Wikipedia

1992 Tour de France

The 1992 Tour de France was the 79th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 26 July. The total race distance was 21 stages and a prologue over 3,978 km (2,472 mi). In honor of the Maastricht Treaty, which created the European Union, the Tour visited a record seven countries: France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and Italy.

1992 Tour de France
Route of the 1992 Tour de France
Route of the 1992 Tour de France
Race details
Dates4–26 July 1992
Stages21 + Prologue
Distance3,978 km (2,472 mi)
Winning time100h 49' 30"
Results
Winner  Miguel Induráin (ESP) (Banesto)
  Second  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) (Carrera Jeans–Vagabond)
  Third  Gianni Bugno (ITA) (Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax)
Points  Laurent Jalabert (FRA) (ONCE)
Mountains  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) (Carrera Jeans–Vagabond)
  Youth  Eddy Bouwmans (NED) (Panasonic–Sportlife)
  Combativity  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) (Carrera Jeans–Vagabond)
  Team Carrera Jeans–Vagabond
← 1991
1993 →

Teams

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 1992 Tour de France.

There were 22 teams in the 1992 Tour de France, each composed of 9 cyclists.[1] Sixteen teams qualified because they were the top 16 of the FICP ranking in May 1992;[2] six other teams were given wildcards in June 1992.[3]

The teams entering the race were:

Qualified teams

Invited teams

Pre-race favourites

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Miguel Induráin, winner of the 1991 Tour de France, was the clear favourite, having won the 1992 Giro d'Italia with ease. His biggest rivals were expected to be Gianni Bugno (second in the 1991 Tour) and Claudio Chiappucci (second in the 1992 Giro).[4]

Route and stages

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The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,770 m (9,090 ft) at the summit of the Col de l'Iseran mountain pass on stage 13.[5][6]

Stage characteristics and winners[7][8][9][10]
Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner
P 4 July San Sebastián (Spain) 8.0 km (5.0 mi)   Individual time trial   Miguel Induráin (ESP)
1 5 July San Sebastián (Spain) 194.5 km (120.9 mi)   Hilly stage   Dominique Arnould (FRA)
2 6 July San Sebastián (Spain) to Pau 255.0 km (158.4 mi)   Hilly stage   Javier Murguialday (ESP)
3 7 July Pau to Bordeaux 210.0 km (130.5 mi)   Plain stage   Rob Harmeling (NED)
4 8 July Libourne 63.5 km (39.5 mi)   Team time trial  Panasonic–Sportlife
5 9 July Nogent-sur-Oise to Wasquehal 196.0 km (121.8 mi)   Plain stage   Guido Bontempi (ITA)
6 10 July Roubaix to Brussels (Belgium) 167.0 km (103.8 mi)   Plain stage   Laurent Jalabert (FRA)
7 11 July Brussels (Belgium) to Valkenburg (Netherlands) 196.5 km (122.1 mi)   Plain stage   Gilles Delion (FRA)
8 12 July Valkenburg (Netherlands) to Koblenz (Germany) 206.5 km (128.3 mi)   Plain stage   Jan Nevens (BEL)
9 13 July Luxembourg City (Luxembourg) 65.0 km (40.4 mi)   Individual time trial   Miguel Induráin (ESP)
10 14 July Luxembourg City (Luxembourg) to Strasbourg 217.0 km (134.8 mi)   Plain stage   Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED)
11 15 July Strasbourg to Mulhouse 249.5 km (155.0 mi)   Hilly stage   Laurent Fignon (FRA)
16 July Dole Rest day
12 17 July Dole to St Gervais 267.5 km (166.2 mi)   Hilly stage   Rolf Järmann (SUI)
13 18 July St Gervais to Sestriere (Italy) 254.5 km (158.1 mi)   Stage with mountain(s)   Claudio Chiappucci (ITA)
14 19 July Sestriere (Italy) to Alpe d'Huez 186.5 km (115.9 mi)   Stage with mountain(s)   Andrew Hampsten (USA)
15 20 July Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Saint-Étienne 198.0 km (123.0 mi)   Hilly stage   Franco Chioccioli (ITA)
16 21 July Saint-Étienne to La Bourboule 212.0 km (131.7 mi)   Hilly stage   Stephen Roche (IRE)
17 22 July La Bourboule to Montluçon 189.0 km (117.4 mi)   Plain stage   Jean-Claude Colotti (FRA)
18 23 July Montluçon to Tours 212.0 km (131.7 mi)   Plain stage   Thierry Marie (FRA)
19 24 July Tours to Blois 64.0 km (39.8 mi)   Individual time trial   Miguel Induráin (ESP)
20 25 July Blois to Nanterre 222.0 km (137.9 mi)   Plain stage   Peter De Clercq (BEL)
21 26 July La Défense to Paris (Champs-Élysées) 141.0 km (87.6 mi)   Plain stage   Olaf Ludwig (GER)
Total 3,978 km (2,472 mi)[11]

