The devaluation of sterling in 1949 (or 1949 sterling crisis) was a major currency crisis in the United Kingdom that led to a 30.5% devaluation of sterling from $4.04 per pound to $2.80 on 18 September 1949.[1][2] Although the devaluation was made in the United Kingdom, over 19 countries had currencies pegged to sterling and also devalued.
Historical context
editThe devaluation, unlike the competitive 1931 sterling devaluation, was done in cooperation between all European nations.[3] There was a general understanding among European nations that sterling was overvalued and would need to be devalued. The IMF was in favour of a devaluation and wanted it to happen to allow other European currencies to also devalue.[4] The timing of the devaluation remained unsure. This led to progressive pressure on the currency, up to a breaking point forcing the British government to devalue.
The fundamental cause of the devaluation was a structural trade deficit of the United Kingdom with the United States. But in the short run, speculation also played a role. As there were capital controls in place, speculation could not take place through regular currency markets as speculative purchases of currency were forbidden by the controls. Instead, speculative pressure mounted through leads and lags.[5]
Consequences
editThe immediate consequences of the devaluation were that other countries, many in the sterling area, followed suit. Australia, Burma, Ceylon, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Greece, India, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa and Sweden all also devalued their currencies by 30.5%. France, Portugal, Belgium and Canada devalued their currencies slightly less than did the UK.
According to Larry Elliott (economics editor of The Guardian), the devaluation "highlighted Britain's diminished world status".[6]
The devaluation also laid the ground for negotiations that would lead to the European Payments Union (EPU).[7]
See also
edit- Sterling crisis (disambiguation) – list of sterling crisis articles
References
edit- ^ Schenk, Catherine R. (2013). The decline of sterling: managing the retreat of an international currency, 1945-1992. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87697-1. OCLC 934197928.
- ^ "Devaluation of the Pound: Explanation | StudySmarter". StudySmarter UK. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
- ^ Borio, Claudio E. V.; Toniolo, Gianni (2006). One hundred and thirty years of central bank cooperation: a BIS perspective. Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept. p. 41. OCLC 441324822.
- ^ James, Harold (1996). International monetary cooperation since Bretton Woods. International Monetary Fund. p. 92. ISBN 0-19-510448-X. OCLC 760694324.
- ^ Einzig, Paul (1968). Leads and lags: the main cause of devaluation. Macmillan. OCLC 249886.
- ^ Larry Elliott (16 December 2008). "Devaluation did break Britain - but now it could be its salvation". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Bordo, Michael D.; Eichengreen, Barry (2007). A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06690-5. OCLC 781253309.