The 18th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1823, to March 4, 1825, during the seventh and eighth years of James Monroe's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.
| 18th United States Congress | |
|---|---|
17th ← → 19th | |
 United States Capitol (1827) | |
March 4, 1823 – March 4, 1825 | |
| Members | 48 senators 213 representatives 3 non-voting delegates |
| Senate majority | Democratic-Republican |
| Senate President | Daniel D. Tompkins (DR) |
| House majority | Democratic-Republican |
| House Speaker | Henry Clay (DR) |
| Sessions | |
| 1st: December 1, 1823 – May 27, 1824 2nd: December 6, 1824 – March 3, 1825 | |
Major events
edit- August 1823: Arikara War fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians.
- December 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe delivered a speech to the Congress, announcing a new policy of forbidding European interference in the Americas and establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts.
- February 9, 1825: John Quincy Adams elected as President of the United States by the House of Representatives in accordance with the contingent election provision of the Twelfth Amendment, as no candidate had received a majority of the electoral votes cast in the 1824 presidential election. The House was required to choose between Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford (the top three presidential electoral-vote recipients), with the delegation from each of the 24 states having one vote. Adams was elected on the first ballot by 13 to 7 to 4.[1][2]
States for Adams States for Jackson States for Crawford - Connecticut
- Illinois
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Missouri
- New Hampshire
- New York
- Ohio
- Rhode Island
- Vermont
- Alabama
- Indiana
- Mississippi
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Delaware
- Georgia
- North Carolina
- Virginia
Total: 13 (54%) Total: 7 (29%) Total: 4 (17%)
Major legislation
edit- January 7, 1824: Tariff of 1824, Sess. 1, ch. 4, 4 Stat. 2
- March 3, 1825: Crimes Act of 1825, Sess. 2, ch. 65, 4 Stat. 115
Party summary
editThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section. The 18th Congress was the final one in which members sat who are identified with the First Party System and the Federalist Party.
Senate
edit| Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)
|
Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic- Republican (DR) |
Federalist (F) |
Vacant | ||||||
| End of previous Congress | 43 | 4 | 47 | 1 | ||||
| Begin | 42 | 3 | 45 | 3 | ||||
| End | 43 | 5 | 48 | 0 | ||||
| Final voting share | 89.6% | 10.4% | ||||||
| Beginning of next Congress | Jacksonian: 25 | 45 | 3 | |||||
| Adams Republican: 20 | ||||||||
House of Representatives
edit| Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)
|
Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic-Republican | Federalist | Vacant | ||||||
| Adams-Clay (A-DR) |
Crawford (C-DR) |
Jackson (J-DR) |
Adams-Clay (A-F) |
Crawford (C-F) |
Jackson (J-F) | |||
| End of previous Congress | 154 | 31 | 185 | 2 | ||||
| Begin | 71 | 53 | 64 | 15 | 2 | 7 | 212 | 1 |
| End | 72 | 213 | 0 | |||||
| Final voting share | 88.7% | 11.3% | ||||||
| Beginning of next Congress | Jacksonian: 104 | 213 | 0 | |||||
| Adams Republican: 109 | ||||||||
Leadership
edit
Daniel D. Tompkins
Senate
editHouse of Representatives
edit- Speaker: Henry Clay (DR)
Members
editThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.
Senate
editSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1826; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1824.
|
|
 2 Democratic-Republicans 1 Democratic-Republican and 1 Federalist 2 Federalists
|
House of Representatives
editThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
editThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
edit- Deaths: 3
- Resignations: 3
- Vacancy: 2
- Total seats with changes: 8
| State (class) |
Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Jersey (1) |
Vacant | Samuel L. Southard resigned at end of previous Congress. Successor elected November 12, 1823. |
Joseph McIlvaine (DR) | November 12, 1823 |
| Delaware (2) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Incumbent was re-elected late January 7, 1824. |
Nicholas Van Dyke (F) | January 7, 1824 |
| Delaware (1) |
Vacant | Caesar A. Rodney resigned in previous term. Successor elected January 8, 1824. |
Thomas Clayton (F) | January 8, 1824 |
| Connecticut (1) |
Elijah Boardman (DR) | Died August 18, 1823. Successor appointed October 8, 1823, and later elected May 5, 1824. |
Henry W. Edwards (DR) | October 8, 1823 |
| Louisiana (3) |
James Brown (DR) | Resigned December 10, 1823, after being appointed Minister to France. Successor appointed January 15, 1824. |
Josiah S. Johnston (DR) | January 15, 1824 |
| Illinois (3) |
Ninian Edwards (DR) | Resigned March 4, 1824, after being appointed Minister to Mexico. Successor elected November, 1824. |
John McLean (DR) | November 23, 1824 |
| Louisiana (2) |
Henry Johnson (DR) | Resigned May 27, 1824, to run for Governor of Louisiana. Successor elected November 19, 1824. |
Dominique J. Bouligny (DR) | November 19, 1824 |
| Virginia (2) |
John Taylor (DR) | Died August 21, 1824. Successor elected December 7, 1824. |
Littleton W. Tazewell (DR) | December 7, 1824 |
| Georgia (2) |
Nicholas Ware (DR) | Died September 7, 1824. Successor elected December 6, 1824. |
Thomas W. Cobb (DR) | December 6, 1824
|
House of Representatives
edit- Deaths: 3
- Resignations: 5
- Contested election: 2
- Total seats with changes: 10
| District | Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts 10th | Vacant | John Bailey was declared not entitled to seat in previous election. Bailey was then re-elected. |
