius, homofermentatius, no formadors d'espores. Creixen entre els 25-30 °C, algunes soques poden créixer a 45 °C i algunes a 15 °C. |
| Lactobacillus allii
(Jung et al. 2017) |
Companilactobacillus allii | |
| Lactobacillus baiquanensis (Wei and Gu 2019) | Companilactobacillus baiquanensis | |
| Lactobacillus bobalius
(Mañes‐Lázaro et al. 2008) |
Companilactobacillus bobalius | |
| Lactobacillus crustorum (Scheirlinck et al. 2007) | Companilactobacillus crustorum | |
| Lactobacillus farciminis (Reuter 1983) | Companilactobacillus farciminis | |
| Lactobacillus formosensis (Chang et al. 2015) | Companilactobacillus formosensis | |
| Lactobacillus furfuricola (Irisawa et al. 2014) | Companilactobacillus furfuricola | |
| Lactobacillus futsaii
(Chao et al. 2012) |
Companilactobacillus futsaii | |
| Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans
(Jung et al. 2013) |
Companilactobacillus ginsenosidimutans | |
| Lactobacillus halodurans (Schuster et al. 2019) | Companilactobacillus halodurans | |
| Lactobacillus heilongjiangensis (Gu et al. 2013) | Companilactobacillus heilongjiangensis | |
| Lactobacillus huachuanensis (Fu and Gu 2019) | Companilactobacillus huachuanensis | |
| Lactobacillus hulinensis (Wei and Gu) | Companilactobacillus hulinensis | |
| Lactobacillus insicii (Ehrmann et al. 2016) | Companilactobacillus insicii | |
| Lactobacillus jidongensis (Wei and Gu 2019) | Companilactobacillus jidongensis | |
| Lactobacillus kedongensis
(Wei and Gu 2019) |
Companilactobacillus kedongensis | |
| Lactobacillus keshanensis
(Wei and Gu 2019) |
Companilactobacillus keshanensis | |
| Lactobacillus kimchiensis
(Kim et al. 2013) |
Companilactobacillus kimchiensis | |
| Lactobacillus kimchii
(Yoon et al. 2000) |
Companilactobacillus kimchii | |
| Lactobacillus metriopterae
(Chiba et al. 2018) |
Companilactobacillus metriopterae | |
| Lactobacillus mindensis
(Ehrmann et al. 2003) |
Companilactobacillus mindensis | |
| Lactobacillus mishanensis
(Wei and Gu 2019) |
Companilactobacillus mishanensis | |
| Lactobacillus musae
(Chen et al. 2017) |
Companilactobacillus musae | |
| Lactobacillus nantensis
(Valcheva et al. 2006) |
Companilactobacillus nantensis | |
| Lactobacillus nodensis
(Kashiwagi et al. 2009) |
Companilactobacillus nodensis | |
| Lactobacillus nuruki
(Heo et al. 2018) |
Companilactobacillus nuruki | |
| Lactobacillus paralimentarius
(Cai et al. 1999) |
Companilactobacillus paralimentarius | |
| Lactobacillus salsicarnum
(Schuster et al. 2019) |
Companilactobacillus salsicarnum | |
| Lactobacillus suantsaicola
(Lin et al. 2019) |
Companilactobacillus suantsaicola | |
| Lactobacillus tucceti
(Chenoll et al. 2009) |
Companilactobacillus tucceti | |
| Lactobacillus versmoldensis
(Kröckel et al. 2003) |
Companilactobacillus versmoldensis | |
| Lactobacillus zhachilii
(Zhang et al. 2019) |
Companilactobacillus zhachilii | |
| Lactobacillus zhongbaensis (Wei and Gu 2019) | Companilactobacillus zhongbaensis | |
| Lapidilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus concavus
(Tong and Dong 2005) |
Lapidilactobacillus concavus | Bacils o cocs Gram positius immòbils, homofermentatius, no formadors d'espores, catalasa negatius i anaerobis facultatius. L'interval de pH òptim de creixement i per fer ús de la pentosa depèn de la soca, normalment entre 6-7. L'interval de temperatura òptim de creixement és entre els 30-37 °C. El producte principal de la fermentació és l'àcid L-làctic. |
| Lactobacillus bayanensis
(Wei and Gu 2019) |
Lapidilactobacillus bayanensis | |
| Lactobacillus dextrinicus
(Haakensen et al. 2009) |
Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus | |
| Agrilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus composti
(Endo and Okada 2007) |
Agrilactobacillus composti | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius, homofermentatius i aerotolerants. |
| Lactobacillus yilanensis
(Wei and Gu 2019) |
Agrilactobacillus yilanensis | |
| Schleiferilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus perolens
(Back et al. 2000) |
Schleiferilactobacillus perolens | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius, homofermentatius i aerotolerants.