Race overview

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Main articles: 1992 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 and 1992 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21
 
Miguel Induráin (pictured in 2009), winner of the general classification

The Tour began in Spain where the prologue was in San Sebastián, close to Indurain's home.[12] Indurain won the prologue, with debutant Alex Zülle in second place. In the first stage, Zülle won a time bonus in an intermediate sprint, and became the new race leader.[4] In the second stage the race moved into France for the first time, finishing in Pau in the south of France. The Pyrenees were going to largely be avoided in this year's edition, as only two major mountain stages were scheduled, both of which were in the Alps. Richard Virenque, another debutant who was a late addition to his team, was part of a two-man escape that stayed away. Javier Murguialday claimed the stage win and Virenque took over the lead.[4]

The yellow jersey, worn by the leader in the general classification, changed owner again after the third stage, when a group of ten cyclists stayed away. Rob Harmeling bested Sammie Moreels and Massimo Ghirotto at the line and Pascal Lino, a teammate of Virenque at RMO–Onet, crossed the line in 4th and became the new race leader.[4] In the team time trial of stage four, RMO-Onet lost time to the teams specialized in team time trials, but Lino's lead was large enough to remain leader.[4]

The GC riders were largely content to let the breakaways go during the first two weeks, knowing the race would be decided in the ITT's and mountains of stages thirteen and fourteen. Just the same the favorites were firmly in the top ten with Indurain, Chiappucci and Bugno being the highest placed. Former champs Laurent Fignon and Greg LeMond did not have the same recent results as the defending champ Induráin, Bugno or Chiappucci, but they were the next closest riders who were considered favorites.[13] Former champs Roche and Delgado, who each had teammates placed higher than them in Chiappucci and Induráin, as well as Andy Hampsten, who came into the race _targeting a top 5 finish,[14] were beyond Fignon and LeMond. In stage five the race moved to the north of France, beginning in Nogent-sur-Oise which was the first of four straight flat stages. Guido Bontempi crossed the line solo for the win.

Stage six began in Roubaix and the riders had to deal with the cobbles, as well as bad weather as it had been raining steadily by the time they crossed into Belgium. Late in the race a four-man breakaway formed which proved significant as it included Chiappucci and LeMond. They were joined by Brian Holm and Laurent Jalabert and by the time they approached the finish line under the Atomium in Brussels they had built a gap of about ninety seconds.[15] Jalabert took his first career stage win and both Chiappucci and LeMond had jumped ahead of Induráin by over a minute. The press swarmed LeMond after the stage to the point he had to hide under a truck trailer for a few minutes to change before dealing with them, as there were not yet team buses for the riders to utilize. Lino was still the highest placed rider, but his gap back to the GC riders had already been halved.

