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Combined use of pulse ultrasound–assisted extraction with atmospheric cold plasma: extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds from wood apple shell (Limonia acidissima)

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Abstract

The wood apple shells (Limonia acidissima) are often discarded as waste creating environmental hazards due to the limited knowledge of the beneficiaries of functional compounds. The current research aims to develop a process methodology to enhance the extraction efficacy of the bioactive compounds from wood apple shell using specific and combined multi-pin discharge atmospheric cold plasma (CP) and pulse ultrasound–assisted (US) extraction techniques. The numerically optimized process parameters for individual treatment of CP (15 kV voltage and 20 min time) and US (50% amplitude, 5 ml/g solvent/feed ratio) has been considered for the combined process. The CP treatment (20 min) prior to US extraction (15 min) has a significantly higher enhancement of antioxidant activity (90 DPPH% and 93 ABTS%), phenols (63.84 mg GAE/g DW), and flavonoids (6.03 mg quecertine/g DW) content compared to specific extraction techniques, i.e., CP (37.34 mg GAE/g extract DW and 77.97 DPPH%) and US (41.39 mg GAE/g extract DW and 83.56 DPPH%) that are elucidated by numerous pores and cracks noticed on the surface of CP-US extract in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The characterization of shell extract detected better thermal stability (DSC), relative crystallinity (XRD), and diverse significant peaks (FTIR), corresponding to functional groups like polyphenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant compounds for combined process. The combined CP-US is an eco-friendly and sustainable extraction method for byproduct utilization of wood apple shell with maximum antioxidant potential that is advantageous in functional, pharmaceutical, and nutraceuticals formulations.

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  1. Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India

    Sahithi Murakonda & Madhuresh Dwivedi

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SM has performed the experiments, validation, and written the manuscript. MD has conceptualized, revised, and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Madhuresh Dwivedi.

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Highlights

• Wood apple shell is an excellent source of functional compounds.

• The retention of bioactive compounds was prominent in combined cold plasma–ultrasound assisted extraction (CP-US).

• The morphologic analysis (SEM) noticed numerous pores and cracks in the CP-US shell extract.

• DSC and XRD results exhibited better thermal stability and relative crystallinity in the CP-US shell extract.

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Murakonda, S., Dwivedi, M. Combined use of pulse ultrasound–assisted extraction with atmospheric cold plasma: extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds from wood apple shell (Limonia acidissima). Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 28233–28251 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03448-3

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