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2010 United States census

(Redirected from 2010 U.S. Census)

The 2010 United States census was the 23rd United States census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010.[1] The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators serving to spot-check randomly selected neighborhoods and communities. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired.[2][3] The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538,[4] a 9.7% increase from the 2000 United States census. This was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 500,000 people as well as the first in which all 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 200,000.

Twenty-third census
of the United States
← 2000 April 1, 2010 2020 →
Seal of the U.S. Census Bureau
2010 U.S. census logo
General information
CountryUnited States
Results
Total population308,745,538 (Increase 9.7%)
Most populous stateCalifornia (37,253,956)
Least populous stateWyoming (563,826)

It was the first census since 1930 that California did not record the largest population growth in absolute number. Texas surpassed California's growth by 4.3 million to 3.4 million.

Introduction

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As required by the United States Constitution, the U.S. Census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U.S. census was the previous census completed. Participation in the U.S. Census is required by law of people living in the United States in Title 13 of the United States Code.[5]

On January 25, 2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, a resident of Noorvik, Alaska.[6] More than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U.S. Post Office beginning March 15, 2010.[7] The number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1, 2010.[8] Although the questionnaire used April 1, 2010, as the reference date as to where a person was living, an insert dated March 15, 2010, included the following printed in bold type: "Please complete and mail back the enclosed census form today."

The 2010 census national mail participation rate was 74%.[9] From April through July 2010, census takers visited households that didn't return a form, an operation called "non-response follow-up" (NRFU).

In December 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau delivered population information to the U.S. president for apportionment, and later in March 2011, complete redistricting data was delivered to states.[1]

Personally identifiable information will be available in 2082.[10]

Major changes

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The Census Bureau did not use a long form for the 2010 census.[11] In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, which asked for detailed social and economic information. The 2010 census used only a short form asking ten basic questions:[11]

  1. How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1, 2010?
  2. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1, 2010, that you did not include in Question 1? Mark all that apply: (checkboxes for: children; relatives; non-relatives; people staying temporarily; none)
  3. Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – [Checkboxes for owned with a mortgage, owned free and clear, rented, occupied without rent.]
  4. What is your telephone number?
  5. What is Person 1's name? (last, first)
  6. What is Person 1's sex? (male, female)
  7. What is Person 1's age and Person 1's date of birth?
  8. Is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin? (checkboxes for: "No", and several for "Yes" which specify groups of countries)
  9. What is Person 1's race? (checkboxes for 14 including "other". One possibility was "Black, African Am., or Negro")
  10. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else? (checkboxes for "No", and several locations for "Yes")

The form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total.

In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, nor was the form available for download.[11][12]

Detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey.[12] The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a rotating basis will receive the survey each year, and no household will receive it more than once every five years.[13]

In June 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples. However, the final form did not contain a separate "same-sex married couple" option. When noting the relationship between household members, same-sex couples who are married could mark their spouses as being "Husband or wife", the same response given by opposite-sex married couples. An "unmarried partner" option was available for couples (whether same-sex or opposite-sex) who were not married.[14]

The Census 2010 Language Program was significantly expanded. Language assistance in 49 languages in the 2000 Census was increased to 59 languages in Census 2000. In addition to English, Census questionnaire was available in five non-English languages: Spanish, Chinese (simplified), Korean, Vietnamese, and Russian.[15][16]

Cost

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The 2010 census cost $13 billion, approximately $42 per capita; by comparison, the 2010 census per-capita cost for China was about US$1 and for India was US$0.40.[17] Operational costs were $5.4 billion, significantly under the $7 billion budget.[18] In December 2010 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted that the cost of conducting the census has approximately doubled each decade since 1970.[17] In a detailed 2004 report to Congress, the GAO called on the Census Bureau to address cost and design issues, and at that time, had estimated the 2010 census cost to be $11 billion.[19]

In August 2010, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced that the census operational costs came in significantly under budget; of an almost $7 billion operational budget:[18]

  • $650 million was saved in the budget for the door-to-door questioning (NRFU) phase because 72% of households returned mailed questionnaires;
  • $150 million was saved because of lower-than-planned costs in areas including Alaska and tribal lands; and
  • the $800 million emergency fund was not needed.