John Bailey (A-DR) | Seated December 13, 1824. |
| New York 28th | William B. Rochester (A-DR) | Resigned April 21, 1823. New member elected. |
William Woods (A-DR) | Seated November 3, 1823. |
| Pennsylvania 13th | John Tod (J-DR) | Resigned sometime in 1824. New member elected. |
Alexander Thomson (J-DR) | Seated December 6, 1824. |
| New York 29th | Isaac Wilson (A-DR) | Lost contested election January 7, 1824. New member seated. |
Parmenio Adams (A-DR) | Seated January 7, 1824. |
| Virginia 13th | William Lee Ball (C-DR) | Died February 29, 1824. New member elected. |
John Taliaferro (C-DR) | Seated March 24, 1824. |
| North Carolina 2nd | Hutchins G. Burton (C-DR) | Resigned March 23, 1824, when elected Governor of North Carolina. New member elected. |
George Outlaw (C-DR) | Seated January 19, 1825. |
| Pennsylvania 8th | Thomas J. Rogers (J-DR) | Resigned April 20, 1824. New member elected. |
George Wolf (J-DR) | Seated December 9, 1824. |
| Indiana 1st | William Prince (J-DR) | Died September 8, 1824. New member elected. |
Jacob Call (J-DR) | Seated December 23, 1824. |
| Vermont 3rd | Charles Rich (A-DR) | Died October 15, 1824. New member elected. |
Henry Olin (A-DR) | Seated December 13, 1824. |
| Georgia at-large | Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR) | Resigned December 6, 1824, when elected U.S. Senator. New member elected. |
Richard H. Wilde (C-DR) | Seated February 7, 1825. |
Committees
editLists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
edit- Amendments to the Constitution (Select)
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Horatio Seymour)
- Banks in Which Deposits Have Been Made (Select)
- Claims (Chairman: Benjamin Ruggles)
- Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: Mahlon Dickerson)
- Debt Imprisonment Abolition (Select)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: Edward Lloyd)
- Engrossed Bills (Chairman: James Lanman)
- Finance (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
- Foreign Relations (Chairman: James Barbour)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Hart Benton)
- Judiciary (Chairman: Martin Van Buren)
- Marquis de La Fayette (Select)
- Memorial of the Legislature of Arkansas (Select)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: Andrew Jackson)
- Militia (Chairman: John Chandler)
- National Road from Cumberland to Wheeling (Select)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: James Lloyd)
- Peale's Portrait of Washington (Select)
- Pensions (Chairman: James Noble)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: James Lanman)
- Public Lands (Chairman: David Barton)
- Roads and Canals (Select) (Chairman: James Brown then Ethan Allen Brown)
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Whole
House of Representatives
edit- Accounts (Chairman: Samuel C. Allen)
- Agriculture (Chairman: Stephen Van Rensselaer)
- Arms Contracts (Select)
- Banking Memorials (Select)
- Claims (Chairman: Lewis Williams)
- Commerce (Chairman: Thomas Newton Jr.)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: Joseph Kent)
- Elections (Chairman: John Sloane)
- Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Samuel Edwards)
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Van Wyck)
- Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Silas Wood)
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: Weldon N. Edwards)
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Jeremiah Nelson)
- Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John Forsyth)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: John Cocke)
- Judiciary (Chairman: Daniel Webster)
- Manufactures (Chairman: John Tod then Walter Forward)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: James Hamilton Jr.)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: Benjamin W. Crowninshield)
- Pensions and Revolutionary War Claims (Chairman: Peter Little)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John T. Johnson)
- Public Expenditures (Chairman: Thomas W. Cobb then Duncan McArthur)
- Public Lands (Chairman: Christopher Rankin)
- Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Thomas C. Ross then Samuel Lathrop)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Ways and Means (Chairman: Louis McLane)
- Whole
Joint committees
editEmployees
editLegislative branch agency directors
editSenate
edit- Chaplain: Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), until December 10, 1823
- William Staughton (Baptist), elected December 10, 1823
- Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), elected December 14, 1824
- Secretary: Charles Cutts
- Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly
House of Representatives
edit- Chaplain: John Brackenridge (Presbyterian), until December 8, 1823
- Henry B. Bascom (Methodist), elected December 8, 1823
- Reuben Post (Presbyterian), elected December 9, 1824
- Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
- Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
- Reading Clerks: [data missing]
- Sergeant at Arms: Thomas Dunn, elected December 1, 1823, died
- John O. Dunn, elected December 6, 1824
See also
edit- 1822 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
- 1824 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
Notes
editReferences
edit- Notes
- ^ "The House of Representatives Elected John Quincy Adams as President: February 09, 1825". Historical Highlights. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
- ^ Schwarz, Frederic D. (February–March 2000). "1825 One Hundred And Seventy-five Years Ago". American Heritage. 51 (1). Rockville, Maryland: American Heritage Publishing. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- Bibliography
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.