Benutzer:Ralfdetlef/Hubert Harrison

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Hubert Henry Harrison (geboren am 27. April 1883 in St. Croix, Dänisch-Westindien [ heute Amerikanische Jungferninseln]; gestorben am 17. Dezember 1927 in New York City) war ein afroamerikanischer Autor und Redner, Lehrer, Kritiker und Aktivist. Der kommunistische, rassenbewußte und internationalistische politische Radikale Harrison lebte in Harlem. Er wurde von Asa Philip Randolph als „Vater des Harlemer Radikalismus“ bezeichnet. Der Historiker Joel Augustus Rogers erklärte ihn zum „führenden Afro-Amerikanische Denker seiner Zeit“. John G. Jackson von der Vereinigung American Atheists erhob ihn gar zum „Schwarzen Sokrates“.

Als 17- jähriger aus St. Croix eingewandert, spielte Hubert Harrison eine wichtige Rolle im den radikalen Klassen- und Rassenbewegungen in den Vereinigten Staaten. Von 1912–14 war er der führende schwarze Organisator der Socialist Party of America. 1917 gründete er die Liberty League und The Voice, die erste Organization und die erste Zeitung der rassisch selbstbewußten New Negro Bewegung. Aus diesen beiden Organisationen rekrutierte sich die engste Führung und entstand das rassenbewußte Programm der Garvey Bewegung.

Harrison war ein "seminal" und einflußreicher Denker, er beförderte das Klassenbewußstein von Arbeitern und verkörperte in seiner Person "schwarzen Stolz" black pride, "agnostischen Atheismus" agnostic atheism, "sekularen Humanismus" secular humanism, "gesellschaftlichen Progressismus" social progressivism, und "Freidenken"?? freethought. Er bezeichnete sich selbst als radikalen Internationalisten und trug zur Radikalen Tradition der Karibik in wesentlichem Ausmaß bei.

Sein Einfluß auf eine ganze Generation der "New Negro" Militanten war bedeutend, auf A. Philip Randolph, Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, Richard Benjamin Moore, W. A. Domingo, Williana Burroughs und Cyril Briggs.

Early life

Hubert Harrisons Mutter war Cecilia Elizabeth Haines, eine Arbeiterin aus Estate Concordia, St. Croix, Danish West Indies.

Sein Vater, Adolphus Harrison, wurde in die Sklaverei geboren. Ein Bericht aus den 1920er Jahren schrieb ihm Landbesitz in bemerkenswertem Ausmaß zu.

Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrisons Biograf, fand keinen Grund für die Annahme, der Vater, als einfacher Arbeiter, könnte Land besessen oder auch nur gemietet haben: "there is no indication that Adolphus, a laborer his entire life, ever owned, or even rented, land".

Harrison kannte als Kind also Armut, aber er lernte afrikanische Traditionen kennen und auch die an direkten Massenkämpfen reiche Geschichte der Bewohner von St. Croix .

Ein Schulkamarad wurde sein lebenslanger Freund: der Arbeiterführer und soziale Aktivist auf Ste. Croix, D. Hamilton Jackson.

In later life Harrison worked with many Virgin Islands-born activists, including James C. Canegata, Anselmo Jackson, Rothschild Francis, Elizabeth Hendrikson, Casper Holstein, and Frank Rudolph Crosswaith.

He was especially active in Virgin Island causes after the March 1917 U.S. purchase of the Virgin Islands, and subsequent abuses under the U.S. naval occupation of the islands.

Emigration und Schulbildung

Harrison kam im Jahr 1900 als 17-jähriger Waise nach New York, wo seine ältere Schwester bereits lebte .

Er traf dort auf eine ihm bisher unbekannte Form rassistischer Unterdrückung. In den Vereinigten Staaten wurde der Unterschied von Weißen und Schwarzen ganz rigoros verstanden, in der Karibik gab es durchaus grenzüberschreitende soziale Beziehungen.

