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Comparison between oxidative potentials measured of water-soluble components in ambient air PM1 and PM2.5 of Tehran, Iran

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Abstract

Epidemiological studies suggest that measuring the oxidation potential of particles is more appropriate than measuring PM mass concentration. For the quantification of oxidation potential (OP) associated with ambient particulate matter (PM), two cell-based and cell-free methods are commonly used. One of the most widely used cell-free methods for particle oxidation potential is the dithiothreitol (DTT, HSCH2 (CH (OH))2 CH2SH)), which requires less controlled environments and offers faster readout of PM oxidative potential. In the present study, to observe the seasonal variations of the OP of the particulate matter of different sizes (PM1, PM2.5), using a DTT assay water-based, the OP was measured during spring, summer, and autumn in the ambient air of Tehran city, the capital of Iran from 2021/4/17 to 2021/12/6. PM1 samples were collected with Sioutas cascade impactor using low-volume air samplers operating at a flow rate of 9 L/min, with high-volume air samplers (operating at a flow rate of 1.415 m3/min) used for PM2.5. PM1 and PM2.5 mass concentrations in ambient air were within (13.8–111.2) and (18.4–148.2) μg/m3 respectively. The results of the present study revealed that generally, OP of PM1 was higher than OP of PM2.5, and this value was larger in autumn than in spring and in spring higher than in summer. The correlation between the mass concentration of PM2.5 and oxidative potential mass normalized (OPDTTm) for total and spring was significant with R2 equal to 0.64 and 0.81, respectively, while a significant correlation was observed between oxidative potential volume normalized (OPDTTv) and PM2.5 mass concentration in summer with R2 of 0.63. It is expected that the existence of these studies can lead to measuring oxidative potential with the direct reading approach in the future.

Highlights

• The ability of particles to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured for the first time in Iran.

• Acellular assay dithiothreitol was used for oxidative potential (OP) in ambient air PM1 and PM2.5 of Tehran, Iran.

• OP of PM1 was higher than the OP of PM2.5

• The value OP of PM1 and PM2.5 was higher in autumn > spring > summer.

Graphical Abstract

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Fig. 1
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Data availability

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

WHO:

World Health Organization

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

PM:

Particulate matter

PM2.5 :

PM ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter

PM1 :

PM ≤ 1 μm in diameter

OP:

Oxidative Potential

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

PB:

Phosphate Buffer

DTNB:

5,5-Dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid

ANOVA:

One-way analysis of variance

SD:

Standard deviation

AA:

Ascorbate assay

GDH:

Reduced glutathione (assay)

ESR:

Electron spin resonance

C:

Concentration

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

OPDTTm :

Oxidative potential mass normalized

OPDTTv :

Oxidative potential mass normalized

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Acknowledgements

The authors would thank the Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), and Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

This study was funded by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 50803) and the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) (grant number: 99029028).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nahid Khoshnamvand, Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand & Kazem Naddafi

  2. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand & Kazem Naddafi

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  1. Nahid Khoshnamvand
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  2. Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
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  3. Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
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  4. Kazem Naddafi
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Contributions

Nahid Khoshanamvand: data curation, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi: methodology, validation, review and editing. Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand: review and editing, methodology. Kazem Nadafi: supervision, conceptualization, resources, review, and editing, project administration, funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Kazem Naddafi.

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Khoshnamvand, N., Nodehi, R.N., Hassanvand, M.S. et al. Comparison between oxidative potentials measured of water-soluble components in ambient air PM1 and PM2.5 of Tehran, Iran. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 1311–1320 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01343-y

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