Creixen entre 15 i 42 °C. Fermenten una gran diversitat de glúcids com les pentoses, hexoses i oligosacàrids. |
| Lactobacillus harbinensis
(Miyamoto et al. 2006) |
Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis | |
| Lactobacillus shenzhenensis
(Zou et al. 2013) |
Schleiferilactobacillus shenzhenensis | |
| Lacticaseibacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus casei
(Hansen and Lessel 1971) |
Lacticaseibacillus casei | Bacils Gram positius immòbils, oxidasa negatius, i homofermentatius.
Creixen entre 10 i 45 °C. Normalment produeixen àcid D- i L-làctic a partir de la glucosa. Són considerades de gran importància econòmica, ja que moltes espècies són utilitzades com a cultius iniciadors i com a probiòtics. |
| Lactobacillus baoqingensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Lacticaseibacillus baoqingensis | |
| Lactobacillus brantae
(Volokhov et al. 2012) |
Lacticaseibacillus brantae | |
| Lactobacillus camelliae
(Tanasupawat et al. 2007) |
Lacticaseibacillus camelliae | |
| Lactobacillus chiayiensis
(Huang et al. 2018) |
Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis | |
| Lactobacillus hulanensis
(Zhao and Gu et al. 2019) |
Lacticaseibacillus hulanensis | |
| Lactobacillus jixianensis
(Long and Gu, 2019) |
Lacticaseibacillus jixianensis | |
| Lactobacillus manihotivorans
(Morlon‐Guyot et al. 1998) |
Lacticaseibacillus manihotivorans | |
| Lactobacillus nasuensis
(Cai et al. 2012) |
Lacticaseibacillus nasuensis | |
| Lactobacillus pantheris
(Liu and Dong 2002) |
Lacticaseibacillus pantheris | |
| Lactobacillus paracasei (Collins et al. 1989) | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | |
| Lactobacillus porcinae (Nguyen et al. 2013) | Lacticaseibacillus porcinae | |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus
(Collins et al. 1989) |
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus | |
| Lactobacillus saniviri
(Oki et al. 2012) |
Lacticaseibacillus saniviri | |
| Lactobacillus sharpeae
(Weiss et al. 1981) |
Lacticaseibacillus sharpeae | |
| Lactobacillus songhuajiangensis
(Gu et al. 2013) |
Lacticaseibacillus songhuajiangensis | |
| Lactobacillus thailandensis
(Tanasupawat et al. 2007) |
Lacticaseibacillus thailandensis | |
| Latilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus sakei
(Klein et al. 1996) |
Latilactobacillus sakei | Bacils Gram positius, homofermentatius.
Produeixen àcid D- i L-làctic a excepció de L. fuchuensis, el qual només produeix l'isòmer L-. Són mesòfils encara que algunes soques són psicròtrofes i creixen per sota dels 8 °C. |
| Lactobacillus curvatus
(Klein et al. 1996) |
Latilactobacillus curvatus | |
| Lactobacillus fuchuensis
(Sakala et al. 2002) |
Latilactobacillus fuchuensis | |
| Lactobacillus graminis
(Beck et al. 1989) |
Latilactobacillus graminis | |
| Loigolactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus coryniformis
(Abo‐Elnaga and Kandler 1965) |
Loigolactobacillus coryniformis | Bacils Gram positius immòbils, catalasa negatius, no formadors d'espores. Els bacils normalment es troben sols o per parelles.