Schokierend war vor allem das in der Karibik ganz unbekannte Lynchen von Negern, das in diesen Jahren in den Südstaaten der USA einen Höhepunkt erreichte

Harrison was especially "shocked" by the virulent white-supremacy typified by lynchings, which were reaching a peak in these years in the South. They were a horror that had not existed in St. Croix or other Caribbean islands. In addition, the fact that in most places blacks and people of color far outnumbered whites meant they had more social spaces in which to operate away from the oversight of whites.

In the beginning, Harrison worked low-paying service jobs while attending high school at night. For the rest of his life, Harrison continued to study as an autodidact. While he was still in high school, his intellectual gifts were recognized. He was described as a "genius" in The World, a New York daily newspaper. At age 20, he had an early letter published by The New York Times in 1903. He became an American citizen and lived in the United States the rest of his life.

Marriage and family

In 1909 Harrison married Irene Louise Horton. They had four daughters and one son.

Kariere

In seiner ersten Dekade in New York schrieb Harrison Briefe an die Herausgeber der The New York Times über Themen wie das Lynchen oder Charles Darwin's Theorie der Evolution und auch Literaturkritik.

Er begann Vorträge über Themen wie die Dichtung Paul Laurence Dunbars oder die Nachkriegsepoche der Rekonstruktion zu halten.

Harrison arbeitete mit St. Benedict's Lyceum (neben dem bibliophilen Arthur Schomburg (ursprünglich aus Puerto Rico), dem Journalisten John Edward Bruce, und dem Aktivisten Samuel Duncan); dann mit St. Mark's Lyceum (mit dem bibliophilen George Young, dem Lehrer/Aktivisten John Dotha Jones, und dem Schauspieler/Aktivisten Charles Burroughs); auch dem White Rose Heim (mit dem Lehrer/Aktivisten Frances Reynolds Keyser), und mit der YMCA für Farbige.

Damals begann sich Harrison auch für die Freidenker freethought Bewegung zu interessieren, die bei der Lösung von Problemen eine Berufung auf religiöse und kirchliche Dogmen durch den Gebrauch der wissenschaftlichen Methode scientific method, die Begründung durch Erfahrung/Empirizismus empiricism und Vernunft reason ablösen wollte./ theistic dogma.

Er löste sich vom Christentum und bekannte sich zu einem Agnostizismus (oder sogar zum Atheismus?), wie er von einem seiner Vorbilder, von Thomas Huxley vertreten wurde. Gott wurde in Harrisons Weltanschauung aus dem Zentrum vertrieben und durch "säkularen Humanismus" ersetzt. He deconverted from Christianity and became an agnostic atheist similar to Thomas Huxley, one of his influences. Harrison's new worldview placed humanity, not god, at its center. Der religiöse Glaube an einen Gott Theismus wurde für Harrison, wie für Huxley, ein lebenslanger, unermütlicher Feind. Like Huxley, Harrison became a relentless foe of theism and religious faith for the rest of his life.

He denounced the Bible as a slave master’s book, said that black Christians needed their heads examined, and refused to exalt a "lily white God " and "Jim Crow Jesus." He rebuked the famous motto, "Take the world, but give me Jesus", saying that it legitimized anti-black racism and discrimination. He also said that he preferred going to hell rather than heaven since Satan and his demons were black while God, Jesus, and the angels were white. Harrison repeatedly offered scathing rebuttals to both the Bible and the existence of God in his sociopolitical commentary. Theists, incensed at his outspoken disbelief, often rioted during his lectures and public speeches. During one such incident, Harrison disarmed and chased off a religious extremist who attacked him with a crowbar. A policeman arrested Harrison for assault, letting the assailant get away. A judge found Harrison innocent on grounds of self-defense and admonished the officer for detaining the wrong person. Harrison had been arguing at his event for birth control, and castigating Churches for advancing racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

Harrison was a firm advocate for separation of Church and State, taxation of religious organizations, and teaching evolution in schools. He said that Caucasians were more like apes than black people, having straight hair and fair skin. He also famously remarked, "Show me a population that is deeply religious, and I will show you a servile population, content with whips and chains, contumely and the gibbet, content to eat the bread of sorrow and drink the waters of affliction."

In 1907 Harrison obtained a job at the United States Post Office.

Harrison was an early supporter of the protest philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. Particularly after the Brownsville Affair, Harrison became an outspoken critic of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and of the Republican Party.