Stages seven and eight both saw breakaways that went the distance moving several riders not considered contenders into the top 10. Roche was considered a contender and on stage seven, as the race crossed into the Netherlands, he got involved in an escape and finished with the same time as winner Gilles Delion, gaining over a minute on Induráin in the process. Jan Nevens won the following day as the Tour entered Germany and riders such as Heppner, Skibby, Ledanois and Alberto Leanizbarrutia found themselves in the top 10. In the ITT of stage nine Miguel Induráin made a dominant statement that none of the GC riders could answer. The time trial was ridden in Luxembourg and the closest rider to Induráin was Armand de Las Cuevas who finished three minutes behind. Bugno was the closest GC contender at +3:40 behind followed by LeMond who finished more than four minutes back.[16]

Induráin began the day behind all of the other favorites, but had such a dominant performance that by the end of the stage he was ahead of all of them. This time trial victory is sometimes seen as Indurain's career-defining moment.[17] Lino was still in yellow, but Induráin had reduced the deficit to +1:27, which he was anticipated to easily overcome in the upcoming Alps.

After the time trial there was a flat stage that began in Luxembourg and finished in France for two hilly stages in the Jura Mountains prior to the race entering The Alps. Stage ten was won by Jean-Paul van Poppel who defeated defending green jersey champion Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Laurent Jalabert in the sprint. In this year's edition Jalabert was in a fierce battle with Johan Museeuw for the green jersey and it would go back and forth between them six times before Jalabert sealed the victory in the third week. In stage eleven Laurent Fignon, who had suffered a disastrous ITT a few days earlier, won the final stage of his illustrious career by defeating a strong group of riders including Jalabert, Pedro Delgado, Dimitri Konyshev and the French National Champion in Luc Leblanc among others. In stage twelve Museeuw wrestled the green jersey back from Jalabert as Swiss rider Rolf Järmann beat Pedro Delgado to the line by three seconds.[18]

Stage thirteen would take the riders to Sestriere in Italy and included three Cat-1 climbs as well as an hors catégorie right in the middle of the stage with the Col de l'Iseran, the highest point of the 1992 Tour. Chiappucci, who was 7th in the general classification, decided to risk everything to try and win the Tour. During the 1990 Tour de France he made a similar choice on the stage to Luz Ardiden which resulted in him eventually being caught and dropped as Induráin and LeMond went on to win the stage and Tour respectively. Chiappucci joined the early breakaway attempts and by the time he reached the Iseran he was alone.[19] Eventually it became clear Chiappucci was going to be able to sustain his attack and the group of favorites were waiting for a reaction from Induráin, which never came. Finally Bugno, who had come into this Tour with intentions of winning it, launched an attack. Induráin did answer this attack; and the only other riders who could respond were Andy Hampsten and Franco Vona. All total the stage was just over 250 km long and by the time he crossed the finish line Chiappucci had ridden nearly half of it on a solo attack and collected an enormous amount of King of the Mountains points, a classification he would win.[20] He won the stage convincingly more than a minute and a half ahead of Vona, but Induráin was able to limit his losses to under two minutes while also dropping the remainder of GC riders and taking the yellow jersey from Lino. Chiappucci was now in 2nd overall, Bugno rose to third and Lino, who had held the jersey for eleven stages, fell to fourth.

Coming entirely unhinged for the first time in his legendary career was Greg LeMond. He finished within a grupetto of sprinters just inside the time limit with teammate Atle Kvålsvoll staying behind to assist him. He dropped nearly forty places in the standings and he was hounded by the press until he reached his hotel elevator. At one point both LeMond and Kvålsvoll said the same thing to the press, "Things are unexplainable."[21] The next day he would abandon the Tour.

All drug tests had returned negative and while there were whispers of a new undetectable drug known as EPO being out there, it was not known to be as widespread within the peloton as it would become in just a few years.[22] Stage fourteen was another day of grueling climbing; beginning at Sestriere and moving back into France for the final time finishing at the mountaintop resort of Alpe d'Huez. For the second day in a row Andy Hampsten and Franco Vona were at the front of the race with or ahead of the GC contenders. For the second day in a row Vona finished 2nd as Andy Hampsten became the only American to ever win atop Alpe d'Huez.Years later Lance Armstrong had two stage wins at Alp D'Huez revoked, although his name remains on the stage winner signs along the route.[citation needed] Hampsten had moved into the top 10 the day before and now had risen to the final podium position as Vona entered the top 10.

