Wikipedia

2013 papal conclave

A conclave was convened on 12 March 2013 to elect a pope to succeed Benedict XVI, who had resigned on 28 February. 115 participating cardinal-electors gathered. On the fifth ballot,[1] the conclave elected Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ, Archbishop of Buenos Aires. He took the pontifical name Francis.

Papal conclave
March 2013
Dates and location
12–13 March 2013
Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,
Vatican City
Key officials
DeanAngelo Sodano
Sub-deanRoger Etchegaray
CamerlengoTarcisio Bertone
ProtopriestPaulo Evaristo Arns
ProtodeaconJean-Louis Tauran
SecretaryLorenzo Baldisseri
Election
CandidatesSee Papabile
Ballots5
Elected pope
Jorge Mario Bergoglio
Name taken: Francis
← 2005

Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI

edit
Main article: Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI

On 11 February 2013, Benedict XVI announced his resignation from the papacy effective 28 February 2013 at 20:00 local time (19:00 UTC).[2][3][4] He was the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415,[5] and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294.[6][7]

Speculation

edit

The Los Angeles Times suggested that, though a pope from Latin America was unlikely, with only 19 of 117 cardinal-electors being from Latin America, the region seeks more say in Vatican affairs as it has the world's largest Catholic population. It cited secularism and the rise of Evangelical Protestantism in Latin America detracting from the Catholic faith, along with sex abuse scandals in Mexico, Brazil and Chile as issues important to the region.[8] BBC News said that while the balloting was likely to be hard-fought between different factions for a European or a non-European, an Italian or a non-Italian future pope, the internal differences were unclear,[9] and that many different priorities were at play, making this election exceedingly difficult to predict.[10] Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, who was not an elector, remarked laughingly to a BBC presenter that his colleagues have been telling him "Siamo confusi – 'we're confused,'" as there were neither clear blocs nor a front-runner.[11]

One Australian commentator noted that the reform of the administrative machinery of the church, the Roman Curia, was a major issue, as there was no major progressive candidate, and indeed no clear front-runners, in the dynamic between institutional-maintenance and evangelical Catholicism.[12] Giacomo Galeazzi of La Stampa said that "Apparently a sort of tsunami of non-European candidates will fall upon the Roman Curia, and this could take the pontificate far away from Rome, making it more international."[13] Italian Cardinal Francesco Coccopalmerio said: "It's time to look outside Italy and Europe, in particular considering Latin America."[14]

The dossier of the Vatican's own internal investigation into the so-called Vatileaks scandal was called "in effect ... the 118th cardinal inside the conclave".[15][a] Although the investigating cardinals (none of whom are cardinal electors) are free to discuss the results of their investigation with the participants of the conclave, the dossier itself was to be given by Benedict XVI to his successor.[17]

Cardinal Velasio De Paolis, C.S., said that the presence at the conclave of the former archbishop of Los Angeles, Roger Mahony, would be "troubling" but he also noted that the said cardinal "has the right and duty to take part", and "the rules must be followed". Mahony's successor in Los Angeles, Archbishop José Horacio Gómez, had recently rebuked Mahony for his handling of sex abuse cases, though he too, supported Mahony's participation in the conclave.[18]

Papabili

edit

The conclave cardinals may elect any baptised Catholic male,[19][20][21] but since 1389 they have always elected a fellow cardinal. Observers of papal elections tend to consider a few cardinals more likely choices than the others – these are the papabili, the plural for papabile, an Italian word which is practically rendered into English as "pope-able". In as much as the set of papabili is a matter of speculation from the press, the election of a non-papabile is common; recent cases are John XXIII in 1958, John Paul I and John Paul II, both in 1978.

Christoph Schönborn of Austria,[22][23][24] Odilo Scherer of Brazil,[24][25] Luis Antonio Tagle of the Philippines, Peter Turkson of Ghana, Marc Ouellet of Canada, Péter Erdő of Hungary[26] and Angelo Scola of Italy were among the cardinals most often identified in press reports as those most likely to be elected.[19][27] On 9 March, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois said there were around "half a dozen possible candidates".[28] The next day Cardinal Philippe Barbarin said "There are three, four, maybe a dozen candidates."[14] Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina was seen as a papabile,[29][30][31][32][33] though less likely to emerge as pope.[14][32][34] One summary of likely candidates included him because he was "rumored to be the (weak) second place finisher" at the last conclave, but observed that "his 'moment' seems to be over".[34] In addition, Bergoglio was seen as an older choice: he was 76 at the time of the conclave, and all of the other papabili were younger than he was.