He also criticized the prominent Black leader Booker T. Washington, whose political philosophy he considered subservient. In 1910 Harrison wrote two letters to the New York Sun that were critical of statements by Washington. Harrison lost his postal employment through the efforts of Washington's powerful "Tuskegee Machine", in events that involved the prominent Black Republican Charles W. Anderson, Washington's assistant Emmett Scott, and New York Postmaster Edward M. Morgan.

Socialism

Vorlage:American socialism Harrison was an early advocate of the Georgist economic philosophy and later clarified that he had believed Georgism was the same thing as socialism. In 1911, after his postal firing, Harrison began full-time work with the Socialist Party of America and became America's leading Black Socialist. He lectured widely against capitalism, campaigned for the party presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs in 1912, and founded the Colored Socialist Club (the Socialist's first effort at reaching African Americans). He developed two important and pioneering theoretical series on "The Negro and Socialism" for the socialist newspaper the New York Call and for the socialist monthly International Socialist Review. In these articles Harrison outlined a materialist analysis of racism, arguing that it resulted from "the fallacy of economic fear" and economic competition, and that capitalists had an interest in maintaining economic discrimination based on racism, as "they can always use it as a club for the other workers". He maintained that it was the principal "duty" of the Socialists to "champion the cause of the African American and that the Socialists should undertake special efforts to reach African Americans as they had done with foreigners and women." Perhaps most importantly, he emphasized that "Politically, the Negro is the touchstone of the modern democratic idea" and that true democracy and equality implies "a revolution... startling even to think of."

Harrison moved to the left in the Socialist Party. He supported the socialistic, egalitarian, and militantly radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He was a prominent speaker along with IWW leaders Bill Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, and Patrick Quinlan at the historic 1913 Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He also supported IWW advocacy of direct action and sabotage. He commended the interracial, IWW-influenced, Brotherhood of Timber Workers efforts in the Deep South.

Despite his efforts, Socialist Party practice and positions included segregated locals in the South and racist positions on Asian immigration. Harrison's position in the Party was also affected by his alignment with its left-wing and the IWW, who were engaged in factional struggle with its right-wing faction: many leftists exited after Haywood (who had been a member of the SPA's executive committee) was expelled from the Party in 1912. The Socialist Party of New York was led by Morris Hillquit, a prominent figure on the right, and party leaders in New York City began restricting Harrison's activities, including preventing his own branch from having him as a speaker. Harrison concluded that Socialist Party leaders, like organized labor, put the white "Race first and class after." After writing a note to the NYC executive committee telling it to "go chase itself", he was suspended from the Party for three months: he resigned from the Socialist Party in 1918, before his suspension was over, but was periodically referred to as a socialist by others for years afterwards. After resigning from the Socialist Party, Harrison increased his activism within the 1920s Single-Tax movement.

Race radicalism and the New Negro Movement

In 1914–15, after withdrawing from the Socialist Party, Harrison began work with freethinkers, the freethought/anarchist-influenced Modern School Movement (started by the martyred Spanish anarchist/educator Francisco Ferrer), and his own Radical Forum. He also spoke widely on topics such as birth control, evolution, literature, nonbelief, and the racial aspects of World War I. His outdoor talks and free speech efforts were instrumental in developing a Harlem tradition of militant street corner oratory. He paved the way for those who followed, including A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and (later) Malcolm X.

In 1915–16, after a New York Age editorial by James Weldon Johnson praised his street lectures, Harrison decided to concentrate his work in Harlem's Black community. He wrote reviews on the developing Black Theatre and the pioneering Lafayette Players of the Lafayette Theatre (Harlem). He emphasized how the "Negro Theater" helped express the psychology of the "Negro" and how it called attention to color consciousness within the African-American community.

In response to the "white first" attitude of the organized labor movement and the Socialists, Harrison provided a "race first" political perspective. He founded the "New Negro Movement," as a race-conscious, internationalist, mass-based, radical movement for equality, justice, opportunity, and economic power. This "New Negro" movement laid the basis for the Garvey movement. It encouraged mass interest in literature and the arts, and paved the way for publication of Alain Locke's well-known The New Negro eight years later. Harrison's mass-based political movement was noticeably different from the more middle-class and apolitical movement associated with Locke.