Locke credited the management practices of Census Bureau director Robert Groves, citing in particular the decision to buy additional advertising in locations where responses lagged, which improved the overall response rate. The agency also has begun to rely more on questioning neighbors or other reliable third parties when a person could not be immediately reached at home, which reduced the cost of follow-up visits. Census data for about 22% of U.S. households that did not reply by mail were based on such outside interviews, Groves said.[18]

Technology

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In 2005, Lockheed Martin won a six-year, $500 million contract to capture and standardize data for the census. The contract included systems, facilities, and staffing.[20] The final value of that contract was in excess of one billion dollars.[21] Information technology was about a quarter of the projected $11.3 billion cost of the decennial census.[22] The use of high-speed document scanning technology, such as ImageTrac scanners developed by IBML, helped Lockheed Martin complete the project on schedule and under budget.[23]

Due to the rise in social media and cell-phone usage in the U.S., the Census Bureau used research gathered through a cell-phone study in order to _target media and adds to populations that were nonrespondents and promote census participation. This study also helped gauge the mindset of those who fail to respond, trying to figure out why.[24]

This was the first census to use hand-held computing devices with GPS capability, although they were only used for the address canvassing operation. Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves, President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of contracting problems but very little criticism of the units themselves.[25] The Census Bureau chose to conduct the primary operation, Non-Response Follow Up (NRFU), without using the handheld computing devices.[26][27]

Marketing and undercounts

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Due to allegations surrounding previous censuses that poor people and non-whites are routinely undercounted, for the 2010 census, the Census Bureau tried to avoid that bias by enlisting tens of thousands of intermediaries, such as churches, charities and firms, to explain to people the importance of being counted.[8]

There was a penalty of $100 for not completing some or all of the 2010 U.S. Census. Census Bureau director Robert Grove, however, wrote "the Census Bureau has rarely prosecuted failure to respond. While the rationale for the mandatory nature of the census still applies today, our message for the 2010 Census is about the common good benefits of participation".[28] The fine for non-participation is much lower than that for reporting false information. In 2010, that penalty was $500.[29]

The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) was given a contract to help publicize the importance of the census count and to encourage individuals to fill out their forms. In September 2009, after controversial undercover videos showing four ACORN staffers giving tax advice to a man and a woman posing as a prostitute, the bureau canceled ACORN's contract.[30] Various American celebrities, including Demi Lovato and Eva Longoria,[31] were used in public service announcements _targeting younger people to fill out census forms. Wilmer Valderrama and Rosario Dawson have helped spread census awareness among young Hispanics, a historically low participating ethnicity in the U.S. census.[32] Rapper Ludacris also participated in efforts to spread awareness of the 2010 census.[33]

The Census Bureau hired about 635,000 people to find those U.S. residents who had not returned their forms by mail; as of May 28, 2010, 113 census workers had been victims of crime while conducting the census.[3][needs update] As of June 29, there were 436 incidents involving assaults or threats against enumerators, more than double the 181 incidents in 2000; one enumerator, attempting to hand-deliver the census forms to a Hawaii County police officer, was arrested for trespassing – the officer's fellow policemen made the arrest.[2]

Some political conservatives and libertarians questioned the validity of the questions and even encouraged people to refuse to answer questions for privacy and constitutional reasons.[34] Michele Bachmann, a former conservative Republican Representative from Minnesota, stated that she would not fill out her census form other than to indicate the number of people living in her household because "the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond that."[35] Former Republican representative and Libertarian presidential candidate Bob Barr stated that the census has become too intrusive, going beyond the mere enumeration (i.e., count) intended by the framers of the U.S. Constitution.[36] According to political commentator Juan Williams, "Census participation rates have been declining since 1970, and if conservatives don't participate, doubts about its accuracy and credibility may become fatal."[34]