As far as the yellow jersey was concerned Bugno lost considerable time and dropped to 5th below Lino, who rode well enough to maintain 4th place. Chiappucci and Induráin crossed the line together; as once Bugno was dropped all Induráin needed to do to firmly consolidate his position was mark Chiappucci. Neither Hampsten, who now occupied 3rd at +8:01, nor Chiappucci who was only +1:42 behind seemed to pose a threat to Induráin. With no big mountain stages remaining, the only stage that was likely to create time differences between the favourites was the time trial in stage nineteen and a few days earlier Induráin had already proven himself to be the most dominant time trialist in the race.

Stages fifteen and sixteen were both intermediate stages that went through the Massif Central section of France. Franco Chioccioli won stage fifteen crossing the line solo ahead of Dimitri Konyshev by +0:42, and in stage sixteen Stephen Roche beat Viatcheslav Ekimov by +0:46. In both stages the GC riders were not far behind. In stage seventeen Maassen, Sergeant, Louviot, Nulens and Jean-Claude Colotti were at the front of an escape group that finished more than +15:00 ahead of the peloton. Colotti would eventually attack this group and beat them to the line by more than three minutes. In stage eighteen Thierry Marie bested Museeuw and Nijdam in the sprint finish.

Stage nineteen was the final individual time trial and as was anticipated Induráin dominated the field and all but finalized his 2nd Tour de France victory. Bugno rode strongly finishing 2nd forty seconds behind. Everyone else was beyond +2:00 and the most important changes included Chiappucci now being +4:35 behind locking up 2nd place overall, and being as Bugno had a considerably better ride than Hampsten and Lino, he jumped both of them in the standings and took over the final podium position.[23]

The final two stages were flat stages and in stage twenty Peter De Clercq won the sprint ahead of Vanzella and Laurent. On the final stage, which finished on the Champs-Élysées, the sprint was fought over by Frankie Andreu, Søren Lilholt, Laurent Jalabert, Johan Museeuw, Jean-Paul van Poppel and Olaf Ludwig with Ludwig winning the day and taking his second career Tour de France stage victory.[24]

The final podiums included Laurent Jalabert in the green jersey, Claudio Chiappucci as the king of the mountains winner as well as the Most Combative Rider. His team Carrera Jeans–Vagabond also won the team competition. Eddy Bouwmans won the white jersey as the best young rider. Miguel Induráin won his second consecutive Tour and joined the elite group of Coppi, Anquetil, Merckx, Hinault and Roche as the only riders to complete the Giro-Tour double.

Classification leadership and minor prizes

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There were several classifications in the 1992 Tour de France.[25] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[26]

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[27]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[28]

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey in 1992. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[29]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[30]

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.[31] Claudio Chiappucci won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.[8] In 1992, there was a special classification because of the Maastricht Treaty, that created the European Union. In the 1992 Tour de France, a national border was crossed seven times, and every time there was a special sprint, where points could be earned. This classification was won by Viatcheslav Ekimov.[32] The "Association Française pour un Sport sans violence et pour le Fair-play" awarded the Fair Play award in the Tour for the first time. It was given to Stephen Roche.[8] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 14. This prize was won by Franco Chioccioli.[33][34]

Classification leadership by stage[35][36]
Stage Winner General classification
  		Points classification
  		Mountains classification
  		Young rider classification[a] Team classification Combativity
Award Classification
P Miguel Induráin Miguel Induráin Miguel Induráin no award Alex Zülle Banesto no award
1 Dominique Arnould Alex Zülle Dominique Arnould Franco Chioccioli Alex Zülle Alex Zülle
2 Javier Murguialday Richard Virenque Richard Virenque Richard Virenque Richard Virenque RMO–Onet Richard Virenque Richard Virenque
3 Rob Harmeling Pascal Lino Noël Segers
4 Panasonic no award
5 Guido Bontempi Johan Museeuw Carrera Jeans–Vagabond Steve Bauer
6 Laurent Jalabert Thierry Marie Claudio Chiappucci
7 Gilles Delion Laurent Jalabert Frans Maassen Frans Maassen
8 Jan Nevens Yvon Ledanois Yvon Ledanois
9 Miguel Induráin no award
10 Jean-Paul van Poppel Johan Museeuw Claudio Chiappucci Rolf Järmann
11 Laurent Fignon Laurent Jalabert Rolf Gölz
12 Rolf Järmann Johan Museeuw Rolf Järmann Rolf Järmann
13 Claudio Chiappucci Miguel Induráin Eddy Bouwmans Claudio Chiappucci Claudio Chiappucci
14 Andrew Hampsten Andrew Hampsten
15 Franco Chioccioli Laurent Jalabert Franco Chioccioli
16 Stephen Roche Stephen Roche
17 Jean-Claude Colotti Jean-Claude Colotti
18 Thierry Marie Herman Frison
19 Miguel Induráin no award
20 Peter De Clercq Rolf Järmann
21 Olaf Ludwig Frans Maassen
Final Miguel Induráin Laurent Jalabert Claudio Chiappucci Eddy Bouwmans Carrera Jeans–Vagabond Claudio Chiappucci