In 1917, African Americans and others were asked to 'Make the World Safe for Democracy" by fighting during World War I. In the United States, lynchings, racial segregation and discrimination continued. Harrison founded the Liberty League and the Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro, as a radical alternative to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The Liberty League aimed at the Black masses beyond "The Talented Tenth". Its program advocated internationalism, political independence, and class and race consciousness. It called for full equality, federal anti-lynching legislation, enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, labor organizing, support for socialist and anti-imperialist causes, armed self-defense, and mass-based political efforts. Meanwhile, the Voice achieved circulation of up to 10,000 per issue, however it ceased publication in November 1917 after five months, after refusing to accept advertising for products Harrison felt were damaging to racial pride such as hair straighteners and skin lighteners, and due to poor financial management. Harrison pointed to Ireland and the Irish Home Rule movement as an example to emulate.

1918 war Harrison für kurze Zeit ein Orfganisator der American Federation of Labor (AFL). Zusammen mit William Monroe Trotter leitete er den "Negro-American Liberty Congress", den wichtigsten Versuch eines afro- amerikanischen Protestes in der Zeit des 1. Weltkrieges.

Der Liberty Congress verlangte Maßnahmen gegen Diskrimination and Rassentrennung in den United States und er unterbreitete dem Congress der USA eine Petitation, die eine staatliche (federal) Gesetzgebung gegen das Lynchen forderte. Etwas, daß die NAACP damals nicht forderte.

Harrison commented on domestic and international aspects of the war, writing: "During the war the idea of democracy was widely advertised, especially in the English-speaking world, mainly as a convenient camouflage behind which competing imperialists masked their sordid aims... [however] those who so loudly proclaimed and formulated the new democratic demands never had the slightest intention of extending the limits or the applications of 'democracy.'"

The autonomous Liberty Congress effort was undermined by the U.S. Army's anti-radical Military Intelligence Bureau (MIB) in a campaign that included NAACP leader Joel E. Spingarn (a Major in Military Intelligence) and W. E. B. Du Bois (who applied for a Captaincy in Military Intelligence). The Liberty Congress protest efforts in wartime can be seen as precursors to the A. Philip Randolph-led March on Washington Movement during World War II, and to the Randolph and Martin Luther King Jr.-led March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom during the Vietnam War.

1919 gab Harrison den New Negro heraus, ein monatliches Magazin, geplant als Medium/"Organ" des internationalen Bewußtseins der dunkleren Rassen, vor allem der "Neger Rasse". Harrison's concentration on international matters continued. Over the next several years, he wrote many powerful pieces critical of imperialism and supportive of internationalism. His writings and talks over his last decade revealed a deep understanding of developments in India, China, Africa, Asia, the Islamic world, and the Caribbean. Harrison repeatedly began his analysis of contemporary situations from an international perspective. Though a strong advocate of armed self-defense for African Americans, he also praised the mass-based non-violent efforts of Mohandas K. Gandhi.

Die Garvey Bewegung

Januar 1920 wurde Harrison der hauptsächliche Herausgeber der Negro World, der Zeitung von Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). In den folgenden acht Monaten entwickelte er es zur führenden rassenbewußten, radikalen schwarzen literarischen Veröffentlichung der Zeit. Aber bereits auf der UNIA Versammlung im August 1920 war Harrisons Einstellung zu Garvey kritisch. . Garveys Übertreibungen, finanzielle Machenschaften, seinen Traum eines ausgedehnten (schwarzen) Reiches

.

Spätere Jahre

In den 1920er Jahren, nach dem Bruch mit Garvey, gab Harrison seine Arbeit nicht auf

He lectured on politics history, science, literature, social sciences, international affairs, and the arts for the New York City Board of Education, and was one of the first to use radio to discuss topics in which he had expertise. In early July 1923, he spoke on "The Negro and The Nation" over New York station WEAF. His book and theater reviews and other writings appeared in many of the leading periodicals of the day—including The New York Times, New York Tribune, Pittsburgh Courier, Chicago Defender, Amsterdam News, New York World, Nation, New Republic, Modern Quarterly, Boston Chronicle, and Opportunity magazine.

