Wikipedia

Kanada

Kanada (English: Canada, Koroitan: /ˈkænədə/) nopo nga iso pogun do Koibutan Amerika i kaampai no do hopod provinsi om tolu wilayah. Poinladsong id boogian koibutan bonua dau, dumimpot o Kanada mantad Rahat Atlantik id kosilahon gisom Rahat Pasifik id kotonobon om Rahat Artik id koibutan. Kanada nopo nga pogun koduo bobos agayo id pomogunan. Pialatan Kanada miampai do Amerika Syarikat id kabaatan om koibutan kotonobon nopo nga i bobos anaru id pomogunan.

Kanada
A vertical triband design (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre.
Flag
Motto: A mari usque ad mare (Latin)
"Mantad Rahat kumaa Rahat"
Anthem: "O Canada"
Royal anthem: "God Save the King"[1]
A projection of North America with Canada highlighted in green
CapitalOttawa
45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.400°N 75.667°W / 45.400; -75.667
Largest cityToronto
Boros rasmi
DemonimCanadian
GovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
Mary Simon
Justin Trudeau
Kotinanan perundanganParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Commons
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
July 1, 1867
December 11, 1931
April 17, 1982
Area
• Total area
9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (2nd)
•  Waig  (%)
11.76 (2015)[2]
• Total land area
9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)
Population
• 2024 Q2 estimate
Neutral increase 41,012,563[3] (36th)
• 2021 census
Neutral increase 36,991,981[4]
• Density
4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.472 trillion[5] (16th)
• Per kapita
Increase $60,495[5] (28th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Ginumu
Increase $2.242 trillion[5] (10th)
• Per kapita
Increase $54,866[5] (18th)
Gini (2024)Positive decrease 29.2[6]
low
HDI (2022)Increase 0.935[7]
very high · 18th
Mato tusinCanadian dollar ($) (CAD)
Zon timpuUTC−3.5 to −8
• Summer (DST)
UTC−2.5 to −7
Internet TLD.ca

Nontodonon do ngaran

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Ngaran Canada data dau nopo nga mantad boros Iroquois St. Lawrence, ii nopo nga hogot kanata i kirati do "kampung" toi ko' "pogigianan".[8] Ontok toun 1535, mogigion sandad id rantau i dinondo nosiliu do Kakadayan Quebec mamarait hogot kanata soira popotuduk ralan kumaa kampung Stadacona kumaa mononompogunan Perancis, Jacques Cartier.[9] Sumusuhut minomoguno i Cartier do hogot Canada okon ko' nopo popokomoyon do kampung dii nga pointongkop nogi do kinoyonon taklukan Donnacona (luguan Stadacona); miririkot toun 1545, tumimpuun o buuk-buuk om peta-peta Eropah do momolohou rantau dii miampai ngaran Canada.[9]

Ontok abad ko-17 om osopung do abad ko-18, Canada nopo nga ngaran montok soboogian wilayah Perancis Wagu i poinladsong id poingompus do Bawang Saint Lawrence om kotogisan koibutan do Tasik-Tasik Agayo. kinoyonon dii nabagi kumaa duo jajahan British, Upper Canada om Lower Canada. Pinoiso di kawagu goduduo dii sumiliu do Wilayah Kanada (Province of Canada) ontok toun 1841.[10] Kalapas nokosiliu do Pogun Piomungan ontok toun 1867, ngaran Canada notorimo sabaagi ngaran rasmi pogun wagu diti, om Dominion (i naanu mantad Mazmur 72:8)[11] tinahak sabaagi pongundadait pogun. Mantad dii, gunoon o ngaran poimponu Dominion of Canada do sangangadau gisom 1970-an.[12] Soira minongintalang o Kanada do autonomi politik dau mantad do United Kingdom, asaru nodi gunoon do karajaan persekutuan o Canada nopo id dokumen karajaan om pibatasan; kinosimbanan diti pinointalang maya kaalanan ngaran koundarangan tadau kabansaan mantad Tadau Dominion kumaa Tadau Kanada ontok toun 1982.[13]