Homofermentatius i produeixen àcid D- i L-làctic. L'habilitat per fermentar pentoses depèn de l'espècie; moltes espècies produeixen àcid de la D-manosa i el D-mannitol. |
| Lactobacillus backii
(Tohno et al. 2013) |
Loigolactobacillus backii | |
| Lactobacillus bifermentans
(Kandler et al. 1983) |
Loigolactobacillus bifermentans | |
| Lactobacillus iwatensis
(Tohno et al. 2013) |
Loigolactobacillus iwatensis | |
| Lactobacillus jiayinensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Loigolactobacillus jiayinensis | |
| Lactobacillus rennini
(Chenoll et al. 2006) |
Loigolactobacillus rennini | |
| Lactobacillus zhaoyuanensis
(Long and Gu, 2019) |
Loigolactobacillus zhaoyuanensis | |
| Dellaglioa | ||
| Lactobacillus algidus
(Kato et al. 2000) |
Dellaglioa algida | Bacils Gram positius immòbils, anaerobis facultatius, psicròfils i homofermentatius. |
| Liquorilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus mali
(Kaneuchi et al. 1988) |
Liquorilactobacillus mali | Bacils Gram positius, majoritàriament mòbils excepte L. cacaonum, L. hordei i L. mali.
Contenen àcid meso-diamilopimelic. Moltes soques produeixen dextrans a partir de la sacarosa. |
| Lactobacillus aquaticus
(Mañes‐Lázaro et al. 2009) |
Liquorilactobacillus aquaticus | |
| Lactobacillus cacaonum
(De Bruyne et al. 2009) |
Liquorilactobacillus cacaonum | |
| Lactobacillus capillatus
(Chao et al. 2008) |
Liquorilactobacillus capillatus | |
| Lactobacillus ghanensis
(Nielsen et al. 2007) |
Liquorilactobacillus ghanensis | |
| Lactobacillus hordei
(Rouse et al. 2008) |
Liquorilactobacillus hordei | |
| Lactobacillus nagelii
(Edwards et al. 2000) |
Liquorilactobacillus nagelii | |
| Lactobacillus oeni
(Mañes‐Lázaro et al. 2009) |
Liquorilactobacillus oeni | |
| Lactobacillus satsumensis
(Endo and Okada 2005) |
Liquorilactobacillus satsumensis | |
| Lactobacillus sicerae
(Puertas et al. 2014) |
Liquorilactobacillus sicerae | |
| Lactobacillus sucicola
(Irisawa and Okada 2009) |
Liquorilactobacillus sucicola | |
| Lactobacillus uvarum
(Mañes‐Lázaro et al. 2008) |
Liquorilactobacillus uvarum | |
| Lactobacillus vini
(Rodas et al. 2006) |
Liquorilactobacillus vini | |
| Ligilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus salivarius
(Li et al. 2006) |
Ligilactobacillus salivarius | Bacils Gram positius, majoritàriament mòbils i homofermentatius. Moltes soques expressen ureasa, la qual està associada a l'adaptació a l'estil de vida de l'hoste vertebrat. Es comercialitzen usualment com a cultius iniciadors i com a probiòtics. |
| Lactobacillus acidipiscis
(Tanasupawat et al. 2000) |
Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis | |
| Lactobacillus agilis
(Weiss et al. 1982) |
Ligilactobacillus agilis | |
| Lactobacillus animalis
(Dent and Williams 1983) |
Ligilactobacillus animalis | |
| Lactobacillus apodemi
(Osawa et al. 2006) |
Ligilactobacillus apodemi | |
| Lactobacillus aviarius (Fujisawa et al. 1985) | Ligilactobacillus aviarius | |
| Lactobacillus aviarius subsp. araffinosus
(Fujisawa et al. 1985) |
Ligilactobacillus araffinosus | |
| Lactobacillus ceti
(Vela et al. 2008) |
Ligilactobacillus ceti | |
| Lactobacillus equi
(Morotomi et al. 2002) |
Ligilactobacillus equi | |
| Lactobacillus faecis
(Endo et al. 2013) |
Ligilactobacillus faecis | |
| Lactobacillus hayakitensis
(Morita et al. 2007) |
Ligilactobacillus hayakitensis | |
| Lactobacillus murinus
(Hemme et al. 1982) |
Ligilactobacillus murinus | |
| Lactobacillus pobuzihii
(Chen et al. 2010) |
Ligilactobacillus pobuzihii | |
| Lactobacillus ruminis
(Sharpe et al. 1973) |
Ligilactobacillus ruminis | |
| Lactobacillus saerimneri
(Pedersen and Roos 2004) |
Ligilactobacillus saerimneri | |
| Lactobacillus salitolerans
(Tohno et al. 2019) |
Ligilactobacillus salitolerans | |
| Lactiplantibacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus plantarum
(Bergey et al. 1923) |
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | Bacils Gram positius immòbils, no formadors d'espores i homofermentatius. Fermenten una gran diversitat de glúcids. Moltes espècies metabolitzen àcid fenòlic mitjançant activitats esterasa, descarboxilasa i reductasa.