Papal election process

edit
Papal conclave of 2013[35]
 
Cardinal-electors by region
  Italy
 		28
  Rest of Europe
 		32
  North America
 		20
  South America
 		13
  Africa
 		11
  Asia
 		10
  Oceania
 		1
Total electors 115
Did not attend
2
RETIRED POPE Benedict XVI
(2005–2013)
NEW POPE Francis
(2013–present)
Main article: Papal conclave

Giovanni Battista Re from Italy, the most senior Cardinal-Bishop participating, presided over the conclave.[38][39][b]

Timing and rule change

edit

In 1996, John Paul II in Universi Dominici Gregis fixed the start date of the papal conclave at 15 to 20 days after the papacy becomes vacant. The 2013 conclave was initially expected to start sometime between 15 and 20 March 2013. On 25 February 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict XVI issued the order Normas Nonnullas to allow for a schedule change.[40] This gave the College of Cardinals more latitude, once all of the elector-cardinals were present, to start the conclave earlier or later.[41] They scheduled it to begin 12 March 2013.[42]

The Pope also amended the conclave law to provide for the automatic excommunication of any non-cardinal who breaks the absolute oath of secrecy.[c]

Cardinal electors

edit
Main article: Cardinal electors in the 2013 papal conclave

There were 207 cardinals on the day the papacy fell vacant. Cardinals aged 80 years or older before the day the papacy fell vacant were ineligible to participate,[45][46] leaving 117 electors (including Cardinal Walter Kasper, who turned 80 between the papacy becoming vacant and the conclave's start). Two of them were the first cardinal-electors from their churches to participate in a papal conclave: Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi[d][47] and Syro-Malankara Major-Archbishop Baselios Cleemis, the first bishop from the Syro-Malankara Church to be created cardinal.[48][e]

Two cardinal electors did not attend the conclave. Julius Darmaatmadja, from Indonesia, declined because of the progressive deterioration of his eyesight.[36] Keith O'Brien, the only potential cardinal-elector from Great Britain,[f] had been recently accused of sexual misconduct towards priests in the 1980s and said he did not want his presence to create a distraction. He had resigned as Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh on 18 February 2013[51] and later apologised for "sexual misconduct".[51][52]

Preliminary discussions, research and preparations

edit

As soon as Pope Benedict announced his resignation, cardinals began arriving in Rome, and by the day the interregnum formally began, most of them had already arrived.[53] A formal invitation to the conclave was issued on 1 March.[16][54] The last of the 115 participating cardinal electors to arrive was Cardinal Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, who arrived on 7 March.[55]

 
Countries of origin of cardinals participating in the papal conclave of 2013

Gianfranco Ravasi of the Roman Curia, one of seventeen[56] Cardinal Electors with Twitter accounts, suspended his social media presence on his own initiative at the beginning of the interregnum, while others posted their reactions as they assembled.[g] The College of Cardinals later imposed a pre-conclave media and social media blackout, following leaks to the Italian press, which precluded some American cardinals from holding further press conferences.[59][60] Some Cardinal Electors researched one another on-line.[61][62][63]

The first of several "general congregations" was held on the morning of 4 March to organize the event.[64] The Sistine Chapel was closed to the public on 5 March in preparation for the conclave even before its date was set.[65] To control communication with the outside world during the conclave, a Faraday cage blocking outgoing and incoming communications was installed in the Sistine Chapel area.[66] Contemporary media nevertheless gave journalists and other outsiders unprecedented access to this papal conclave.[67][68][69][70] Approximately 5,600 journalists were accredited to cover the event.[71]

The first congregation (on the morning of 4 March) focused on introductory matters, picking three assistants to the Camerlengo, the recent Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization, and a suggestion of a message of appreciation to Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, with 13 cardinals giving speeches (simply in the order they had requested to speak). The second congregation (the evening of 4 March) featured the preaching of the first of two required meditations by Father Raniero Cantalamessa and nine more addresses.