Sajara

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Tulun sandad

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Monokodung o ponoriukan-ponoriukan arkeologi om sajara genetik tulun sandad Amerika do haro o tulun id koibutan Yukon ontok 26,500 toun di pogulu om id kabaatan Ontario ontok 9,500 toun di pogulu.[14][15][16] Old Crow Flats om Bluefish Caves nopo nga duo poomitanan do koiyonon-koiyonon arkeologi bobos totuo montok kinoyonon tulun Paleo-Indian id Kanada.[17][18][19] Id taatanga' do tulun sandad i ointutunan sabaagi Tinaru-Tinaru Kumoiso, haro walu susuyan unik kokomoi do pomorunan pomogunan om adaptasi-adaptasi dau.[20] Woyo-woyo tulun Pribumi Kanada nopo nga kinoyonon di pointimporon,[21] pomutanaman,[22] inus wonsoi awam om istiadat,[23] kompleks hierarki tulun ginumuan om rangkaian pomutaranan.[24] Soboogian mantad do koubasanan diti nopo nga alaid no natalup maamaso kinorikatan do Eropah di kumoiso (kk. kolimpupuson abad ko-15-kotimpuunon abad ko-16), om nokito kawagu maya ponoriukan arkeologi.

Mogigion tulun sandad nopo nga pokiikiro do 200,000 tulun[25] om duo riong ontok abad ko-15,[26]miampai 500,000 nopo nga notorimo no do Suruhanjaya Diraja Kolidasan Pribumi Kanada.[27]Kinaantakan wabak rumoliu di mingguli i noowit do mondidikot Eropah miagal ko' lumasu om longohon, campak, om cacar, om nogi bagas-bagas do suai mantad do piromutan miampai tulun Eropah, minongingkuri do ginumu mogigion sandad 40-80% kalapas do piromutan dii.[25] Tulun sandad id Kanada nopo nga kaampai no Tinaru-Tinaru Kumoiso,[28] Inuit,[29] om Métis.[30] Koubasanan do kacukan Métis nopo nga mantad do pintangaan abad ko-17 soira suminawo o tulun Tinaru Kumoiso om Inuit miampai do mondidikot Eropah.[31] Amu kopio miromut o Inuit miampai mondidikot Eropah ontok do timpu panaladan.[32]

Penjajahan Eropah

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Nokorikot o tulun Eropah di timpuunon nogi soira minogigion i pelaut Norse id L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland do oruhai ontok pokiikiro toun 1000.[33][34] Kalapas dii, au no ruminikot kawagu o tulun Eropah gisom toun 1497, soira minonoroka o songulun pelaut Itali i pinungaranan do John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) do kotogisan Atlantik Kanada montok do England.[35] Ontok toun 1498 gisom 1521, minonuridong i pelaut Basque om Portugis do kota kara pongintorusan do sada paus om ponginsadaan kitimpu poingompus do kotogisan Atlantik.[36][37] Ontok toun 1534, tuminongkop i Jacques Cartier do Bawang Saint Lawrence montok Perancis.[38] Mononompogunan Perancis,Samuel de Champlain nokorikot ontok toun 1603 om minonuridong do pogigionon Eropah di pointimporon i kumoiso id Port Royal ontok toun 1605 om Kakadayan Quebec ontok toun 1608.[38] Monoiso o Canadiens kinoyonon doros do Bawang Saint Lawrence om Acadiens nopo nga poingion id kinoyonon do Maritimes, Papapataran do hulu Perancis om mubaligh Katolik nopo nga kuminaa id Tasik-Tasik Tagayo, Teluk Hudson, legeh Mississippi gisom id Louisiana (Perancis Wagu). Sangod Beaver nopo nga sabap no do piahawan monguasa' do pomutaranan hulu Koibutan Amerika.[38]