L. plantarum és atípic a causa de la seva activitat pseudocatalasa i la seva capacitat per reduir el nitrat. |
| Lactobacillus daoliensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Lactiplantibacillus daoliensis | |
| Lactobacillus daowaiensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Lactiplantibacillus daowaiensis | |
| Lactobacillus dongliensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Lactiplantibacillus dongliensis | |
| Lactobacillus fabifermentans
(De Bruyne et al. 2009) |
Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans | |
| Lactobacillus herbarum
(Mao et al. 2015) |
Lactiplantibacillus herbarum | |
| Lactobacillus modestisalitolerans
(Miyashita et al. 2015) |
Lactiplantibacillus modestisalitolerans | |
| Lactobacillus mudanjiangensis
(Gu et al. 2013) |
Lactiplantibacillus mudanjiangensis | |
| Lactobacillus nangangensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Lactiplantibacillus nangangensis | |
| Lactobacillus paraplantarum
(Curk et al. 1996) |
Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum | |
| Lactobacillus pentosus
(Zanoni et al. 1987) |
Lactiplantibacillus pentosus | |
| Lactobacillus pingfangensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Lactiplantibacillus pingfangensis | |
| Lactobacillus plajomi
(Miyashita et al. 2015) |
Lactiplantibacillus plajomi | |
| Lactobacillus songbeiensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Lactiplantibacillus songbeiensis | |
| Lactobacillus xiangfangensis
(Gu et al. 2012) |
Lactiplantibacillus xiangfangensis | |
| Heterofermentatius | ||
| Furfurilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus rossiae
(Corsetti et al. 2005) |
Furfurilactobacillus rossiae | Bacils Gram positius, heterofermentatius i aerotolerants. Creixen entre 15 i 37 °C i no toleren temperatures superiors als 45 °C. |
| Lactobacillus curtus
(Asakawa et al. 2017) |
Furfurilactobacillus curtus | |
| Lactobacillus siliginis
(Aslam et al. 2006) |
Furfurilactobacillus siligini | |
| Paucilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus vaccinostercus
(Okada et al. 1979) |
Paucilactobacillus vaccinostercus | Bacils Gram positius, heterofermentatius, catalasa negatius i aerotolerants. Creixen entre 20 i 37 °C. Moltes espècies són psicròtrofes, però el P. suebicus creix a 45 °C. Metabolitzen pentoses i moltes soques no fermenten disacàrids. |
| Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis
(Tohno et al. 2013) |
Paucilactobacillus hokkaidonensis | |
| Lactobacillus kaifaensis
(Liu and Gu 2019) |
Paucilactobacillus kaifaensis | |
| Lactobacillus nenjiangensis
(Gu et al. 2013) |
Paucilactobacillus nenjiangensis | |
| Lactobacillus oligofermentans
(Koort et al. 2005) |
Paucilactobacillus oligofermentans | |
| Lactobacillus suebicus
(Kleynmans et al. 1989) |
Paucilactobacillus suebicus | |
| Lactobacillus wasatchensis
(Oberg et al. 2016) |
Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis | |
| Limosilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus fermentum
(Beijerinck 1901) |
Limosilactobacillus fermentum | Poden ser cocs o bacils Gram positius, són heterofermentatius, catalasa negatius i anaerobis o aerotolerants. Creixen a 37 °C i algunes d'elles a 45 °C però no creixen a 15 °C. Fermenten una gran diversitat de glúcids encara que moltes espècies no fermenten la glucosa. Algunes espècies com el L. reuteri produeixen exopolisacàrids a partir de la sacarosa per donar suport a la formació del biofilm que té lloc a la superfície epitelial del tracte intestinal. |