The third congregation was held the morning of 5 March, and featured 11 more addresses (all six continents had by then been represented). The message of appreciation was sent, and the text of the guidelines for the conclave was read. Topics of discussion were: the activities of the Holy See in light of its relations with the world Church's bishops, the course of the Church's renewal after Vatican Council II, and the Church's position in the world, especially regarding the New Evangelization. That evening, the Sistine Chapel closed and the furnaces were installed.

The fourth congregation was held on the morning of 6 March. The Liturgy of the Hours was prayed and three cardinals with birthdays were congratulated, then 18 more speeches (limited to five minutes) were given. All but two cardinal-electors were present and had taken the oath. The Church in the world today and the needs of the New Evangelization, the status of the Holy See and of the Roman Curia's dicasteries (its departments: the congregations, the courts, and the pontifical councils, commissions, and academies), relations with bishops, and expectations of a future pope, were discussed. That evening, a prayer service was held at St. Peter's Basilica.

The fifth congregation was held the morning of 7 March. Three new cardinal assistants to the Camerlengo were chosen. A telegram of condolence for the death of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez was then read. Three separate speeches, each done by one of the three cardinal presidents of the three economic departments of the Holy See, were then given. Then, 13 more speeches were given, especially on ecumenism and the Church's charitable efforts and attention to the poor, in addition to the topics from the previous meeting sessions.

The sixth congregation was scheduled for that evening. Some cardinals from the U.S. had stated in their interviews that the conclave might not begin until well into the following week, wanting the issues to be well discussed (this also gives the non-Italian and non-curial cardinals the benefit of getting to know their Italian and curial counterparts, and especially their other colleagues worldwide, better, which may lessen any disadvantage they may have in voting).[72][73][74][75][76][77][excessive citations]

On 7 March, reporters were shown images of preparation work, including the installation of the chimney.[78] Cardinal Phạm Minh Mẫn was able to join the other 114 participating Cardinal Electors for the sixth general congregation the evening of 7 March. Seven more cardinals spoke; all 115 participating Cardinal Electors were present. On 8 March, Lombardi announced that the cardinals would meet later that day and then announce the date for the start of the conclave, which they then set for 12 March. On 8 March, 153 cardinals, including all 115 participating electors, attended the seventh general congregation, where the Cardinal Dean announced that Cardinals Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja and Keith O'Brien would not be joining the conclave despite being eligible to vote.

Having met the conditions set for beginning the conclave, the cardinals chose Cardinal Prosper Grech to give the meditation at the beginning of the conclave. Eighteen cardinals spoke, bringing the total number of interventions to over 100. In light of International Women's Day, one speech was about the role of women in the Church. Other topics added in this session were: interreligious dialogue, bioethics, the Church's role in promoting justice in the world, collegiality in the Church, and the need for the Church's evangelizers to proclaim the Gospel.[42][79][80]

On 11 March, the day before the conclave, the non-cardinal officials, support staff and other non-voting personnel who had duties during the conclave took the oath of secrecy in the presence of Camerlengo Tarcisio Bertone as prescribed in Universi Dominici Gregis as modified by Normas Nonnullas.[81][82][83][84][85] Among those taking the oath were the secretary of the College of Cardinals Archbishop Lorenzo Baldisseri[h] and the Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations Monsignor Guido Marini.[83][84][85] Msgr. Marini himself led the oathtakers in reading the oath out loud.[83][84] The oath bound them to secrecy on anything they observed during the conclave pertaining to the new pope's election unless explicitly granted special faculty by the new Pope or his successors.[82] The oath also bound them to refrain from using any audio or visual recording equipment and recording anything pertaining to the papal election during the conclave. The penalty for breaking the oath was automatic excommunication.[82] The non-electors took their oath in Italian and in the Pauline Chapel.[83][84][85]

Election

edit

Day one

edit

On Tuesday, 12 March 2013, the cardinals present in Rome, both voting and non-voting, gathered in St. Peter's Basilica in the morning for the Pro eligendo Pontifice concelebrated Mass. The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Angelo Sodano was the principal concelebrant and gave the homily.[86] In the afternoon, the 115 cardinal-electors assembled in the Pauline Chapel and walked in procession through the Sala Regia into the Sistine Chapel chanting the Litany of the Saints.[87] After taking their places, the "Veni Creator Spiritus" ("Come, Creator Spirit") was sung.[87] The oath was read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, Giovanni Battista Re, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, the most senior Cardinal in attendance. As at the previous conclave, they would swear to observe the norms prescribed by John Paul II's apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis. In addition, they would swear to adhere to the rules prescribed by Benedict XVI in February. Then each cardinal elector in order of seniority placed his hands on the Gospels and made the following affirmation out loud in Latin:[87][88]

Et ego [forename] Cardinalis [surname] spondeo, voveo ac iuro. Sic me Deus adiuvet et haec Sancta Dei Evangelia, quae manu mea tango.