Pulau St. John (dinondo Pulau Prince Edward) nokosiliu do jajahan di misuai ontok toun 1769.[39] Montok mongilag do konflik id Quebec, pinolulus do British o Akta Quebec ontok toun 1774 montok papalaab wilayah Quebec gisom id Tasik-Tasik Tagayo om Bawang Ohio, nga popotimporon do boros Perancis, kotumbayaan Katolik, om kooturan sivil Perancis hilo. Ahal diti nokotogod do ogumu mogigion id Hopod om Tolu Jajahan om minonguhup do kinoimbulayan Revolusi Amerika.[13]

Pibatasan Paris (1783) minangakun do kagabasan Amerika Syarikat om minanahak wilayah-wilayah id kabaatan Tasik-Tasik Tagayo kumaa Amerika Syarikat. Soginumu 50,000 tulun Setiawan Empayar Bersatu minongiduan do Amerika Syarikat om kuminaa id Kanada.[40] Pinotongkiad o New Brunswick mantad do Nova Scotia id suang ponguludan kawagu pogigianan Setiawan id kinoyonon Maritimes. Montok monokodung do puak Setiawan i moboros do Inggiris id Quebec, pinabagi do Akta Perlembagaan 1791 o wilayah di kumaa Lower Canada i moboros do Perancis om Upper Canada i moboros do Inggiris, om sumusuhut minanahak tikid wilayah dii iso Dewan Undangan.[41]

 
“Fathers of Confederation” (Tapa-Tapa Piomungan) mantad Robert Harris (momomolukis), piisaan panangbarasan Charlottetown om Quebec (Iti nopo nga gambar foto i naanu ontok toun 1885 montok linukisan 1884 i naraag no dinondo)

Angkabon do mombontuk karajaan i kitonggungan minogowit do kinotingkodon do Pemberontakan 1837. Kalapas dii, pinoposogu o Ruputan Durham do karajaan kitonggungan om nogi asimilasi Kanada Perancis kumaa koubasanan British.[13] Pinaamung do Akta Kesatuan 1840 o goduduo Kanada dii sumiliu do Wilayah Kanada di miiso. Pinoturidong nogi o karajaan kitonggungan montok oinsanan wilayah Koibutan Amerika British gisom toun 1849.[42] Mantad do ponoinan Pibatasan Oregon do Britain om Amerika Syarikat ontok toun 1846, nopupusan o pioduhan pialatan Orgeon, om pinapalaab do pialatan id ponong do kotonobon poingompus garis lintang 49 darjah Koibutan. Iti nopo nga minongukab wayaan kumaa ponuridangan do jajahan-jajahan British id Jajahan Pulau Vancouver om British Columbia.[43]

Timpu moden

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Id Dewan Rideau, Gabenor-Jeneral Kanada Viscount Alexander mantad Tunis (tanga') monorimo rang undang-undang i popootus do piisaan Newfoundland om Kanada montok do soinan, 31 Gomot 1949

Minampayat do Kanada o Newfoundland (dinondo Newfoundland and Labrador) ontok toun 1949.[44] Kosunion do ekonomi Kanada pasca-sangod om nogi dasar-dasar karajaan Liberal di mogisusuhut, pinapaharo iso identiti Kanada i wagu, i natanda' maya ponorimoon do Bondira Kanada ontok toun 1965,[45] kopoindalanan dasar dwiboros rasmi (Boros Inggiris om Perancis) ontok toun 1969,[46] kopogisusuaian do koubasanan rasmi ontok toun 1971.[47] Ponuridangan ababayan-ababayan demokrasi sosial miagal do panamangan kolidasan sajagat, Palan Pinsin Kanada, om Kaalasan Siswa Kanada, sundung do piipiro karajaan provinsi, loolobi no Quebec om Alberta, amu osokodung do dasar-dasar diti tu sabaagi koligogon kumaa bidang kuasa diolo.[48] Tohuri no, panangbarasan parlambagaan i pinaharo do mogisuhut-suhut minogowit kumaa "penyetempatan" parlambagaan Kanada mantad United Kingdom ontok toun 1982, i miampot miampai pombontukan do Piagam Hak om Kosinggawaan.[49] Ontok toun 1999, nosiliu o Nunavut do wilayah kotolu do Kanada kalapas alaid no do minogibooboros miampai karajaan persekutuan.[50]