| Lactobacillus alvi
(Kim et al. 2011) |
Limosilactobacillus alvi | |
| Lactobacillus antri
(Roos et al. 2005) |
Limosilactobacillus antri | |
| Lactobacillus caviae
(Killer et al. 2017) |
Limosilactobacillus caviae | |
| Lactobacillus coleohominis
(Nikolaitchouk et al. 2001) |
Limosilactobacillus coleohominis | |
| Lactobacillus equigenerosi
(Endo et al. 2008) |
Limosilactobacillus equigenerosi | |
| Lactobacillus frumenti
(Müller et al. 2000) |
Limosilactobacillus frumenti | |
| Lactobacillus gastricus
(Roos et al. 2005) |
Limosilactobacillus gastricus | |
| Lactobacillus gorillae
(Tsuchida et al. 2014) |
Limosilactobacillus gorillae | |
| Lactobacillus ingluviei
(Baele et al. 2003) |
Limosilactobacillus ingluviei | |
| Lactobacillus mucosae
(Roos et al. 2000) |
Limosilactobacillus mucosae | |
| Lactobacillus oris
(Farrow et al. 1988) |
Limosilactobacillus oris | |
| Lactobacillus panis
(Wiese et al. 1996) |
Limosilactobacillus panis | |
| Lactobacillus pontis
(Vogel et al. 1994) |
Limosilactobacillus pontis | |
| Lactobacillus reuteri
(Kandler et al. 1982) |
Limosilactobacillus reuteri | |
| Lactobacillus secaliphilus
(Ehrmann et al. 2007) |
Limosilactobacillus secaliphilus | |
| Lactobacillus vaginalis
(Embley et al. 1989) |
Limosilactobacillus vaginalis | |
| Secundilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus malefermentans
(Farrow et al. 1989) |
Secundilactobacillus malefermentans | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius i heterofermentatius. La majoria d'espècies creixen a 15 °C i algunes a 45 °C. L'interval de pH en el que són capaces de créixer és molt variable. El gènere s'ha adaptat a hàbitats pobres en hexosa. Tenen gens que codifiquen la transaldolasa i la transcetolasa, enzims que intervenen en el metabolisme de les pentoses a piruvat. Són capaces de metabolitzar els diols mitjançant la via diol-hidratasa i de convertir l'agmatina. |
| Lactobacillus collinoides
(Carr and Davies 1972) |
Secundilactobacillus collinoides | |
| Lactobacillus kimchicus
(Liang et al. 2011) |
Secundilactobacillus kimchicus | |
| Lactobacillus mixtipabuli
(Tohno et al. 2015) |
Secundilactobacillus mixtipabuli | |
| Lactobacillus odoratitofui
(Chao et al. 2010) |
Secundilactobacillus odoratitofui | |
| Lactobacillus oryzae
(Tohno et al. 2013) |
Secundilactobacillus oryzae | |
| Lactobacillus paracollinoides
(Suzuki et al. 2004) |
Secundilactobacillus paracollinoides | |
| Lactobacillus pentosiphilus
(Tohno et al. 2017) |
Secundilactobacillus pentosiphilus | |
| Lactobacillus silagei
(Tohno et al. 2013) |
Secundilactobacillus silagei | |
| Lactobacillus silangincola
(Tohno et al. 2017) |
Secundilactobacillus silagincola | |
| Lactobacillus similis
(Kitahara et al. 2010) |
Secundilactobacillus similis | |
| Levilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus brevis
(Bergey et al. 1934) |
Levilactobacillus brevis | Són bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius i heterofermentatius. Creixen a 15 °C però no a 45 °C, són àcid tolerats i normalment creixen entre pH 4 i 7. Produeixen àcid D- i L-làctic.