In English:[89]

And I, [forename] Cardinal [surname], do so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.

While making the oath, several Cardinals used the Latin forms of their names. The four cardinals from Eastern Catholic churches were distinguished by their attire.[i][87] A fifth cardinal, Anthony Olubunmi Okogie of the Latin Church, Archbishop-Emeritus of Lagos, Nigeria did not wear his mozzetta and was seated in a wheelchair through the procession and most of the proceedings but walked accompanied by an assistant and placed his hands on the gospels like the others when making the oath.[87]

Msgr. Guido Marini, Papal Master of Ceremonies, then called out the words "'Extra omnes!"[87]—"Everybody out!"— and the chapel doors were locked to outsiders.[87][90] Once the doors were closed, the cardinals heard the second required meditation for the conclave, given by Cardinal Grech, who then left the conclave because he was not an elector. After the meditation, one ballot was taken.

Black smoke coming out of the Sistine Chapel's chimney indicated to the outside world, that on this first ballot no candidate had received the required two-thirds of the votes cast.[91] According to several media accounts of the first vote, Scola and Ouellet led with roughly equal numbers of votes, Bergoglio was a close third, and the rest of the votes were scattered among several others.[92] According to La Repubblica, Scola received approximately 35 votes to Bergoglio's 20 and Ouellet's 15,[93] while another account said that Scherer had shown strength.[14] Some cardinals later said that "when they woke up Wednesday morning, it wasn't clear to them they'd have a pope that night, and it was even less clear it would be Bergoglio."[14]

Day two

edit
 
Pope Francis appears on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica following his election, 13 March 2013.

The two rounds of voting on the morning of 13 March 2013 proved inconclusive and black smoke was again sent out.[j] Scola's candidacy stalled going into Wednesday and votes began to converge around the candidacies of Ouellet and Bergoglio. Sources report that at some point, Ouellet threw his support behind Bergoglio;[92] by the first afternoon ballot—the fourth ballot of the conclave—Bergoglio became the clear front runner. On the fifth ballot, the cardinals, wishing to show a unified front, voted overwhelmingly in favor of Bergoglio, reportedly giving him at least 90 votes with the remaining 25 votes going to other cardinals.[14] Cardinal Seán Brady reported that applause broke out during the tabulation when Bergoglio's count reached the 77 votes required for election.[14]

When Bergoglio was asked if he would accept his election, according to Cardinal Wilfrid Napier OFM, he said, "Although I am a sinner, I accept." He took the name Francis, in honour of St. Francis of Assisi.[95] He later said that while Bergoglio was choosing his papal name, some cardinal-electors jokingly suggested he should choose either "Adrian" after the great reformer Pope Adrian VI, or "Clement" out of revenge against Pope Clement XIV, who suppressed the Jesuit order.[96][97] At the conclusion of the conclave, Francis gave his cardinal's zucchetto to Archbishop Lorenzo Baldisseri, the non-elector secretary of the conclave.[98][k]

At 19:06 local time (18:06 UTC), white smoke and the sounding of the bells of St. Peter's Basilica announced that a pope had been chosen and shortly thereafter the Vatican web site was changed to say "Habemus Papam" ("We have a pope").[100]

The Cardinal Protodeacon Jean-Louis Tauran appeared at the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announced the election of the new pope and his chosen name. Pope Francis appeared and asked the people to pray for him before he blessed the world, at which point the conclave concluded.[101][102][103][104]

Post-conclave events

edit

A half-hour later, the Twitter account @Pontifex sent out a tweet that read "HABEMUS PAPAM FRANCISCUM".[105]