Nokotoguang o Quebec do kosimbanan sosial om ekonomi di aralom maya Revolusi Opian ontok 1960-an i pinapaharo do gura nasionalis moden. Parti radikal Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) pinopoimbulai do Krisis Gumas ontok toun 1970.[51] Pinoingkakat o Parti mononokodung kedaulatan Parti Québécois montok mombontuk karajaan ontok toun 1976, om kalapas dii pinapaharo do pomuhuan rolou kokomoi do Koguraan kedaulatan Quebec i amu minongobi do angkabon dau ontok toun 1980. [51] Pongumbalan montok monokodung do gelombang nasionalis Quebec miampai parlambagaan maya Persetiaan Meech Lake ontok toun 1990 nga amu nogi nakalantoi. Ahal diti minogowit kumaa pombontukan Bloc Québécois id Quebec om nogi kalangkason do Parti Ponginwoguan Kanada id Kotonobon Kanada.[52][53] Pinaharo kawagu iso pomuhuan rolou ontok toun 1995, hinonggo amu notorimo o kedaulatan miampai majoriti tipis 50.6% kumaa 49.4%.[54] Ontok toun 1997, pinootus do Mahkamah Agung Kanada o pitongkiadan unilateral do iso provinsi di amu tumanud parlambagaan, om pinolulus do parlimen o Akta Kejelasan montok mamagarit do syarat-syarat pitongkiadan terunding mantad do Piomungan.[54]

Suai ko' mantad do kobolingkaangan kedaulatan Quebec, nokotigowo nogi o tulun Kanada do piipiro kobolingkaangan ontok kotohurionon do 1980-an om kotimpuunon 1990-an. Kobolingkaangan dii kaampai no kinoloputon do Kotuludon Air India 182 ontok toun 1985, pamatayan di ogumu i bobos do araat id suang sajara Kanada;[55] pamatayan École Polytechnique di ogumu ontok toun 1989, ii nopo nga kinaantakan mogititimbak i moniru' do mokiikinobos;[56] om Krisis Oka ontok toun 1990,[57] konfrontasi orongit di bobos osopung do karajaan om nogi puak Pribumi.[58] Minaganu nogi o Kanada do bbogian id suang angkatan miamung linuguan do AS id Sangod Teluk ontok toun 1990, om minimparagat nogi id suang misi-misi ponoronongon ontok kolimpupuson do 1990-an.[59] Pinapaatod o Kanada do soudor kumaa id Afghanistan ontok toun 2001, nga amu minangatod soudor kumaa id Iraq soira minanangod o AS ontok toun 2003.[60]

Koubasanan

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Kanada nopo nga haro mogisuusuai tinaru om koubasanan om kaanu nogi do kotinoligan parlambagaan montok dasar-dasar di poposuni kopgisuusuayon koubasanan mantad do mitos iso tinaru.[61][62] Id Quebec, ogirot kopio jati diri koubasanan dau, hinonggo ogumu i moboros do boros Perancis popotolinahas do misuai kopio o koubasanan Qiuebec miampai do koubasanan Kanada Inggiris,[63] nga i poinggonop nopo, Kanada nopo nga iso mozek koubasanan, ii nopo nga tinimungan do mogisuusuai sabkoubasanan kinoyonon, pribumi om etnik.[64][65] Asaru posotolon do dasar-dasar Karajaan Kanada miagal do panamangan kolidasan tonggungon awam, cukai di akawas kopio montok popotikid kolumaagan, popoharam do hukuman mati, manamong do kopomogunaan kakamot tapui, popoluau do kopomogunaan dadah om kawawagu papasaga do pisasawaan di miagal jantina, ahal diti popokito do ponuduk sosial do misuai kopio evoulsi pulitik om koubasanan Kanada miampai Amerika Syarikat.[66]

 
Arca Bill Reid, Raven and The First Men, popokito soboogian do mitos kapamansayan Haida. Raven nopo nga iso mantad do roromu id suang koubasanan pribumi di bobos nointutunan.

