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17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD, HSD17B) (EC 1.1.1.51), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR), are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases which catalyze the reduction of 17-ketosteroids and the dehydrogenation of 17β-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism.[1][2][3][4][5] This includes interconversion of DHEA and androstenediol, androstenedione and testosterone, and estrone and estradiol.[6][7]

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Identifiers
EC no.1.1.1.51
CAS no.9015-81-0
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The major reactions catalyzed by 17β-HSD (e.g., the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone) are in fact hydrogenation (reduction) rather than dehydrogenation (oxidation) reactions.

Reactions

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Steroidogenesis. 17β-HSD visible in bottom-left region.

17β-HSDs have been known to catalyze the following redox reactions of sex steroids:

Activity distribution

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Distribution of 17β-HSD activities for formation of estradiol versus estrone in human tissues.[8][9]

Genes

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Genes coding for 17β-HSD include:

  • HSD17B1: Referred to as "estrogenic". Major subtype for activation of estrogens from weaker forms (estrone to estradiol and 16α-hydroxyestrone to estriol). Catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of estrogens. Highly selective for estrogens; 100-fold higher affinity for estranes over androstanes. However, also catalyzes the conversion of DHEA into androstenediol.[10] Recently, has been found to inactivate DHT into 3α- and 3β-androstanediol.[10][11] Expressed primarily in the ovaries and placenta but also at lower levels in the breast epithelium.[12][10] Major isoform of 17β-HSD in the granulosa cells of the ovaries.[13] Mutations and associated deficiency have not been reported in humans.[14] Knockout mice show altered ovarian sex steroid production, normal puberty, and severe subfertility due to defective luteinization and ovarian progesterone production.[15]
  • HSD17B2: Describable as "antiestrogenic" and "antiandrogenic".[16] Major subtype for inactivation of estrogens and androgens into weaker forms (estradiol to estrone, testosterone to androstenedione, and androstenediol to DHEA). Also converts inactive 20α-hydroxyprogesterone into active progesterone. Preferential activity on androgens. Expressed widely in the body including in the liver, intestines, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, endometrium, prostate, breast epithelium, placenta, and bone.[10][17][12] Said to be responsible for 17β-HSD activity in the endometrium and placenta.[18] Mutations and associated congenital deficiency have not been reported in humans.[14] However, local deficiency in expression of HSD17B2 has been associated with endometriosis.[19]
  • HSD17B3: Referred to as "androgenic". Major subtype in males for activation of androgens from weaker forms (androstenedione to testosterone and DHEA to androstenediol). Also activates estrogens from weaker forms to a lesser extent (estrone to estradiol). This is essential for testicular but not ovarian production of testosterone. Not expressed in the ovaries, where another 17β-HSD subtype, likely HSD17B5, is expressed instead. Mutations are associated with 17β-HSD type III deficiency. Males with this condition have pseudohermaphroditism, while females are normal with normal androgen and estrogen levels.[17][12]
  • HSD17B4: Also known as D-bifunctional protein (DBP). Involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and steroid metabolism (specifically estrone to estradiol, for instance in the uterus).[20] Mutations are associated with DBP deficiency and Perrault syndrome (ovarian dysgenesis and deafness).[20]
  • HSD17B5: Also known as aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), encoded by the AKR1C3 gene in humans. Has 3α-HSDTooltip 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20α-HSDTooltip 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in addition to 17β-HSD activity. Expressed in the adrenal cortex and may act as the "androgenic" 17β-HSD in ovarian thecal cells. Also expressed in the prostate gland, mammary gland, and Leydig cells.[12]
  • HSD17B6: Has 3α-HSDTooltip 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and catalyzes conversion of the weak androgen androstanediol into the powerful androgen dihydrotestosterone in the prostate gland. Also involved into a backdoor pathway from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to dihydrotestosterone by 3α-reduction of a metabolic intermediary, 17α-hydroxydihydroprogesterone, into another intermediary, 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone.[21] May be involved in the pathophysiology of PCOSTooltip polycystic ovary syndrome.[12]
  • HSD17B7: Is involved in cholesterol metabolism but is also thought to activate estrogens (estrone to estradiol) and inactivate androgens (dihydrotestosterone to androstanediol).[12] Expressed in the ovaries, breasts, placenta, testes, prostate gland, and liver.[12]
  • HSD17B8: Inactivates estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone, though can also convert estrone into estradiol. Expressed in the ovaries, testes, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and other tissues.[22][23]
  • HSD17B9: Also known as retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5). Involved in retinoid metabolism.[24] Mutations are associated with fundus albipunctatus.[25]
  • HSD17B10: Also known as 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (MHBD). Substrates include steroids, neurosteroids, fatty acids, bile acids, isoleucine, and xenobiotics.[26][27] Mutations are associated with 17β-HSD type X deficiency (also known as HSD10 disease or MHBD deficiency) and mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic 10 (MRXS10), which are characterized by neurodegeneration and mental retardation, respectively.[26][27]
  • HSD17B11: very little is known on the role/function of this iszyme.[28][29]
  • HSD17B12
  • HSD17B13
  • HSD17B14