Tenen gens que codifiquen la transaldolasa i la transcetolasa, enzims que intervenen en el metabolisme de les pentoses a piruvat. |
| Lactobacillus acidifarinae
(Vancanneyt et al. 2005) |
Levilactobacillus acidifarinae | |
| Lactobacillus bambusae
(Guu et al. 2018) |
Levilactobacillus bambusae | |
| Lactobacillus cerevisiae
(Koob et al. 2017) |
Levilactobacillus cerevisiae | |
| Lactobacillus fujinensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Levilactobacillus fujinensis | |
| Lactobacillus fuyuanensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Levilactobacillus fuyuanensis | |
| Lactobacillus hammesii
(Valcheva et al. 2005) |
Levilactobacillus hammesii | |
| Lactobacillus huananensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Levilactobacillus huananensis | |
| Lactobacillus koreensis
(Naam Bui et al. 2011) |
Levilactobacillus koreensis | |
| Lactobacillus lindianensis
(Long and Gu, 2019) |
Levilactobacillus lindianensis | |
| Lactobacillus mulengensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Levilactobacillus mulengensis | |
| Lactobacillus namurensis
(Scheirlinck et al. 2007) |
Levilactobacillus namurensis | |
| Lactobacillus parabrevis
(Vancanneyt et al. 2006) |
Levilactobacillus parabrevis | |
| Lactobacillus paucivorans (Ehrmann et al. 2010) | Levilactobacillus paucivorans | |
| Lactobacillus senmaizukei
(Hiraga et al. 2008) |
Levilactobacillus senmaizukei | |
| Lactobacillus spicheri
(Meroth et al. 2004) |
Levilactobacillus spicheri | |
| Lactobacillus suantsaii
(Liou et al. 2019) |
Levilactobacillus suantsaii | |
| Lactobacillus suantsaiihabitans
(Lin et al. 2019) |
Levilactobacillus suantsaiihabitans | |
| Lactobacillus tangyuanensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Levilactobacillus tangyuanensis | |
| Lactobacillus tongjianensis
(Long and Gu 2019) |
Levilactobacillus tongjiangensi | |
| Lactobacillus yonginensis
(Yi et al. 2013) |
Levilactobacillus yonginensis | |
| Lactobacillus zymae
(Vancanneyt et al. 2005) |
Levilactobacillus zymae | |
| Fructilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus fructivorans
(Charlton et al. 1934) |
Fructilactobacillus fructivorans | Són bacils Gram positius, heterofermentatius, catalasa negatius i aerotolerants. Creixen a 15 °C, però no a partir de 37 °C. Fermenten pocs glúcids i algunes soques només la maltosa i la sacarosa. La majoria de soques de les diferents espècies són fructofíliques i utilitzen la fructosa com a últim acceptor d'electrons en lloc d'una font de carboni. |
| Lactobacillus florum
(Endo et al. 2010) |
Fructilactobacillus florum | |
| Lactobacillus ixorae
(Techo et al. 2016) |
Fructilactobacillus ixorae | |
| Lactobacillus lindneri
(Back et al. 1997) |
Fructilactobacillus lindneri | |
| Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis
(Weiss and Schillinger 1984) |
Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis | |
| Lactobacillus vespulae
(Hoang et al. 2015) |
Fructilactobacillus vespulae | |
| Acetilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus jinshani
(Yu et al. 2020) |
Acetilactobacillus jinshanensis | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius i heterofermentatius. Mesòfils, creixen entre els 20-40 °C, i són àcid tolerants, amb un pH òptim de 4. Fermenten polialcohols i disacàrids per obtenir àcid làctic i exclouen la majoria d'hexoses i pentoses. |
| Apilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus kunkeei
(Edwards et al. 1998) |
