Boros Batak
Boros Batak nopo nga subtinimungan do Boros Austronesia i gunoon do tulun Batak id wilayah North Sumatera Koibutan, Indonedia om kinoyonon id posorili.
| Batak | |
|---|---|
| Batakic[1][2] | |
| Ethnicity | Batak |
| Geographic distribution | Sumatra, Indonesia |
Native speakers | 3.3 million (2010 census)[3] |
| Linguistic classification | Rumpun do Austronesia |
| Proto-language | Proto-Batak |
| Subdivisions |
|
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | btk |
| Glottolog | toba1265 (Batakic) |
 The distribution of Batak languages in northern Sumatra
| |
Klasifikasi id suang
simbanaiMilo boogion o Boros Batak kumaa duo raan apangkal, ii no Batak Koibutan om Batak Kabaatan. Ii nopo di laid, Simalungun nopo nga boros perantara, nga id suang klasifikasi maamaso, nookunan ii sabaagi soboogian mantad raan Kabaatan.[4][5] Id suang Batak Koibutan, tumanud iso ponoriukan, 76% hogot sandad id pialatan boros Karo om Alas, 81% miampai Pakpak, 80% miampai Simalungun, om 30% miampai boros Melayu (Indonesia).[6] Boros Karo om Toba Batak nopo nga au kopirati.
| Batak languages |
| ||||||
Mandailing, Toba, om Angkola nopo nga haro pionitan om kopirati. Orotian o Boros Karo miampai boros Batak Koibutan suai i ointutunan sabaagi boros Alas-Kluet id boogian kabaatan Aceh, om soboogian mantad dii nogi nga orotian miampai Pakpak om Singkil. Piipiro dialek Pakpak (Dairi) nga orotian nogi o soboogian dau miampai Boros Toba. Sumoonu, soboogian Boros Simalungun nga orotian nogi miampai koduo-duo Batak Koibutan om Kabaatan, nga ouhan nogi mamarati miampai boros Batak Kabaatan suai (Toba-Angkola-Mandailing). Okito o rahung geografi kumaa boros Batak maya peta id suang infobox; popitongkiad o Danau Toba do boros Karo (Batak Koibutan) mantad kopiromut miampai boros Toba (Batak Kabaatan).
Rekonstruksi
simbanai| Proto-Batak | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Batak languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
Okito do Boros Batak nopo nga mantad leluhur hipotesis i roitan do Proto-Batak (i ontok giliran dau nopo nga mantad Proto-Austronesia). Sistem tuni Proto-Batak direkonstruksi di Adelaar (1981).[5]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | *p | *t | *c | *k | |
| voiced | *b | *d | *j | *ɡ | ||
| Fricative | *s | *h | ||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
| Semivowel | *w | *y | ||||
| Lateral | *l | |||||
| Trill | *r | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *ə | ||
| Low | *a |
Diftong kolimpupuson: *-uy, *-ey, *-ow.
Haro o kosimbanon do tuni Proto-Batak miagal id siriba id suang boros tinungkusan sondii:[5]
- Proto-Batak *k nosiliu h id dumbangan om tanga id suang boros Batak Kabaatan:
- Proto-Batak *kalak > Toba, Simalungun halak; Karo kalak 'person'
- Proto-Batak *dukut > Toba, Simalungun duhut; Karo dukut 'grass'
- Atagak o *h do Proto-Batak id Toba, Angkola om Mandailing:
- Proto-Batak *pərəh > Toba poro, Simalungun poroh, Karo pereh /pərəh/ 'wring out'
- Proto-Batak kolimpupuson koundarangan kirolou *b, *d, dan *g nopo nga pakakalon id suang Simalungun. Id suangToba, Angkola, om Mandailing, nosiliu ii au kirolou, om id suang boros Batak Koibutan, kosimban ii sumiliu nasal homorganik. (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/):
- Proto-Batak *dələg > Simalungun dolog, Toba dolok, Karo deleng /dələŋ/ 'mountain'.
- Potindohoyon o vokal longkod *ə id suang boros ngaawi do Koibutan, om kogihil sumiliu /o/ id boros ngaawi do Kabaatan:
- Proto-Batak *ənəm > Karo enem (/ənəm/), Toba onom 'six'
- Diftong Proto-Batak bopo nga kotindohoi id suang Simalungun, nga kogihil (bergeser) sumiliu monoftong id suang oinsanan boros Batak di suai.
- Proto-Batak *apuy > Simalungun apuy; all other languages api 'fire'
- Proto-Batak *matey > Simalungun matei; all other languages mate 'dead'
- Proto-Batak *pulow > Simalungun pulou; all other languages pulo 'island'
Sistem ponuatan
simbanaiTumanud sajara, suaton o boros Batak momoguno pimato Batak, nga baino nopo ii nopo insaru gunoon nga pimato Latin.
Sukuon
simbanai- ↑ Wälchli, Bernhard (2023-04-20). "The interplay of contrast markers ('but'), selectives ("topic markers") and word order in the fuzzy oppositive contrast domain". Linguistic Typology (id boros Inggilis). doi:10.1515/lingty-2022-0019. ISSN 1613-415X.
- ↑ Adelaar, Alexander K. (2010). "Language documentation in the west Austronesian world and Vanuatu: An overview". In Florey, Margaret (ed.). Endangered languages of Austronesia. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-954454-7.
- ↑ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia – Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. ISBN 9789790644175.
- ↑ Comparative Austronesian dictionary Vol. 1. by Darrell T. Tryon, Shigeru Tsuchida et al. p421 et seq
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Adelaar, K. A. (1981). "Reconstruction of Proto-Batak Phonology". In Robert A. Blust (ed.), Historical Linguistics in Indonesia: Part I, 1–20. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- ↑ The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. K. Alexander Adelaar, Nikolaus Himmelmann, p. 535
Noputan labus
simbanai
- Batak languages at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).