At least 7 of the 14 isoforms of 17β-HSD are involved in interconversion of 17-ketosteroids and 17β-hydroxysteroids.[12]

Overview

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Comparison and characteristics of human 17β-HSD isoenzymes[30][31][32][33]
# Gene name Synonyms Family Size (AATooltip Amino acids) Gene location Cellular location Substrate specificities Preferred cofactor Catalytic preference Tissue distribution Expression profile Pathology
1 HSD17B1 SDRTooltip Short-chain dehydrogenase 328 17q21.2 Cytosol Estrogens NADH, NADPH Reduction Ovary, endometrium, breast, brain, prostate, placenta Strongly restricted Breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometriosis
2 HSD17B2 SDR 387 16q23.3 ERTooltip Endoplasmic reticulum Estrogens, androgens, progestogens NAD+ Oxidation Liver, intestine, endometrium, placenta, pancreas, prostate, colon, bone Selectively distributed Breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometriosis, osteoporosis[34]
3 HSD17B3 SDR 310 9q22.32 ER Androgens NADPH Reduction Testis, ovary, blood, saliva, skin, adipose tissue, brain, bone Strongly restricted 17β-HSD3 deficiency, prostate cancer[35]
4 HSD17B4 DBP, MFP2 SDR 736 5q23.1 PXSTooltip Peroxisomes Fatty acids, bile acids, estrogens, androgens NAD+ Oxidation Liver, heart, prostate, testis, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, thymus, ovary, intestine, placenta, brain, spleen, colon, lymphocytes Ubiquitous DBP deficiency, Perrault syndrome, prostate cancer
5 AKR1C3Tooltip Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 HSD17B5, 3α-HSD2, PGFS AKRTooltip Aldo-keto reductase 323 10p15.1 Nucleus, cytosol Androgens, progestogens, estrogens, prostaglandins NADPH Reduction Prostate, mammary gland, liver, kidney, lung, heart, small intestine, colon, uterus, testis, brain, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Nearly ubiquitous Breast cancer, prostate cancer
6 HSD17B6 SDR 317 12q13.3 Endosomes Retinoids, androgens, estrogens NAD+ Oxidation Liver, testis, lung, spleen, brain, ovary, kidney, adrenal, prostate Selectively distributed ?
7 HSD17B7 SDR 341 1q23.3 PMTooltip Plasma membrane, ER Cholesterol, estrogens, androgens, progestogens NADPH Reduction Ovary, corpus luteum, uterus, placenta, liver, breast, testis, brain, adrenal gland, small intestine, lung, thymus, prostate, adipose tissue, others Widely distributed Breast cancer
8 HSD17B8 SDR 261 6p21.32 MCTooltip Mitochondria Fatty acids, estrogens, androgens NAD+ Oxidation Prostate, placenta, kidney, brain, cerebellum, heart, lung, small intestine, ovary, testis, adrenal, stomach Widely distributed Polycystic kidney disease
9 RDH5Tooltip Retinol dehydrogenase 5 HSD17B9 318 12q13.2 ER Retinoids NADH/NAD+ Reduction / oxidation Retina, liver, adipose tissue, blood, others ? Fundus albipunctatus
10 HSD17B10 MHBD SDR 261 Xp11.2 MC Fatty acids, bile acids, estrogens, androgens, progestogens, corticosteroids NAD+ Oxidation Liver, small intestine, colon, kidney, heart, brain, placenta, lung, ovary, testis, spleen, thymus, prostate, peripheral blood leukocytes Nearly ubiquitous 17β-HSD10 deficiency, MRXS10Tooltip Mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic 10, Alzheimer's disease
11 HSD17B11 SDR 300 4q22.1 ER, EPTooltip Extracellular space Estrogens, androgens NAD+ Oxidation Liver, pancreas, intestine, kidney, adrenal gland, heart, lung, testis, ovary, placenta, sebaceous gland Nearly ubiquitous ?
12 HSD17B12 SDR 312 11p11.2 ER Fatty acids, estrogens, androgens NADPH Reduction Heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, testis, placenta, cerebellum, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, trachea, lung, thyroid, esophagus, prostate, aorta, urinary bladder, spleen, skin, brain, ovary, breast, uterus, vagina Ubiquitous ?
13 HSD17B13 SDR 300 4q22.1 ER, EP ? NAD+? Oxidation? Liver, bone marrow, lung, ovary, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, brain, bladder, nasal epithelia Strongly restricted ?
14 HSD17B14 SDR 270 19q13.33 Cytosol Estrogens, androgens, fatty acids NAD+ Oxidation Liver, kidney, brain, gallbladder, breast, adrenal, placenta Widely distributed Breast cancer (prognostic)
15 RDH11Tooltip Retinol dehydrogenase 11[36][37][38] PSDR1, HSD17B15 SDR 318 14q23-24.3 ER Retinoids, androgens NADPH Reduction Retina, prostate, brain, testis ? Retinitis pigmentosa[39]