Er kritisierte den Ku Klux Klan und den furchtbaren Tulsa Race Riot, 1921, einen rassistischen Angriff auf wohlhabende Schwarze. ("Massaker von Tulsa").

Er arbeitete (wie??) mit sehr unterschiedlichen "Gruppen", dem Virgin Island Congressional Council, den Demokraten Democratic Party, der ((populistischen??)) Farmer-Labor Party, der von Henry George inspirierten "Eine Steuer" Bewegung (single tax, Henry George), den Quäkern (??) vom American Friends Service Committee, der Urban League, dem American Negro Labor Congress, und der (kommunistischen) "Arbeiterpartei" ("Workers (Communist) Party"), der damalige Name der CP USA.

In 1924 Harrison founded the International Colored Unity League (ICUL), which was his most broadly unitary effort. The ICUL urged Black people to develop "race consciousness" as a defensive measure—to be aware of their racial oppression and to use that awareness to unite, organize, and respond as a group. The ICUL program sought political rights, economic power, and social justice; urged self-reliance, self-sufficiency, and cooperative efforts; and called for the founding of "a Negro state" in the U.S. (not in Africa, as Garvey advocated). In 1927 Harrison edited the ICUL's Voice of the Negro until shortly before his death that year.

In his last lecture, Harrison told his listeners that he had appendicitis and would be getting surgery. Afterwards, he said he would be giving another lecture. He died on the operating table, at the age of 44.

Intellectual and educational work

Harrison's appeal was both mass and individual. His race-conscious mass appeal utilized newspapers, popular lectures, and street-corner talks. This was in contrast to the approaches of Booker T. Washington, who relied on white patrons and a Black political machine, and W. E. B. Du Bois, who focused on the "Talented Tenth of the Negro Race". Harrison's appeal (later identified with that of Garvey) was aimed directly at the masses. His class- and race-conscious radicalism, though neglected at some periods, laid out the contours of much subsequent debate and discussion of African-American social activists. It is being increasingly studied.

For many years after his 1927 death, Harrison was much neglected. However, recent scholarship on Harrison's life and the Columbia University Library's acquisition of his papers show renewed interest. Columbia published the "Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid", and plans to make Harrison's writings available on the internet. The forthcoming Columbia University Press two-volume Harrison biography also reflects the growing interest in Harrison's life and thought.

Legacy and honors

Biographer Jeffrey B. Perry writes that, among the African-American leaders of his era, Harrison was "the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals." Perry emphasized that Harrison was a key unifying figure between two major trends of African-American struggle—the labor/civil rights trend (identified with Randolph and Owen, and later with Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist trend (identified with Garvey, and later with Malcolm X).

Harrison has been described as "the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century" by historian Winston James.

As an intellectual, Harrison was an unrivaled soapbox orator, a featured lecturer for the New York City Board of Education's prestigious "Trend of the Times" series, a prolific and influential writer, and, reportedly, the first Black person to write regularly published book reviews in history. His efforts in these areas were lauded by both black and white writers, intellectuals, and activists such as Eugene O'Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson. Harrison aided Black writers and artists, including Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He was a pioneer Black participant in the freethought and birth control movements as well as being a bibliophile and library popularizer. He created "Poetry for the People" columns in various publications, including the New Negro magazine (1919), Garvey's Negro World (1920), and the International Colored Unity League's The Voice of the Negro (1927).

A sampling of his varied work and poetry appears in the edited collection A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). His collected writings are found in the Hubert H. Harrison Papers (which also contain a detailed Finding Aid) at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Columbia University. Other writings appear in his two books The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. A two-volume biography by Jeffrey B. Perry is being published by Columbia University Press. The first volume, The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918, was published in November 2008 (an excerpt is available online).

In 2005 Columbia University's Rare Book and Manuscript Library acquired Harrison's papers and the digitalized papers were made available through Columbia's Digital Library Collections website in 2020 .

