Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays complex roles in carcinogenesis, as it may exert both tumor suppressor and pro-oncogenic activities depending on the stage of the tumor. SMAD proteins transduce signals from the TGF-β receptors to regulate the transcription of specific _target genes. Crosstalks with other signaling pathways may contribute to the specificity of TGF-β effects. In this report, we have investigated the effects of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), a key second messenger in the cellular response to various hormones, on SMAD-dependent signaling in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Using either an artificial SMAD3/4-dependent reporter construct or the natural TGF-β _target, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, we show that membrane-permeable dibutyryl cAMP, and other intracellular cAMP-elevating agents such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl-methylxanthine, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, or exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interfere with TGF-β-induced SMAD-specific gene transactivation. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA), the main downstream effector of cAMP, with H-89, suppressed cAMP-dependent repression of SMAD-driven gene expression. Inversely, coexpression of either an active PKA catalytic subunit or that of the cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) blocked SMAD-driven gene transactivation. cAMP-elevating agents did not inhibit nuclear translocation and DNA binding of SMAD3/4 complexes, but abolished the interactions of SMAD3 with the transcription coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 in a PKA-dependent manner. These results suggest that suppression of TGF-β/SMAD signaling and resulting gene transactivation by cAMP-inducing agents occurs via PKA-dependent, CREB-mediated, disruption of SMAD–CBP/p300 complexes.
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Abbreviations
- AC:
-
adenylate cyclase
- CBP:
-
CREB-binding protein
- CRE:
-
cAMP Response element
- CREB:
-
CRE-binding protein
- db-cAMP:
-
dibutyryl-cyclic AMP
- EMSA:
-
electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- FCS:
-
fetal calf serum
- IBMX:
-
isobutyl-methylxanthine
- PAI-1:
-
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PGE2:
-
prostaglandin E2
- PKA:
-
protein kinase A
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α:
-
tumor necrosis factor-α
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Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to Drs Jérôme Bertherat (INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France), Corine Bertolotto (INSERM U385, Nice, France), Sylviane Dennler and Jean-Michel Gauthier (Glaxo-Wellcome, Les Ulis, France), David D. Ginty (Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA), Antonio Giordano (Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA), David J. Loskutoff (Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA), who kindly provided reagents. This study was supported by INSERM, Association pour la Recherche contre le Cancer (ARC), and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (LNCC, section de Paris), France. MS has benefited from a short-term research fellowship awarded by the René Touraine Foundation and is the recipient of a Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) postdoctoral fellowship.
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Schiller, M., Verrecchia, F. & Mauviel, A. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-elevating agents inhibit transforming growth factor-β-induced SMAD3/4-dependent transcription via a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 22, 8881–8890 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206871
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206871
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