Final standings

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Legend
  Denotes the winner of the general classification   Denotes the winner of the points classification
  Denotes the winner of the mountains classification

General classification

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Final general classification (1–10)[37]
Rank Rider Team Time
1   Miguel Induráin (ESP)   Banesto 100h 49' 30"
2   Claudio Chiappucci (ITA)   Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 4' 35"
3   Gianni Bugno (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax + 10' 49"
4   Andrew Hampsten (USA) Motorola + 13' 40"
5   Pascal Lino (FRA) RMO–Onet + 14' 37"
6   Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto + 15' 16"
7   Erik Breukink (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 18' 51"
8   Giancarlo Perini (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 19' 16"
9   Stephen Roche (IRE) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 20' 23"
10   Jens Heppner (GER) Team Telekom + 25' 30"

Points classification

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Final points classification (1–10)[38][39]
Rank Rider Team Points
1   Laurent Jalabert (FRA)   ONCE 293
2   Johan Museeuw (BEL) Lotto–Mavic–MBK 262
3   Claudio Chiappucci (ITA)   Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 202
4   Olaf Ludwig (GER) Panasonic–Sportlife 193
5   Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 177
6   Miguel Induráin (ESP)   Banesto 128
7   Stephen Roche (IRE) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 111
8   Gianni Bugno (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax 109
9   Søren Lilholt (DEN) Tulip Computers 96
10   Jelle Nijdam (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca 84

Mountains classification

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Final mountains classification (1–10)[38]
Rank Rider Team Points
1   Claudio Chiappucci (ITA)   Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 410
2   Richard Virenque (FRA) RMO–Onet 245
3   Franco Chioccioli (ITA) GB–MG Maglificio 209
4   Miguel Induráin (ESP)   Banesto 152
5   Andrew Hampsten (USA) Motorola 140
6   Gianni Bugno (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax 131
7   Franco Vona (ITA) GB–MG Maglificio 122
8   Stephen Roche (IRE) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 107
9   Javier Murguialday (ESP) Amaya Seguros 96
10   Éric Boyer (FRA) Z 93

Young rider classification

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Final young rider classification (1–10)[40]
Rank Rider Team Time
1   Eddy Bouwmans (NED) Panasonic–Sportlife 102h 28' 05"
2   Richard Virenque (FRA) RMO–Onet + 17' 26"
3   Jim Van De Laer (BEL) Tulip Computers + 31' 54"
4   Arunas Cepele (LIT) Postobón–Manzana–Ryalcao + 40' 25"
5   Laurent Jalabert (FRA)   ONCE + 41' 33"
6   Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS) Panasonic–Sportlife + 48' 29"
7   Yvon Ledanois (FRA) Castorama + 51' 08"
8   Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) Castorama + 57' 47"
9   Fernando Escartín (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur + 1h 00' 40"
10   Dominik Krieger (GER) Helvetia–Commodore + 1h 09' 42"

Team classification

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Final team classification (1–10)[38]
Rank Team Time
1 Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 302h 58' 12"
2 Banesto + 18' 16"
3 CLAS–Cajastur + 49' 27"
4 Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax + 1h 02' 46"
5 Z + 1h 07' 19"
6 RMO–Onet + 1h 22' 11"
7 TVM–Sanyo + 1h 29' 22"
8 Castorama + 1h 37' 18"
9 PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 1h 41' 35"
10 Panasonic–Sportlife + 1h 46' 46"