As a result, the Census Bureau undertook an unprecedented advertising campaign _targeted at encouraging white political conservatives to fill out their forms, in the hope of avoiding an undercount of this group. The 2010 U.S. census was the primary sponsor at NASCAR races in Atlanta, Bristol, and Martinsville, and sponsored the No. 16 Ford Fusion driven by Greg Biffle for part of the season, because of a marketing survey that indicated most NASCAR fans lean politically conservative.[34] It also ran an advertisement during the 2010 Super Bowl, and hired singer Marie Osmond, who is thought to have many conservative fans, to publicize the census.[34]

Reapportionment

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Allocation of U.S. congressional districts following the 2010 census
 
The 435 seats of the House grouped by state, as apportioned after the 2010 census

The results of the 2010 census determined the number of seats that each state received in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 2012 elections. Consequently, this affected the number of votes each state had in the Electoral College for the 2012 presidential election.

Because of population changes, eighteen states had changes in their number of seats. Eight states gained at least one seat, and ten states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 12 seats being switched.[37]

Gained four seats Gained two seats Gained one seat Lost one seat Lost two seats
Texas Florida Arizona
Georgia
Nevada
South Carolina
Utah
Washington 		Illinois
Iowa
Louisiana
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
New Jersey
Pennsylvania 		New York
Ohio

Controversies

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Some objected to the counting of persons who are in the United States illegally.[38][39] Senators David Vitter (R-LA) and Bob Bennett (R-UT) tried unsuccessfully to add questions on immigration status to the census form.[8]

Organizations such as the Prison Policy Initiative argued that the census counts of incarcerated men and women as residents of prisons, rather than of their pre-incarceration addresses, skewed political clout and resulted in misleading demographic and population data.[40] Many residents of prisons counted on the 2010 census were those who identify as Black and Hispanic. This could lead to the loss of resources for underserved minority communities.[41]

The term "Negro" was used in the questionnaire as one of the options for African Americans (Question 9. What is Person (number)'s race? ... Black, African Am., or Negro) as a choice to describe one's race. Census Bureau spokesman Jack Martin explained that "many older African-Americans identified themselves that way, and many still do. Those who identify themselves as Negroes need to be included."[42][43] The word was also used in the 2000 census, with over 56,000 people identifying themselves as "Negro".[44] In response to complaints over the word's inclusion on the 2010 census, the Census Bureau announced in 2013 that it would stop using "Negro" going forward, with the 2014 American Community Survey census form being the first without the word.[45]

Perhaps not a controversy, but yet, another challenge for the Census Bureau in 2010 was that almost three million people selected that their race was Black and in combination with another race. This reflects societal changes in the first decade of the 21st century as hospitals had begun recognizing multiple races at the birth of a child. Thus, when parents are reporting their child's race on the census, they selected multiple races.[46]

The 2010 census contained ten questions about age, gender, ethnicity, home ownership, and household relationships. Six of the ten questions were to be answered for each individual in the household. Federal law has provisions for fining those who refuse to complete the census form.[47]

Detroit Mayor Dave Bing held a press conference on March 22, 2011, to announce that the city would challenge its census results.[48] The challenge, being led by the city's planning department, cited an inconsistency as an example showing a downtown census tract which lost only 60 housing units, but 1,400 people, implying that a downtown jail or dormitory was missed in canvassing.[49]

NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg held a conference on March 27, 2011, to announce that the city would also challenge his city's census results, specifically the apparent undercounting in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn.[50] Bloomberg said that the numbers for Queens and Brooklyn, the two most populous boroughs, are implausible.[51] According to the census, they grew by only 0.1% and 1.6%, respectively, while the other boroughs grew by between 3% and 5%. He also stated that the census showed improbably high numbers of vacant housing in vital neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, Queens.