Solinaid do sajara, narahung o Kanada do koubasanan om kaadat-adato' British, Perancis, om pribumi. Ogumu hogot Koibutan Amerika, wonsoi om pomoinan pribumi pinosuang id pibarasan om maamangan sangaangadau id Kanada. Maya koubasanan, boros, inus, om muzik diolo, kakal po kirahung tagayo o tinaru pribumi kumaa jati diri Kanada.[67][68]

Ogumu tulun Kanada mamagatang do kopogisuusuayan koubasanan om mongintong do pogun diolo sabaagi iso pogun di mogisusuai tinaru mantad po di timpuunon.[49] Sundung ingkaa, koubasanan pogun diti arahung do koubasanan Amerika Syarikat tu minsomok do pogun dii om akawas nogi o ginumu koundolihon montok goduduo pogun. Majoriti i mundaliu momoboros Inggiris kumaa id Kanada mantad toun 1755 gisom 1815 nopo nga tulun Amerika mantad do Hopod om Tolu Jajahan; Maamaso om kalapas do Sangod Revolusi Amerika, minundaliu o 46,000 tulun Amerika di setia kumaa karajaan British kumaa id Kanada montok mampayat do 20,000 mogigion momoboros Inggiris i kogumuan nopo nga nokoundaliu no pogulu do Sangod Kagabasan.[69] Mantad toun 1785 gisom 1812, ribu po kawagu tulun Amerika di minundaliu kumaa id Kanada montok do tana' di nabatos. Ontok toun 1812, kogumuan tulun Kanada i moboros Inggiris nopo nga minundaliu mantad bagas do hopod om tolu jajahan toi ko' tungkus diolo.[70]