At 8:23 pm (20:23) local time, the Italian Conference of Bishops released a statement congratulating Cardinal Angelo Scola of Milan on his election as pope. A corrected statement was released at 9:09 pm (21:09).[106] As cardinals described the voting process, carefully suppressing details so as not to violate their oath of secrecy, one offered this assessment, that "Scola might have won" and "is obviously qualified to be pope", but there was "a very strong bias against the Italians". He added: "There was a sense that the Italians aren't up to the job anymore [sic]. They used to be so good, but lately they seem to have lost control of things."[14] Commentators nonetheless noted that the election of Bergoglio was favored by the fact that he was an Italian Argentine and as such fitting multiple requirements that made him likely to have support from Italian cardinals looking for candidates outside of Europe.[107]

Pope Francis celebrated his inauguration on 19 March and was installed as Bishop of Rome on 7 April.[108]

NSA surveillance speculation

edit

In October 2013, the Italian weekly magazine Panorama claimed that the United States National Security Agency had _targeted cardinals in the conclave for surveillance, including Cardinal Bergoglio.[109] An NSA spokesperson denied this.[110]

Notes

edit
  1. ^ After two cardinals announced that they would not be attending, the Italian media referred to the Vatileaks scandal as "the 116th cardinal".[16]
  2. ^ Both Angelo Sodano and Roger Etchegaray the Dean and Vice-Dean respectively of the College of Cardinals were ineligible to participate in the conclave due to age.
  3. ^ Under the prior rules, any such person who violated the duty of secrecy was subject to punishment at the discretion of the new pope.[43][44]
  4. ^ Al-Rahi is the fourth Maronite Cardinal-Bishop Patriarch. His predecessors turned 80 before having the opportunity to participate in a conclave.
  5. ^ Baselios Cleemis was also the youngest cardinal-elector and the youngest member of the College of Cardinals.[49][50]
  6. ^ The archdiocese of Cardinal elector Seán Brady straddles the border between Northern Ireland, part of the UK, and the Republic of Ireland, and his seat is in Armagh, Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom but not Great Britain.
  7. ^ Cardinal Roger Mahony of Los Angeles tweeted about the diversity of the Cardinals, many of whom were meeting each other for the first time.[57][58]
  8. ^ As secretary of the College of Cardinals, Baldisseri was also designated to be the secretary for the cardinal-electors at the conclave[83]
  9. ^ Antonios Naguib, Patriarch-Emeritus of the Coptic Catholic Church and Baselios Cleemis, Major-Archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Church wore predominantly black vestments. Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi and Syro-Malabar Major Archbishop George Alencherry wore all-red vestments. All the cardinals wore Latin church birette and/or zucchetti except for the four Eastern Catholic cardinals: Cardinal Alencherry wore a Nasrani biretta without a zucchetto; Cardinals al-Rahi and Cleemis wore different headgear; and Cardinal Naguib was bareheaded.
  10. ^ If there are two ballots at either time of day, they are burned together. Thus, there can be at most two smoke signals per day from the Sistine Chapel chimney.[94]
  11. ^ Traditionally if the new pope gave the conclave secretary his zucchetto it signaled he would name him a cardinal in the next consistory. This old tradition had last been practiced by Pope John XXIII in 1958, when he placed his zucchetto on the head of Monsignor Alberto di Jorio, who was secretary of the conclave, and made him a cardinal in December of that year. Pope Francis included Baldisseri in the first group of cardinals he created on 22 February 2014.[99]