The District of Columbia announced in August 2011 that it would also challenge its census results. The Mayor's Office claimed that the detailed information provided for 549 census blocks is "nonsensical", listing examples of census data that show housing units located in the middle of a street that does not actually exist. However, officials do not believe the city's total population will drastically change as a result of the challenge.[52]

State rankings

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See also: List of U.S. states and territories by population

The state with the highest percentage rate of growth was Nevada, while the state with the largest population increase was Texas.[53] Michigan, the 8th largest by population, was the only state to lose population (although Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, lost population as well), and the District of Columbia saw its first gain since the 1950s.[54] The resident populations listed below do not include people living overseas. For Congressional apportionment, the sum of a state's resident population and its population of military personnel and federal contractors living overseas (but not other citizens overseas, such as missionaries or expatriate workers) is used.[55]

 
A map showing the population change of each US State by percentage.
Population and population change in the United States by state
Rank State Population as of
2010 census 		Population as of
2000 census[56] 		Change Percent
change
1   California 37,253,956 33,871,648 3,382,308   10.0%  
2   Texas 25,145,561 20,851,820 4,293,741   20.6%  
3   New York 19,378,102 18,976,457 401,645   2.1%  
4   Florida 18,801,310 15,982,378 2,818,932   17.6%  
5   Illinois 12,830,632 12,419,293 411,339   3.3%  
6   Pennsylvania 12,702,379 12,281,054 421,325   3.4%  
7   Ohio 11,536,504 11,353,140 183,364   1.6%  
8   Michigan 9,883,640 9,938,444 −54,804   −0.6%  
9   Georgia 9,687,653 8,186,453 1,501,200   18.3%  
10   North Carolina 9,535,483 8,049,313 1,486,170   18.5%  
11   New Jersey 8,791,894 8,414,350 377,544   4.5%  
12   Virginia 8,001,024 7,078,515 922,509   13.0%  
13   Washington 6,724,540 5,894,121 830,419   14.1%  
14   Massachusetts 6,547,629 6,349,097 198,532   3.1%  
15   Indiana 6,483,802 6,080,485 403,317   6.6%  
16   Arizona 6,392,017 5,130,632 1,261,385   24.6%  
17   Tennessee 6,346,105 5,689,283 656,822   11.5%  
18   Missouri 5,988,927 5,595,211 393,716   7.0%  
19   Maryland 5,773,552 5,296,486 477,066   9.0%  
20   Wisconsin 5,686,986 5,363,675 323,311   6.0%  
21   Minnesota 5,303,925 4,919,479 384,446   7.8%  
22   Colorado 5,029,196 4,301,261 727,935   16.9%  
23   Alabama 4,779,736 4,447,100 332,636   7.5%  
24   South Carolina 4,625,364 4,012,012 613,352   15.3%  
25   Louisiana 4,533,372 4,468,976 64,396   1.4%  
26   Kentucky 4,339,367 4,041,769 297,598   7.4%  
27   Oregon 3,831,074 3,421,399 409,675   12.0%  
28   Oklahoma 3,751,351 3,450,654 300,697   8.7%  
29   Connecticut 3,574,097 3,405,565 168,532   4.9%  
30   Iowa 3,046,355 2,926,324 120,031   4.1%  
31   Mississippi 2,967,297 2,844,658 122,639   4.3%  
32   Arkansas 2,915,918 2,673,400 242,518   9.1%  
33   Kansas 2,853,118 2,688,418 164,700   6.1%  
34   Utah 2,763,885 2,233,169 530,716   23.8%  
35   Nevada 2,700,551 1,998,257 702,294   35.1%  
36   New Mexico 2,059,179 1,819,046 240,133   13.2%  
37   West Virginia 1,852,994 1,808,344 44,650   2.5%  
38   Nebraska 1,826,341 1,711,263 115,078   6.7%  
39   Idaho 1,567,582 1,293,953 273,629   21.1%  
40   Hawaii 1,360,301 1,211,537 148,764   12.3%  
41   Maine 1,328,361 1,274,923 53,438   4.2%  
42   New Hampshire 1,316,470 1,235,786 80,684   6.5%  
43   Rhode Island 1,052,567 1,048,319 4,248   0.4%  
44   Montana 989,415 902,195 87,220   9.7%  
45   Delaware 897,934 783,600 114,334   14.6%  
46   South Dakota 814,180 754,844 59,336   7.9%  
47   Alaska 710,231 626,932 83,299   13.3%  
48   North Dakota 672,591 642,200 30,391   4.7%  
49   Vermont 625,741 608,827 16,914   2.8%  
—   District of Columbia 601,723 572,059 29,664   5.2%  
50   Wyoming 563,626 493,782 69,844   14.1%  
    United States 308,745,538 281,421,906 27,323,632   9.7%  

Metropolitan rankings

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See also: List of metropolitan statistical areas

These are core metropolitan rankings versus combined statistical areas. For full list with current data, go to metropolitan statistics.