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ "Royal Anthem". Government of Canada. Magus 11, 2017. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Momuhau 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Surface water and surface water change". OECD. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Momuhau 9, 2018. Linoyog ontok Gumas 11, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. Mahas 19, 2024. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Mahas 22, 2024. Linoyog ontok Mahas 24, 2024.
  4. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Mansak 9, 2022. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Mansak 9, 2022.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Canada)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Ngiop 16, 2024. Linoyog ontok Ngiop 16, 2024.
  6. ↑ Income inequality (Report). OECD. doi:10.1787/459aa7f1-en.
  7. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (id boros Inggilis). United Nations Development Programme. Gomot 13, 2024. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok Gomot 13, 2024. Linoyog ontok Gomot 13, 2024.
  8. ↑ "Origin of the Name, Canada". Canadian Heritage (Government of Canada). 2008. Linoyog ontok Mahas 27, 2010.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Maura, Juan Francisco (2009). "Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. Routledge. 86 (5): 577–603. doi:10.1080/14753820902969345. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  10. ↑ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories of Canadian Place Names (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 0-8020-8293-9. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  11. ↑ Clarke, Michael (1998). Canada: Portraits of the Faith. Reel to Real. p. 60. ISBN 0-9681835-0-6.
  12. ↑ Bourinot, Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada, 1977
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Phillip Buckner, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 0-19-927164-X.
  14. ↑ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (PDF). University College London 73:524–539. 2003. doi:10.1086/377588. Linoyog ontok Milatok 22, 2010.
  15. ↑ Cinq-Mars, J (2001). "On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia" (PDF). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Linoyog ontok Mansak 25, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  16. ↑ Wright, JV (Manom 27, 2001). "A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Linoyog ontok Gumas 19, 2009.
  17. ↑ Griebel, Ron. "The Bluefish Caves". Minnesota State University. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Mahas 24, 2008. Linoyog ontok Manom 18, 2009.
  18. ↑ "Beringia: humans were here" (re-published online by Canada.com). Gazette (Montreal). CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Mikat 17, 2008. Linoyog ontok Manom 18, 2009.
  19. ↑ Cinq-Mars, Jacques (2001). "Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory". Canadian Museum of Civilization. p. 2. Linoyog ontok Ngiop 15, 2010.
  20. ↑ Dickason, Olive, ed. (1995). The Native Imprint: The Contribution of First Peoples to Canada's Character. Vol. 1. Athabasca: Athabasca University Educational Enterprises. pp. 114–117.
  21. ↑ Darnell, Regna (2001). Invisible genealogies: a history of Americanist anthropology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 338. ISBN 0-8032-1710-2. Linoyog ontok Gumas 3, 2010.
  22. ↑ Cameron, Rondo E (1993). A concise economic history of the world: from Paleolithic times to the present. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-19-507445-9. Linoyog ontok Gumas 3, 2010.
  23. ↑ "Architectural History: Early First Nations". The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica-Dominion). 2010. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Ngiop 27, 2010. Linoyog ontok Gumas 3, 2010.
  24. ↑ Macklem, Patrick (2001). Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-8020-4195-7. Linoyog ontok Gumas 3, 2010.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Wilson, Donna M (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4. Linoyog ontok Mahas 20, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Michael R. Haines, Richard Hall Steckel (ed.). A population history of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 0-521-49666-7. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  27. ↑ Bailey, Garrick Alan (2008). Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. p. 285. ISBN 0-16-080388-8. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada. Mikat 12, 2006. Linoyog ontok Manom 18, 2009.
  29. ↑ "Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter". Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter. 2007. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Mansak 26, 2008. Linoyog ontok Manom 18, 2009.
  30. ↑ "In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada" (PDF). Faculty of Law. Universiti Manitoba. 2007. p. 2. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok Milau 19, 2009. Linoyog ontok Manom 18, 2009.
  31. ↑ "What to Search: Topics-Canadian Genealogy Centre-Library and Archives Canada". Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Government of Canada. Mikat 27, 2009. Linoyog ontok Gumas 2, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Innu Culture 3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'". 1999, Adrian Tanner Department of Anthropology-Memorial University of Newfoundland. Linoyog ontok Gumas 5, 2009. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |work= at position 20 (help)
  33. ↑ Pálsson, Hermann (1965). The Vinland sagas: the Norse discovery of America. Penguin Classics. p. 28. ISBN 0-14-044154-9. Linoyog ontok Ngiop 15, 2010.
  34. ↑ Reeves, Arthur Middleton (2009). The Norse Discovery of America. BiblioLife. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-559-05400-6. Linoyog ontok Ngiop 15, 2010.
  35. ↑ "John Cabot's voyage of 1498". Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage). 2000. Linoyog ontok Ngiop 12, 2010.
  36. ↑ "Red Bay National Historic Site of Canada". Parks Canada. Linoyog ontok Milau 29, 2010. Right and bowhead whales, once plentiful in the waters of coastal Labrador, attracted whalers from the Basque country during the 16th century.