Other reading

Writings by Hubert H. Harrison

• A Hubert Harrison Reader, ed. with introduction and notes by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001).
• "Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid," Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. A list of Harrison's writings available at Columbia. On Columbia's acquisition of the Papers see "Rare Book and Manuscript Library Acquires the Papers of Hubert Harrison." The Father of Harlem Radicalism," Columbia University Library News. Columbia also plans to put Harrison's Writings online.
• Harrison, Hubert H., "A Negro on Chicken Stealing", Letter to the editor, The New York Times, December 11, 1904, p. 6.
• Harrison, Hubert, The Black Man's Burden [1915].
• Harrison, Hubert H., The Negro and Nation (New York: Cosmo-Advocate Publishing Company, 1917).
• Harrison, Hubert, "On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers," Negro World, March 1922.
• Harrison, Hubert H., When Africa Awakes: The "Inside Story" of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World (New York: Porro Press, 1920), New Expanded Edition, edited with notes and a new introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (New York: Diasporic Africa Press, 2015).
• "Transfer Day: Hubert Harrison’s Analysis" (Seite dauerhaft nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Dezember 2017.), Virgin Islands Daily News, March 31.

Personal biographical sketches

• Jackson, John G., "Hubert Henry Harrison: The Black Socrates", American Atheists, February 1987.
• Moore, Richard B., "Hubert Henry Harrison (1883-1927)", in Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston (eds), Dictionary of American Negro Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 292–93.
• Rogers, Joel A., "Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator", in Joel A. Rogers, World's Great Men of Color, ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1946–47; New York: Collier Books, 1972), 2:432-42.

Main biographical portraits

• Philip S. Foner: Local New York, the Colored Socialist Club, Hubert H. Harrison, and W. E. B. Du Bois. In: Philip S. Foner (Hrsg.): American Socialism and Black Americans: From the Age of Jackson to World War II (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 202–219.
• Patrick Innis: "Hubert Henry Harrison: Great African American Freethinker", Secular Subjects (St. Louis: Rationalist Society of St. Louis, 1992), rpt. in American Atheists Examiner. See also Inniss, Patrick in AAH Examiner, vol. 4, no. 4, Winter 1994.
• Portia James: "Hubert H. Harrison and the New Negro Movement", Western Journal of Black Studies, 13, no. 2 (1989): 82–91.
• James, Winston: "Dimensions and Main Currents of Caribbean Radicalism in America: Hubert Harrison, the African Blood Brotherhood, and the UNIA," in Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America (New York: Verso, 1998), 122–84.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: "The Developing Conjuncture and Some Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen on the Centrality of the Fight against White Supremacy," Cultural Logic, 2010.
• Jeffrey Perry: "An Introduction to Hubert Harrison, 'The Father of Harlem Radicalism,'" Souls, 2, no. 1 (Winter 2000), 38–54.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: "Hubert Harrison: Race Consciousness and the Struggle for Socialism", Socialism and Democracy, vol. 17, no. 2 (Summer–Fall 2003), 103–30.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: "Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Early 20th Century Harlem Radicalism," BlackPast.org, October 2008.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), ISBN 978-0-231-13910-6.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: "Hubert Henry Harrison 'The Father of Harlem Radicalism': The Early Years—1883 Through the Founding of the Liberty League and The Voice in 1917" (Ph. D. diss., Columbia University, 1986), includes an extensive bibliography (pp. 711–809).
• Jeffrey B. Perry: "On Hubert Harrison’s Importance" (Seite dauerhaft nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Dezember 2017.), Virgin Islands Daily News, February 18, 2003.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: Hubert Harrison: the struggle for equality, 1918-1927, New York : Columbia University Press, [2021], ISBN 978-0-231-18262-1.
• Wilfred David Samuels: Five Afro-Caribbean Voices in American Culture (Boulder: Belmont Books a Division of Cockburn Publishing, 1977), 27–41.