The top 25 metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America
Rank Metropolitan statistical area 2010 census Encompassing combined statistical area
1 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area 19,567,410 New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area
2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 12,828,837 Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area
3 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area 9,461,105 Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Combined Statistical Area
4 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area 6,426,214 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK Combined Statistical Area
5 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area 5,965,343 Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area
6 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area 5,920,416 Houston-The Woodlands, TX Combined Statistical Area
7 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area 5,636,232 Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area
8 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area 5,564,635 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL Combined Statistical Area
9 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area 5,286,728 Atlanta–Athens-Clarke County–Sandy Springs, GA Combined Statistical Area
10 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area 4,552,402 Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area
11 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 4,335,391 San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area
12 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area 4,296,250 Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI Combined Statistical Area
13 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 4,224,851 Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area
14 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Area 4,192,887
15 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area 3,439,809 Seattle-Tacoma, WA Combined Statistical Area
16 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area 3,348,859 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI Combined Statistical Area
17 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 3,095,313
18 St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,787,701 St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington, MO-IL Combined Statistical Area
19 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,783,243
20 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,710,489 Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area
21 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,543,482 Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area
22 Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,356,285 Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV Combined Statistical Area
23 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,226,009 Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA Combined Statistical Area
24 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,217,012 Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC Combined Statistical Area
25 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area 2,142,508