Clinical significance

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Mutations in HSD17B3 are responsible for 17β-HSD type III deficiency.

Inhibitors of 17β-HSD type II are of interest for the potential treatment of osteoporosis.[34][40]

Some inhibitors of 17β-HSD type I have been identified, for example esters of cinnamic acid and various flavones (e.g. fisetin).[41]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ Lynn WS, Brown RH (June 1958). "The conversion of progesterone to androgens by testes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 232 (2): 1015–30. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77419-5. PMID 13549484.
  3. ^ Marcus PI, Talalay P (February 1956). "Induction and purification of alpha- and beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 218 (2): 661–74. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65833-8. PMID 13295221.
  4. ^ Schultz RM, Groman EV, Engel LL (June 1977). "3(17)beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni. A convenient purification and demonstration of multiple molecular forms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 252 (11): 3775–83. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40319-X. PMID 193845.
  5. ^ Talalay P, Dobson MM (December 1953). "Purification and properties of a beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 205 (2): 823–37. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49226-5. PMID 13129261.
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  24. ^ Lidén M, Tryggvason K, Eriksson U (December 2003). "Structure and function of retinol dehydrogenases of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 24 (6): 403–9. doi:10.1016/s0098-2997(03)00036-0. PMID 14585311.
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  31. ^ Moeller G, Adamski J (2009). "Integrated view on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 301 (1–2): 7–19. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.040. PMID 19027824. S2CID 30321495.
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  33. ^ Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Henn C, Möller G, Klein T, Negri M, Oster A, Spadaro A, Werth R, Wetzel M, Xu K, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW, Adamski J (2011). "17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) as therapeutic _targets: protein structures, functions, and recent progress in inhibitor development". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 125 (1–2): 66–82. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.013. PMID 21193039. S2CID 23767100.
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  40. ^ Perspicace E, Cozzoli L, Gargano EM, Hanke N, Carotti A, Hartmann RW, Marchais-Oberwinkler S (August 2014). "Novel, potent and selective 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for osteoporosis with dual human and mouse activities". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 83: 317–37. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.036. PMID 24974351.
  41. ^ Brozic P, Kocbek P, Sova M, Kristl J, Martens S, Adamski J, Gobec S, Lanisnik Rizner T (March 2009). "Flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 301 (1–2): 229–34. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.004. PMID 18835421. S2CID 26950431. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
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