  37. ↑ "The Portuguese Explorers". Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2004. Linoyog ontok Mahas 27, 2010.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Morton, Desmond (2001). A Short History of Canada (6th ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. 9–17, 17–19, 33, 89–104. ISBN 0-7710-6509-4. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  39. ↑ Bumsted, JM (1987). Land, settlement, and politics on eighteenth-century Prince Edward Island. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-7735-0566-0. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  40. ↑ Moore, Christopher (1994). The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-6093-9.
  41. ↑ McNairn, Jeffrey L (2000). The capacity to judge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8020-4360-7. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  42. ↑ Romney, Paul (Spring 1989). "From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture". Law and History Review. University of Illinois Press. 7 (1): 128. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  43. ↑ Evenden, Leonard J (1992). "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier". In Donald G. Janelle (ed.). Geographical snapshots of North America. Guilford Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-89862-030-9. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  44. ↑ W.F. Summers. "Newfoundland and Labrador". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Momuhau 28, 2011. Linoyog ontok Milau 24, 2010.
  45. ↑ Mackey, Eva (2002). The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-8020-8481-8.
  46. ↑ Esman, Milton J (Summer 1982). "The Politics of Official Bilingualism in Canada". Political Science Quarterly. The Academy of Political Science. 97 (2): 233–253. doi:10.2307/2149477. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  47. ↑ Esses, Victoria M (Madas 1996). "Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status". Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. American Psychological Association. 28 (3): 145–152. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  48. ↑ Sarrouh, Elissar (Milatok 22, 2002). "Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development" (PDF). Social Policy Series, No. 1. United Nations. pp. 14–16, 22–37. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok Madas 17, 2010. Linoyog ontok Milatok 17, 2010.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain, eds. (2004). Canadian Politics (4th ed.). Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press. pp. 250–254, 344–347. ISBN 1-55111-595-6. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  50. ↑ Légaré, André (2008). "Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 15 (2–3): 335–367. doi:10.1163/157181108X332659. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Clift, Dominique (1982). Quebec nationalism in crisis (reissued ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 28–36, 96–99, 106–107. ISBN 0-7735-0383-8. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  52. ↑ Leblanc, Daniel (Magus 13, 2010). "A brief history of the Bloc Québécois". Toronto: Globe and Mail. Linoyog ontok Milau 25, 2010.
  53. ↑ Betz, Hans-Georg; Immerfall, Stefan (1998). The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in ... St. Martinʼs Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-312-21134-1. Linoyog ontok Milau 25, 2010.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Dickinson, John Alexander (2003). A Short History of Quebec (3rd ed.). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 357–360. ISBN 0-7735-2450-9. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  55. ↑ "Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182". Canadian government. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Mahas 22, 2008. Linoyog ontok Mahas 1, 2009.
  56. ↑ Sourour, Teresa K (1991). "Report of Coroner's Investigation" (PDF). Linoyog ontok Mahas 7, 2010.
  57. ↑ "The Oka Crisis" (Digital Archives). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2000. Linoyog ontok Mahas 7, 2010.
  58. ↑ Roach, Kent (2003). September 11: consequences for Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 15, 59–61, 194. ISBN 0-7735-2584-X. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  59. ↑ "Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 2010. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Magus 21, 2011. Linoyog ontok Mahas 7, 2010.
  60. ↑ Jockel, Joseph T (2008). "Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Routledge. 6 (1): 100–115. doi:10.1080/14794010801917212. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  61. ↑ DeRocco, David; Chabot, John F (2008). From Sea to Sea to Sea: A Newcomer's Guide to Canada. Full Blast Productions. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-9784738-4-6. Linoyog ontok Milatok 24, 2011.
  62. ↑ "Multiculturalism as a Sociological Fact of Canadian Life". Library of Parliament (Political and Social Affairs). 2006. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Ngiop 29, 2010. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 16, 2010.
  63. ↑ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach. Sharpe cop. p. 61. ISBN 1-56324-416-0. Linoyog ontok Milatok 16, 2011.
  64. ↑ Douglas, Allan (2004). Understanding military culture: a Canadian perspective. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 111–115. ISBN 0-7735-2664-1. Linoyog ontok Milatok 16, 2011.
  65. ↑ Burgess, Ann Carroll; Burgess, Tom (2005). Guide to Western Canada (7th ed.). Globe Pequot Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-7627-2987-2. Linoyog ontok Milatok 16, 2011.
  66. ↑ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think-- about almost-- everything. Doubleday Canada,. pp. 8–23. ISBN 0-385-65985-7. Linoyog ontok Milatok 15, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  67. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 0-8020-3630-9. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  68. ↑ "Diverse Peoples – Aboriginal Contributions and Inventions" (PDF). The Government of Manitoba. Linoyog ontok Gumas 17, 2009.
  69. ↑ Will Kaufman, Heidi Slettedahl MacPherson, ed. (2005). "Settlement Policies". Britain and the Americas: culture, politics, and history. ABC-CLIO. p. 888. ISBN 1-85109-431-8. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
  70. ↑ Dollinger, Stefan (2008). New-dialect formation in Canada: evidence from the English modal auxiliaries. John Benjamins. p. 66. ISBN 90-272-3108-7. Linoyog ontok Milatok 14, 2011.
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