City rankings

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See also: List of United States cities by population
Rank City State Population Land area
(square miles) 		Population density
(per square mile) 		Region
1 New York New York 8,175,133 302.6 27,016.3 Northeast
2 Los Angeles California 3,792,621 468.7 8,091.8 West
3 Chicago Illinois 2,695,598 227.6 11,843.6 Midwest
4 Houston Texas 2,099,451 599.6 3,502.8 Southwest
5 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,526,006 134.1 11,379.6 Northeast
6 Phoenix Arizona 1,445,632 516.7 2,797.8 Southwest
7 San Antonio Texas 1,327,407 460.9 2,880.0 Southwest
8 San Diego California 1,307,402 325.2 4,020.3 West
9 Dallas Texas 1,197,816 340.5 3,517.8 Southwest
10 San Jose California 945,942 176.5 5,359.4 West
11 Jacksonville Florida 821,784 747.0 1,100.1 Southeast
12 Indianapolis Indiana 820,445 361.4 2,270.2 Midwest
13 San Francisco California 805,235 46.9 17,169.2 West
14 Austin Texas 790,390 297.9 2,653.2 Southwest
15 Columbus Ohio 787,033 217.2 3,623.5 Midwest
16 Fort Worth Texas 741,206 339.8 2,181.3 Southwest
17 Charlotte North Carolina 731,424 297.7 2,456.9 Southeast
18 Detroit Michigan 713,777 138.8 5,142.5 Midwest
19 El Paso Texas 649,121 255.2 2,543.6 Southwest
20 Memphis Tennessee 646,889 315.1 2,053.0 Southeast
21 Baltimore Maryland 620,961 80.9 7,675.7 Northeast
22 Boston Massachusetts 617,594 48.3 12,786.6 Northeast
23 Seattle Washington 608,660 83.9 7,254.6 West
24 Washington District of Columbia 601,723 61.0 9,864.3 Northeast
25 Nashville Tennessee 601,222 475.1 1,265.5 Southeast
26 Denver Colorado 600,158 153.0 3,922.6 West
27 Louisville Kentucky 597,337 385.09 1,551.2 Southeast
28 Milwaukee Wisconsin 594,833 96.1 6,189.7 Midwest
29 Portland Oregon 583,776 134.3 4,346.8 West
30 Las Vegas Nevada 583,756 135.8 4,298.6 West
31 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 579,999 606.4 956.5 Southwest
32 Albuquerque New Mexico 545,852 187.7 2,908.1 Southwest
33 Tucson Arizona 520,116 226.7 2,294.3 Southwest
34 Fresno California 494,665 112.0 4,416.7 West
35 Sacramento California 466,488 97.9 4,764.9 West
36 Long Beach California 462,257 50.3 9,190.0 West
37 Kansas City Missouri 459,787 315.0 1,459.6 Midwest
38 Mesa Arizona 439,041 136.5 3,216.4 Southwest
39 Virginia Beach Virginia 437,994 249.0 1,759.0 Southeast
40 Atlanta Georgia 420,003 133.2 3,153.2 Southeast
41 Colorado Springs Colorado 416,427 194.5 2,141.0 West
42 Omaha Nebraska 408,958 127.1 3,217.6 Midwest
43 Raleigh North Carolina 403,892 142.9 2,826.4 Southeast
44 Miami Florida 399,457 35.9 11,126.9 Southeast
45 Cleveland Ohio 396,815 77.7 5,107.0 Midwest
46 San Juan Puerto Rico 395,326 47.9 8,253.1 Territories
47 Tulsa Oklahoma 391,906 196.8 1,991.4 Southwest