Apilactobacillus kunkeei | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius i heterofermentatius. Creixen entre 15 i 37 °C. Moltes soques poden créixer en condicions de pH àcides, per sota de 3. Totes les soques metabolitzen la fructosa per obtenir mannitol. Només són capaces de fermentar un petit espectre de glúcids, entre ells, fructosa, glucosa i la sacarosa. No són capaces de fermentar la maltosa ni pentoses. |
| Lactobacillus apinorum
(Olofsson et al. 2014) |
Apilactobacillus apinorum | |
| Lactobacillus kosoi
(Chiou et al. 2018) |
Apilactobacillus kosoi | |
| Lactobacillus micheneri
(McFrederick et al. 2018) |
Apilactobacillus micheneri | |
| Lactobacillus ozensis
(Kawasaki et al. 2011) |
Apilactobacillus ozensis | |
| Lactobacillus quenuiae
(Frederick et al. 2018) |
Apilactobacillus quenuiae | |
| Lactobacillus timberlakei
(McFrederick et al. 2018) |
Apilactobacillus timberlakei | |
| Lentilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus buchneri
(Bergey et al. 1923) |
Lentilactobacillus buchneri | Bacils Gram positius, catalasa negatius i heterofermentatius. La majoria creixen a 15 °C i algunes a 45 °C. L'interval de pH per créixer és molt variable, però l'òptim és per sota de 6. La majoria metabolitzen el lactat a 1,2-propandiol i/o l'1,2-propandiol a propanol i propionat. Per via agmatina deiminasa, converteixen l'agmatina, un producte de l'arginina mitjançant l'acció de l'enzim arginina descarboxilasa, en N-carbamoylputrescina i NH₃. |
| Lactobacillus curieae
(Lei et al. 2013) |
Lentilactobacillus curieae | |
| Lactobacillus diolivorans
(Kroonemen et al. 2001) |
Lentilactobacillus diolivorans | |
| Lactobacillus farraginis
(Endo and Okada 2007) |
Lentilactobacillus farraginis | |
| Lactobacillus hilgardii
(Douglas and Cruess 1936) |
Lentilactobacillus hilgardi | |
| Lactobacillus kefir
(Kandler and Kunath 1983) |
Lentilactobacillus kefir | |
| Lactobacillus kisonensis
(Watanabe et al. 2009) |
Lentilactobacillus kisonensis | |
| Lactobacillus otakiensis
(Watanabe et al. 2009) |
Lentilactobacillus otakiensis | |
| Lactobacillus parabuchneri
(Farrow et al. 1988) |
Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri | |
| Lactobacillus parafarraginis
(Endo and Okada 2007) |
Lentilactobacillus parafarraginis | |
| Lactobacillus parakefiri
(Takizawa et al. 1994) |
Lentilactobacillus parakefiri | |
| No es va arribar a publicar com Lactobacillus raoultii
(Nicaise et al. 2019) |
Lentilactobacillus raoultii | |
| Lactobacillus rapi
(Watanabe et al. 2009) |
Lentilactobacillus rapi | |
| Lactobacillus senioris
(Oki et al. 2012) |
Lentilactobacillus senioris | |
| Lactobacillus sunkii
(Watanabe et al. 2009) |
Lentilactobacillus sunkii | |
Referències
modifica- ↑ «Lactic Acid Bacteria» (en anglès). Wiley Online Library, 30-04-2014. DOI: 10.1002/9781118655252.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Zhang, Heping; Cai, Yimin «Lactic Acid Bacteria: Fundamentals and Practice» (en anglès). Springer, Dordrecht, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8841-0.
- ↑ Gray, Nathan. «Lactobacillus taxonomy changes: What implications for your activities?» (en anglès americà), 21-04-2020. [Consulta: 19 gener 2021].
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B. «A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae». International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,, 70, 4, 2020, pàg. 2782–2858. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. ISSN: 1466-5026.
- ↑ Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus «List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ» (en anglès). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 70, 11, 01-11-2020, pàg. 5607–5612. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332. ISSN: 1466-5026. PMC: PMC7723251. PMID: 32701423.