European sprints

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Final European sprints classification[41]
Rank Rider Team Time
1   Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) Panasonic–Sportlife 14
2   Herman Frison (BEL) Tulip Computers 6
3   Richard Virenque (FRA) RMO–Onet 5
4   Claudio Chiappucci (ITA)   Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 4
4   Peter De Clercq (BEL) Lotto–Mavic–MBK 4
6   Andrew Hampsten (USA) Motorola 2
6   Javier Murguialday (ESP) Amaya Seguros 2
8   Franco Vona (ITA) GB–MG Maglificio 1
8   Olaf Ludwig (GER) Panasonic–Sportlife 1
8   Hendrik Redant (BEL) Lotto–Mavic–MBK 1

Notes

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  1. ^ A white jersey was not awarded to the leader of the young rider classification between 1989 and 1999.[29]

References

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  1. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1992 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Tour: Les 16 premières équipes" (in French). Le Soir. 20 May 1992. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  3. ^ Deblander, Bruno (17 June 1992). "Les six équipes invitées au Tour de France sont connués 22, v'la ce qui se fait de mieux" (in French). Le Soir. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 203–210.
  5. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 178.
  6. ^ "Bergetappes" [Mountain stages]. de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 4 July 1992. p. 29 – via Delpher.
  7. ^ "79ème Tour de France 1992" [79th Tour de France 1992]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Augendre 2016, p. 83.
  9. ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC top ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  10. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1992 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  11. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 110.
  12. ^ Boyce, Barry (2012). "The Spaniard is More Than a Climber". Cycling revealed. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  13. ^ "1992 TDF". Bikeraceinfo.com. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  14. ^ "Frankie Andreu Talks About the 1992 Tour de France". Bikeraceinfo.com. 19 August 2004. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007.
  15. ^ "1992 TDF". Bikeraceinfo.com. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  16. ^ "1992 TDF". Bikeraceinfo.com. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  17. ^ "Grand Tour Doubles – Miguel Induráin". Cycle sport magazine. IPC Media Sports & Leisure. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  18. ^ "1992 TDF". Bikeraceinfo.com. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  19. ^ "1992 TDF". Bikeraceinfo.com. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  20. ^ Richard Moore (30 June 2012). "Book Excerpt: Chiappucci's legendary victory at Sestriere". VeloNews. Competitor Group, Inc. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  21. ^ "LeMond Can't Explain Bad Day". LA Times. 19 July 1992. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021.
  22. ^ "George Hincapie Affidavit to USADA signed September, 24, 2012 with Notary Public as Witness in Greenville, South Carolina" (PDF). USADA. 24 September 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2021.
  23. ^ "1992 TDF". Bikeraceinfo.com. 12 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  24. ^ "Olaf Ludwig". Pro Cycling Stats. 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021.
  25. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–455.
  26. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–453.
  27. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 453–454.
  28. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454.
  29. ^ a b Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 454–455.
  30. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 455.
  31. ^ van den Akker 2018, pp. 211–216.
  32. ^ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Other classification and awards". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club.
  33. ^ "Tour de France". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). 4 July 1992. p. 25 – via Historische Kranten, Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken.
  34. ^ Augendre 2016, pp. 177–178.
  35. ^ "Tour de France 1992 – Leaders overview". ProCyclingStats. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  36. ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1992" [Information about the Tour de France from 1992]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  37. ^ a b "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1992 – Stage 21 La Défense > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  38. ^ a b c "Los Campos Elíseos rinden homenaje a Indurain" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 27 July 1992. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2019.
  39. ^ "Tour in cijfers". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). Regionaal archief Leiden. 27 July 1992. p. 17. Retrieved 14 April 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  40. ^ "Tour de France 1992 – Youth classification". ProCyclingStats. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  41. ^ "ESF-sprint Klassement". Sports plaza. Retrieved 4 May 2013.[permanent dead link‍]

Bibliography

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Further reading

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