48 Oakland California 390,724 55.8 7,002.2 West
49 Minneapolis Minnesota 382,578 54.0 7,084.8 Midwest
50 Wichita Kansas 382,368 159.3 2,400.3 Midwest
51 Arlington Texas 365,438 95.9 3,810.6 Southwest
52 Bakersfield California 347,483 142.2 2,443.6 West
53 New Orleans Louisiana 343,829 169.4 2,029.7 Southeast
54 Honolulu Hawaii 337,256 60.5 5,574.5 West
55 Anaheim California 336,265 49.8 6,752.3 West
56 Tampa Florida 335,709 113.4 2,960.4 Southeast
57 Aurora Colorado 325,078 154.7 2,101.3 West
58 Santa Ana California 324,528 27.3 11,887.5 West
59 Saint Louis Missouri 319,294 61.9 5,158.2 Midwest
60 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 305,704 55.4 5,518.1 Northeast
61 Corpus Christi Texas 305,215 160.6 1,900.5 Southwest
62 Riverside California 303,871 81.1 3,746.9 West
63 Cincinnati Ohio 296,943 77.9 3,811.8 Midwest
64 Lexington Kentucky 295,803 283.6 1,043.0 Southeast
65 Anchorage Alaska 291,826 1,704.7 171.2 West
66 Stockton California 291,707 61.7 4,727.8 West
67 Toledo Ohio 287,208 80.7 3,559.0 Midwest
68 Saint Paul Minnesota 285,068 52.0 5,482.1 Midwest
69 Newark New Jersey 277,140 24.2 11,452.1 Northeast
70 Greensboro North Carolina 269,666 126.5 2,131.7 Southeast
71 Buffalo New York 261,310 40.4 6,468.1 Northeast
72 Plano Texas 259,841 71.6 3,629.1 Southwest
73 Lincoln Nebraska 258,379 89.1 2,899.9 Midwest
74 Henderson Nevada 257,729 107.7 2,393.0 West
75 Fort Wayne Indiana 253,691 110.6 2,293.8 Midwest
76 Jersey City New Jersey 247,597 14.8 16,729.5 Northeast
77 Saint Petersburg Florida 244,769 61.7 3,967.1 Southeast
78 Chula Vista California 243,916 49.6 4,917.7 West
79 Norfolk Virginia 242,803 54.1 4,488.0 Southeast
80 Orlando Florida 238,300 102.4 2,327.1 Southeast
81 Chandler Arizona 236,123 64.4 3,666.5 Southwest
82 Laredo Texas 236,091 88.9 2,655.7 Southwest
83 Madison Wisconsin 233,209 76.8 3,036.6 Midwest
84 Winston-Salem North Carolina 229,617 132.4 1,734.3 Southeast
85 Lubbock Texas 229,573 122.4 1,875.6 Southwest
86 Baton Rouge Louisiana 229,493 76.9 2,984.3 Southeast
87 Durham North Carolina 228,330 107.4 2,126.0 Southeast
88 Garland Texas 226,876 57.1 3,973.3 Southwest
89 Glendale Arizona 226,721 60.0 3,778.7 Southwest
90 Reno Nevada 225,221 103.0 2,186.6 West
91 Hialeah Florida 224,669 21.5 10,449.7 Southeast
92 Chesapeake Virginia 222,209 340.8 652.0 Southeast
93 Scottsdale Arizona 217,385 183.9 1,182.1 Southwest
94 North Las Vegas Nevada 216,961 101.3 2,141.8 West
95 Irving Texas 216,290 67.0 3,228.2 Southwest
96 Fremont California 214,089 77.5 2,762.4 West
97 Irvine California 212,375 66.1 3,212.9 West
98 Birmingham Alabama 212,237 146.1 1,452.7 Southeast
99 Rochester New York 210,565 35.8 5,881.7 Northeast
100 San Bernardino California 209,924 59.2 3,546.0 West