Further reading

• David Paterson: Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. New York, New York, 2020.
• John C. Walker: The Harlem Fox: J. Raymond Jones at Tammany 1920:1970, New York: State University New York Press, 1989.
• David Dinkins: A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic, PublicAffairs Books, 2013.
• Charles Rangel, Leon Wynter: And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress. St. Martin’s Press, New York 2007.
• Constance Baker Motley: Equal Justice Under The Law: An Autobiography, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1998.
• Ron Howell: Boss of Black Brooklyn: The Life and Times of Bertram L. Baker Fordham University Press Bronx, New York 2018.
• Hulan Jack: Fifty Years a Democrat:The Autobiography of Hulan Jack New Benjamin Franklin House New York, NY 1983.
• Adam Clayton Powell Jr.: Adam by Adam:The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. New York, New York 1972.
• Wendell E. Pritchett: Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2008.
• Benjamin J. Davis: Communist Councilman from Harlem:Autobiographical Notes Written in a Federal Penitentiary New York, New York 1969.

Weblinks

• List of recent and future public events related to Hubert Harrison
• Allan, John, "The Socialism of Hubert Harrison", News & Letters, January 2004.
• Anderson, Charles William to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds), The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972–1984), 11: 300-01 and 351.
• Brown, Egbert Ethelred, Papers Description web.archive.org Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/ParameterVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL (discusses Hubert Harrison Memorial Church), Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.
• Boyd, Herb, Review of Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918, Neworld Review, May 19, 2009.
• Fletcher, Bill Jr., "Radicals Known and Unknown", Monthly Review, December 2001.
• "The Hubert Harrison Center", C. L. R. James Institute.
• "Hubert Harrison: Life, Legacy, and Some Writings." web.archive.org Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/ParameterVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL
• McLemee, Scott, Harrison Redux, Columbia Journalism Review, May 6, 2009.
• McWhorter, John, "Dead End: Hubert Harrison’s militant, unproductive racial politics", City Journal online, 2-06-2009.
• Munro, John, "Roots of Whiteness", Labour/Le Travail, Fall 2004.
• Perry, Jeffrey B., "The Developing Conjuncture and Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen on the Centrality of the Fight Against White Supremacy", Cultural Logic, July 2010.
• Perry, Jeffrey B. Discusses Hubert Harrison in "Rediscovering Hubert Harrison". Interview conducted by Scott McLemeee on December 10, 2008, Inside Higher Ed.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: "Hubert Harrison: Race Consciousness and the Struggle for Socialism", Socialism and Democracy, vol. 17 no. 2 (Summer-Fall 2003), 103–30.
• Jeffrey B. Perry: Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
• Jeffrey B. Perry: Hubert Harrison: The Struggle for Equality, 1918-1927 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020).
• Jeffrey B. Perry: (ed.), A Hubert Harrison Reader (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001).
• Phelps, Christopher, "The Rediscovered Brilliance of Hubert Harrison", review of A Hubert Harrison Reader, Science and Society, Vol. 68, no. 2 (Summer 2004), 223–230.
• Ruff, Allen, "The Vital Legacy of Hubert Harrison", Against the Current, January/February 2004, no. 108, and in Solidarity.

Archive

• Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893–1927, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
  • Finding Aid
  • Digitised papers, Digital Library Collection

Audio

• "Jeffrey Perry Discusses Hubert Harrison", Podcast Interview, Inside Higher Ed, December 10, 2008.

Video

• "Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism" video of slide presentation/talk by Jeffrey B. Perry
• Jeffrey B. Perry, "On Hubert Harrison", Interview by Stella Winston, TV show "Straight Up!"
• Book Discussion on Hubert Harrison. C-SPAN, 21. Januar 2009, abgerufen am 26. April 2015. 
• "Hubert Harrison: Life, Legacy, and Some Writings."

Einzelnachweise

{{Authority control}} [[Category:1883 births]] [[Category:1927 deaths]] [[Category:African-American philosophers]] [[Category:African-American social scientists]] [[Category:American social scientists]] [[Category:American socialists]] [[Category:African-American writers]] [[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:American anti–World War I activists]] [[Category:American columnists]] [[Category:American humanists]] [[Category:American people of United States Virgin Islands descent]] [[Category:American anti-racism activists]] [[Category:Bibliophiles]] [[Category:Georgists]] [[Category:Harlem Renaissance]] [[Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America]] [[Category:Industrial Workers of the World members]] [[Category:People from Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]] [[Category:African-American agnostics]] [[Category:20th-century American philosophers]]