References

edit
  1. ^ "White smoke emerges signalling new pope elected". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  2. ^ Staff (11 February 2013). "Pope Benedict XVI to resign citing poor health". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  3. ^ Pullella, Philip (11 February 2013). "Pope's sudden resignation sends shockwaves through Church". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  4. ^ Pope Benedict XVI (10 February 2013). "Declaratio". Holy See. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  5. ^ Saunders, William (2005). "Can the Pope Retire?". Arlington Catholic Herald (via the Catholic Education Resource Center). Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  6. ^ Dinmore, Guy; Segreti, Giulia; Giugliano, Ferdinando (11 February 2013). "Benedict stuns Church with abdication". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.(registration required)
  7. ^ Alpert, Emily (11 February 2013). "Scandal, Speculation Surround Past Popes Who Resigned". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  8. ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (23 February 2013). "As a New Pope Is Chosen, Latin America Hopes for More Sway". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  9. ^ Willey, David (28 February 2013). "The day Benedict XVI's papacy ended". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  10. ^ "The Vatican: Suspense and intrigue". BBC. 1 January 1970. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  11. ^ Ivereigh, Austen. "Does cardinal confusion spell a long conclave?". OSV Newsweekly. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  12. ^ "The peculiar dynamics of Conclave 2013". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  13. ^ "The complicated choice facing the Vatican conclave". Euronews. 3 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Allen, John L. Jr. (17 March 2013). "Path to the papacy: 'Not him, not him, therefore him'". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  15. ^ "Vatican conclave tainted by scandal before it even begins". The Daily Telegraph. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  16. ^ a b Lyman, Eric J. (1 March 2013). "Vatican Summons Cardinals for Conclave". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  17. ^ Wright, David (25 February 2013). "Results of 'Vatileaks' Probe For 'Pope's Eyes Only'". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  18. ^ Kington, Tom (20 February 2013). "Vatican Murmurs About Mahony's Attendance at Papal Conclave". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  19. ^ a b Hirsch, Afua; Jones, Sam (11 February 2013). "Who Will Be the Next Pope? The Contenders for Vatican's Top Job". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  20. ^ Thavis, John (February 2013). "Election of New Pope Follows Detailed Procedure". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  21. ^ Technically Nicholas II's In Nomine Domini bull of 1059 laid down that the electors could choose from "another church" if there was no suitable candidate within the Roman church.
  22. ^ "Vatikan-Kenner: Schönborn als neuer Papst in "Poleposition"". Kurier.at. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  23. ^ "Papst-Nachfolge: Italiens Medien sehen Schönborn in "Pole Position" – "Würde Kontinuität mit Benedikts Ansichten garantieren"". Wienerzeitung.at. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Scherer, Sandri, Scola, Schönborn y Tagle, el enigma de los papables". Hechosdehoy.com. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  25. ^ "Grupo de cardeais articula nome de d. Odilo Scherer". O Estado de S. Paulo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  26. ^ L. Allen Jr., John (24 February 2013). "Papabile of the Day: The Men Who Could Be Pope – Cardinal Péter Erdõ of Budapest, Hungary". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  27. ^ Donadio, Rachel; Povoledo, Elisabetta (12 February 2013). "Pope Resigns, with Church at Crossroads". The New York Times. pp. A1, A11. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  28. ^ "AFP: Vatican readies for conclave to elect new pope". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  29. ^ "Choose your own pope – with our interactive Pontifficator" Archived 1 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 12 March 2013. Contains descriptions of all 115 cardinal electors, 13 of whom are marked as papabili.
  30. ^ "Neil Young's Film Lounge: Father Figures: Vatican Lounge's Papabile Focus on the 266th Pope. Retrieved March 15, 2013". 2 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  31. ^ "Huffington Post Papabile 2013: Top Contenders To Be Next Pope As We Enter Conclave. March 10, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013". Huffingtonpost.com. 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  32. ^ a b John L. Allen Jr. (3 March 2013). "Papabile of the Day: The Men Who Could Be Pope (Profile: New pope, Jesuit Bergoglio, was runner-up in 2005 conclave)". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  33. ^ "The top contenders to be the next pope". thespec.com. 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  34. ^ a b "One Of These Men Will Be The Next Pope". Business Insider. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  35. ^ "Resources on current eligible papal electors". Canonlaw.info. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  36. ^ a b Hariyadi, Mathias (21 February 2013). "Conclave, Cardinal Darmaatmadja Renounces for 'Health Reasons'". AsiaNews. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  37. ^ Holden, Michael (25 February 2013). "Britain's top Catholic cleric resigns, won't elect new pope" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  38. ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Orders and precedence". fiu.edu. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  39. ^ "Conclave of March 2013". Salvador Miranda. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  40. ^ Staff (25 February 2013). "Pope Benedict XVI Amends Roman Catholic Conclave Law" Archived 6 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  41. ^ "Conclave must not be PREPONED"-Menachery www.indianchristianity.com