Locations of 50 most populous cities

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Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States in 2010

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Interactive Timeline". About the 2010 Census. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  2. ^ a b "Census worker taken to court for trespassing". New York Post. Associated Press. July 5, 2010. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017. The resident continued to refuse to take the Census, and [census worker Russell] Haas said he waited outside a chain-link fence while the resident called his co-workers at the Hawai'i County Police Department. When police arrived, instead of asking the resident to accept the forms as required by federal law, the officers crumpled the papers into Haas' chest and handcuffed him, Haas said....Haas said he told officers that it was his duty to leave the Census forms with the resident, and that he would leave as soon as he did it. The officers were enforcing state law and had not been trained on the federal Census law, Hawaii County Police Maj. Sam Thomas said.
  3. ^ a b "US Census Takers Attacked on the Job". National Ledger. May 28, 2010. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts – Apportionment Counts Delivered to President" (Press release). United States Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  5. ^ Selby, W. Gardner (January 9, 2014). "Americans must answer U.S. Census Bureau survey by law, though agency hasn't prosecuted since 1970". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  6. ^ D'oro, Rachel (January 25, 2010). "Remote Alaska village is first eyed in census". The Denver Post. Noorvik, Alaska. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  7. ^ "2010 Census forms arrive, kicking off once-a-decade head count". NJ.com. March 15, 2010. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c "Stand up and be counted". The Economist. March 31, 2010. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  9. ^ "Take 10 Map 2010 Census Participation Census Bureau". Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  10. ^ PIO, US Census Bureau, Census History Staff. "The "72-Year Rule" – History – U.S. Census Bureau". www.census.gov. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). 2010 Census. U.S. Census Bureau. May 10, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  12. ^ a b Castro, Daniel (February 2008). "e-Census Unplugged: Why Americans Should Be Able to Complete the Census Online" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  13. ^ "Chapter 4: Sample Design and Selection" (PDF). ACS Design and Methodology. U.S. Census Bureau. December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  14. ^ "LGBT Fact Sheet" (PDF). 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  15. ^ Reist, Burton. "2010 Census Language Program Assessment Report". Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  16. ^ Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy. "2010 Census Language Program: Pretesting of Census 2010 Questionnaire in Five Languages". Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Censuses: Costing the count". The Economist. June 2, 2011. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  18. ^ a b c "Census Bureau comes in under budget for 2010 operational costs". CNN. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
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  20. ^ Mosquera, Mary (October 3, 2005). "Lockheed Gets Census Job". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  21. ^ 2010 Census Planning Memoranda Series No 195 (PDF) (Report). May 22, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  22. ^ Sternstein, Aliya (June 13, 2005). "Preparing for a decennial task". Federal Computer Week. Falls Church, Virginia: 1105 Media. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  23. ^ "IBML Scanning Platform Helps Lockheed Martin Team Complete 2010 Census Project On Schedule, Under Budget" Archived January 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Health IT Outcomes. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
  24. ^ Desouza, Kevin C.; Bhagwatwar, Akshay (2012). "Leveraging Technologies in Public Agencies: The Case of the U.S. Census Bureau and the 2010 Census". Public Administration Review. 72 (4): 605–614. ISSN 0033-3352.
  25. ^ Chan, Wade-Hahn (March 28, 2008). "Have feds cheapened contract bonuses?". FCW. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  26. ^ "Press Releases". Harris.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  27. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau – Use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS)". Ask.census.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^ "Why is The Census Mandatory?". Census.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  29. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the U.S. Census | ACLU of Ohio". www.acluohio.org. February 22, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  30. ^ Sherman, Jake (September 12, 2009). "Census Bureau Cuts Its Ties With Acorn". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 15, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  31. ^ "Demi Lovato And Eva Longoria Urge Census Participation". Looktothestars.org. March 19, 2010. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  32. ^ "Rosario Dawson, Wilmer Valderrama Encourage Latinos To Complete 2010 Census In New PSA's". icelebz.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  33. ^ "Ludacris 2010 Census Campaign In New York". Killerhiphop.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  34. ^ a b c d Williams, Juan (March 1, 2010). "Marketing the 2010 census with a conservative-friendly face". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  35. ^ Swami, Perana (June 18, 2009). "Rep. Bachmann Refuses To Fill Out 2010 Census". Political Hotsheet. CBS News. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  36. ^ "Census goes too far with children". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
  37. ^ "Apportionment Population and Number of Representatives, By State: 2010 Census" (PDF). US Census. December 21, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
  38. ^ Baker, John S.; Stonecipher, Elliott (August 9, 2009). "Our Unconstitutional Census". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  39. ^ "Census 2010: Latino Pastors Urge Census Boycott". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  40. ^ Lotke, Eric; Wagner, Peter (Spring 2004). "Prisoners of the Census: Electoral and Financial Consequences of Counting Prisoners Where They Go, Not Where They Come From" (PDF). Pace Law Review. 24 (2). White Plains, NY: Pace Law School: 587–607. ISSN 0272-2410. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Originally presented at Prison Reform Revisited: a symposium held at Pace University School of Law and the New York State Judicial Institute, Oct. 16–18, 2003. Research supported by grants from the Soros Justice Fellowship Program of the Open Society Institute. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  41. ^ Sakala, Leah (2014). Breaking Down Mass Incarceration in the 2010 Census: State-by-State Incarceration Rates by Race/Ethnicity (Report). Prison Policy Initiative.
  42. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau interactive form, Question 9". Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
  43. ^ McFadden, Katie; McShane, Larry (January 6, 2010). "Use of word Negro on 2010 census forms raises memories of Jim Crow". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
  44. ^ Kiviat, Barbara (January 23, 2010). "Should the Census Be Asking People if They Are Negro?". Time. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  45. ^ Ballard Brown, Tanya (February 25, 2013). "No More 'Negro' For Census Bureau Forms And Surveys". NPR. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  46. ^ Hogan, Howard; Cantwell, Patrick J.; Devine, Jason; Mule, Vincent T.; Velkoff, Victoria (2013). "Quality and the 2010 Census". Population Research and Policy Review. 32 (5): 637–662. ISSN 0167-5923.
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  48. ^ Cwiek, Sarah (March 22, 2011). "Bing plans to challenge Detroit census numbers". MichiganRadio.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  49. ^ Davidson, Kate (May 2, 2011). "Detroit census challenge". MichiganRadio.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  50. ^ NYC To File Formal Challenge to 2010 Census under Count Question Resolution Process "NYC To File Formal Challenge to the 2010 Census Count". Archived from the original on March 30, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  51. ^ On the 2010 Census Results Archived May 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ DeBonis, Mike (August 10, 2011). "District challenges its 2010 Census count". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  53. ^ "Texas Adds Four Congressional Seats as State's Hispanic Population Grows". Bloomberg.com. December 21, 2010. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2017.(subscription required)
  54. ^ "USA Today 2010 Census". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  55. ^ "Congressional Apportionment" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  56. ^ "Resident Population Data: Population Change". United States Census Bureau. December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
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