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Unraveling the utilization feasibility of citrus peel solid distillation waste as potential source for antioxidant as well as bioethanol

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Abstract

Waste materials in large amount are being generated as distillation waste while essential oil from citrus peels is extracted. These peels are rich in phenolic compounds as well as dietary fibers, a prominent source for nutraceuticals together with bioethanol. In this present study, distillation wastes of three different citrus peels (kinnow, mosambi, and orange) were explored for extraction of phenolic compounds followed by bioethanol production. Ultrasonication-mediated methanolic extract produced the highest yield (19.8–23.1%) of phenolics. Total phenol and flavonoid content in the extract was more in kinnow peels than in mosambi and orange. Antioxidant potency composite (APC) index indicated higher activity for kinnow peels (5.98, 7.67) compared to orange (6.24, 7.69) and mosambi (6.36, 7.88) peels for respective fresh and distilled materials. Residual biomass after saccharification followed by fermentation showed approximately 1.91–2.96 times higher bioethanol production potential in distilled materials compared to non-distilled ones across different peels used. Removal of d-limonene (potential inhibitor of yeast) during hydrodistillation attributed to higher bioethanol production in the distilled materials. The highest ethanol concentration was observed in orange peel (7.89 g/L followed by mosambi (7.16 g/L and kinnow (5.08 g/L). This work primarily focuses on investigating the possibilities for utilization of these wastes into valuable nutraceuticals as well as potential feedstock for bioethanol formation that can be manifested as an important source for value addition and biorefinery.

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Data generated during this present investigation are included in this research article (and its additional/supplementary files). Any requests related to materials should be made to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Head, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India, for the support. The authors are also thankful to the laboratory staff of Division of Microbiology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India, for their help and support.

Funding

All the authors are thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, for the financial support provided for the execution of the study.

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  1. Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Rohan Sarkar, Anirban Dutta, Aditi Kundu & Supradip Saha

  2. Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Lata Nain

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Rohan Sarkar: literature survey, execution, and manuscript writing; Lata Nain: planning, execution, and guidance; Anirban Dutta: data analysis and manuscript editing; Aditi Kundu: computation work and manuscript writing; Supradip Saha: planning, guidance, data analysis, and manuscript editing.

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Sarkar, R., Nain, L., Dutta, A. et al. Unraveling the utilization feasibility of citrus peel solid distillation waste as potential source for antioxidant as well as bioethanol. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 27379–27391 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03367-3

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