  42. ^ a b "Conclave to begin Tuesday March 12th". Vatican Radio. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  43. ^ "Universi Dominici Gregis Chapter II Section 48, Chapter III Section 55. English text". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  44. ^ "Normas nonnullas: Apostolic Letter Issued Motu Proprio on Certain Modifications to the Norms Governing the Election of the Roman Pontiff". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  45. ^ John Paul II (22 February 1996). Universi Dominici Gregis Archived 8 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Apostolic Constitution. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.
  46. ^ Paul VI (20 November 1970). Ingravescentem Aetatem Archived 22 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Latin). Motu proprio. Vatican City.
  47. ^ "No Arab in the running for Pope, but Maronite to get vote for first time". Al Bawaba News. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  48. ^ "Moran Mor Baselios Cardinal Cleemis left for Rome". Malankara Catholic News. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  49. ^ "Cardinal electors arranged by age". Salvador Miranda. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  50. ^ "Living cardinals arranged by date of birth". Salvador Miranda. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  51. ^ a b Pigott, Robert (25 February 2013). "Cardinal Keith O'Brien resigns as Archbishop" Archived 25 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News.(Resigned 18 February, announced 25 February.) Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  52. ^ Jerome Taylor (4 March 2013). "The Independent newspaper: Catholic Church scandal: Cardinal O'Brien faces Vatican sexual conduct inquiry as he asks forgiveness of those he 'offended', 3 March 2013". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  53. ^ Hitchen, Philippa (28 February 2013). "Benedict Pledges Obedience to His Successor" Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Vatican Radio. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  54. ^ "Papal conclave: Runners and riders". BBC News. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  55. ^ "Vietnam Cardinal Arrives, Last 1 in For Conclave". Associated Press News. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  56. ^ "Filipino Cardinal's Stock Rises on Social Media : Discovery News". News.discovery.com. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  57. ^ Menachery: "Conclave must not be Pre-poned". www.indianchristianity.com Accessed 29 May 2017: "Fascinating meeting Cardinals from all around the world. Stories and needs so different; but always a uniform focus on Jesus Christ!" Cardinal Wilfrid Napier of Durban, South Africa tweeted in response to a pastor in Ontario, Canada, in less than an hour that "What I see is a real desire to know, and so evaluate, the papabili against criteria of qualities demanded by situations."
  58. ^ "Tweeting Cardinals Share Pre-Conclave Thoughts". ABC News. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  59. ^ Jason Horowitz (6 March 2013). "College of Cardinals imposes media blackout". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  60. ^ "The Blog". John Thavis. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  61. ^ "Late dinners, grappa: The behind-the-scenes work of picking a pope". NBC News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  62. ^ "Catholics create 'virtual conclave' online for new pope". Fox News Channel. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  63. ^ "Pope Ready: Renowned Sistine Chapel Decked with Special Chimney for Conclave". Fox News Channel. 9 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  64. ^ Lavanga, Claudio; Angerer, Carlo (1 March 2013). "Vatican: Cardinals Will Meet Monday to Discuss Papal Conclave Date" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. NBC News. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  65. ^ Sean Patterson (5 March 2013). "Sistine Chapel Closes Ahead of Papal Conclave". WebProNews. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  66. ^ Nick Vivarelli. "Vatican to Strip Papal Conclave of Social Media Devices". Variety. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  67. ^ Roughneen, Simon. "MediaShift . Tweets vs. Smoke Signals: How to Follow the Papal #Conclave". PBS. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  68. ^ "Conclave app offers potpourri for pope watchers". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  69. ^ "Conclave 2013: Electing a Pope in a Social Media World". ABC News. 18 April 2005. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  70. ^ "The 2013 papal conclave frenzy shall be tweeted". Twitchy. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  71. ^ "No winner in first vote to elect new pope". CNN. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  72. ^ "BRIEFING SULLA SECONDA E SULLA TERZA CONGREGAZIONE GENERALE DEL COLLEGIO CARDINALIZIO". Vatican (in Italian). 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013. "BRIEFING SULLA QUARTA CONGREGAZIONE GENERALE DEL COLLEGIO CARDINALIZIO". Vatican (in Italian). 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013. "BRIEFING SULLA QUINTA CONGREGAZIONE GENERALE DEL COLLEGIO CARDINALIZIO". Vatican (in Italian). 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013. "TELEGRAMMA DEL COLLEGIO CARDINALIZIO A SUA SANTITÀ IL PAPA EMERITO BENEDETTO XVI". Vatican (in Italian). 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  73. ^ "As papal conclave draws near, American cardinals grow silent". Chicago Tribune. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  74. ^ "Cardinal Francis George: Ties to anyone guilty of sexual misconduct could call into question a cardinal's candidacy for pope". Chicago Tribune. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  75. ^ "Roman Catholic cardinals will set a date for the conclave to select a new pope once the field of candidates narrows, Cardinal Francis George says". Chicago Tribune. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  76. ^ "Cardinals need time to talk before conclave, spokesman says". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  77. ^ "Cardinals O'Malley, DiNardo: No rush to set date for conclave". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  78. ^ Ann, Mary (8 March 2013). "Papal Chimney Gets Twitter Account". Nbclosangeles.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  79. ^ "Voting for new pope to begin March 12". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  80. ^ "Press Conference on the Sixth and Seventh General Congregations of the College of Cardinals". Vatican News. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  81. ^ "Universi Dominici Gregis Chapter II Sections 46-48, Chapter III Section 55. English text". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  82. ^ a b c "Normas Nonnullas No. 46-48 English text". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  83. ^ a b c d e Non-voting participants in conclave take oath of secrecy (Television production) (in Italian and English). Rome: Rome Reports. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  84. ^ a b c d Conclave oath of secrecy (Television production) (in Italian). Rome: Catholic News Service. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  85. ^ a b c "Notificazione Giuramento degli Officiali e addetti al Conclave (Oath of the Officials and the Employees at the Conclave)" (in Italian). Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  86. ^ Holy Mass "Pro eligendo Pontifice" (Television production) (in Italian). Rome: Centro Televisivo Vaticano. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g Procession and entrance in Conclave (Television production) (in Italian). Rome: Centro Televisivo Vaticano. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  88. ^ "Universi Dominici Gregis Chapter III Section 53. Latin text". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  89. ^ "Universi Dominici Gregis Chapter III Section 53. English text". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  90. ^ "The schedule for the conclave (with U.S. times)". Catholic World Report. 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  91. ^ Squires, Nick (12 March 2013). "Black smoke and no Pope after first vote by Cardinals". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  92. ^ a b Fisher, Matthew (15 March 2013). "Canada's Marc Ouellet came close to becoming pope, media reports say". Global TV Edmonton. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  93. ^ "Orenove/5. Papa, in conclave un plebiscito: quasi cento voti". Il Velino. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  94. ^ "Conclave smoke signal timetable". Cnsblog.wordpress.com. 9 March 2013. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  95. ^ Owen, Paul; McCarthy, Tom; Batty, David (13 March 2013). "Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio elected pontiff, takes name Pope Francis – live". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  96. ^ Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media - Address of the Holy Father Pope Francis Archived 2 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine - Vatican.va - Paul VI Audience Hall Saturday, 16 March 2013
  97. ^ Marco R. della Cava, Pope Francis charms media in first press address Archived 25 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, USA Today (16 March 2013). Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  98. ^ "Dom Lorenzo Baldisseri recebe solideu cardinalício" (in Portuguese). Rádio Vaticano Portuguese section. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  99. ^ "Annuncio di Concistoro per la Creazione di Nuovi Cardinali" (in Italian). The Vatican Today. 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  100. ^ "Vatican: The Holy See". Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  101. ^ Donadio, Rachel (13 March 2013). "Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis". New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  102. ^ "Francis begins his challenging papacy". BBC News. 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  103. ^ Sanchez, Raf (13 March 2013). "Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected new pope: as it happened". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  104. ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (13 March 2013). "Humility and simple life lead Jesuit to papacy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  105. ^ Choney, Suzanne (13 March 2013). "New pope's first tweet: 'HABEMUS PAPAM FRANCISCUM'". NBC News. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  106. ^ "Italian bishops mistakenly hail Cardinal Angelo Scola as new pope". The Guardian (UK). 14 March 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  107. ^ Kelly, J. N. D.; Walsh, Michael (23 July 2015). Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191044793. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  108. ^ Pullella, Philip (7 April 2013). "Pope installed as bishop of Rome, appeals to lapsed faithful". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  109. ^ "Esclusiva Panorama: Datagate, anche il Papa è stato intercettato - Panorama". Panorama (in Italian). 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  110. ^ "US 'spied on future Pope Francis during Vatican conclave'". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikinews has related news:
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papal conclave of 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_papal_conclave&oldid=1256429773"
  NODES
design 1
Done 4
eth 3
News 35
orte 7
see 12
Story 2
twitter 3