Wikipedia

2019 Southeast Asian haze


A trans-national air pollution crisis affected several countries in Southeast Asia from February to September 2019, including Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

2019 Southeast Asian haze
A NASA satellite image showing the extent of the haze in Borneo on 15 September 2019.
DurationFebruary – May 2019 (Thailand)
June – September 2019 (other countries)
Location Brunei
 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Vietnam
OutcomeSchool closures in Malaysia and Indonesia
Cancellation of all Firefly flights between Singapore and Malaysia, as well as in Indonesia
DeathsIndonesia:
2 died from respiratory infections.
ArrestsIndonesia:
230 people were arrested for their suspected involvement in forest and land burning.[1]

Thailand began to experience a haze in February that lasted until May, peaking in March and April. Indonesia began to experience haze between June and July. Malaysia was affected from August, while Singapore, Brunei, and Vietnam experienced haze in September.

It was the latest occurrence of the Southeast Asian haze, a long-term issue that occurs in varying intensity during every dry season in the region. It was mainly caused by forest fires resulting from illegal slash-and-burn clearing performed on behalf of the palm oil industry in Indonesia, principally on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, which then spread quickly in the dry season.

Background and causes

edit

Northern ASEAN nations

edit

Most of the hotspots for the northern countries of South East Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and the Philippines) occurred from January to May 2019, particularly in March and April 2019.[2]

There have been fires in forested lands in northern Thailand with farmlands in Pa Phru Kuan Kreng of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in southern Thailand.[3][4]

Southern ASEAN nations

edit

Forest fires in Indonesia cause the trans-boundary haze in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore almost every year. These fires clear land for palm oil plantations, and are known to be started by smallholding subcontractors who supply large companies that claim to discourage the practice but admit the chain of custody is a "complicated web."[5] This web is further complicated by the fact that financing of oil palm industries come from numerous banks. Most of these banks are from Asia, including Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, that have funded billions of dollars towards deforestation for oil palm and pulp and paper industries.[6]

In 2019, fires have been burning in multiple provinces of Sumatra and Kalimantan within Indonesia.[7] These regions possess large areas of peatland, which is highly combustible during the dry season. Peatlands in these areas are extremely vulnerable to combustion because they are originally wetlands and rarely ever burn. However, these peatlands are drained and dried for agriculture use, making them extremely susceptible to burning.[8] Peat, which is made up of layers of dead vegetation and other organic matter, contributes heavily to carbon emissions when it is burnt, because of its high density and carbon content.[9]

According to the Asean Specialised Meteorological Centre, most of the hotspots for Indonesia and Malaysia occurred in August and September 2019.[10] As of September 2019, Indonesia has had a total of over 20,000 hotspots in 2019, while Malaysia has had over 2,000 hotspots.[11] On 12 September 2019 alone, there were 1,188 hot spots in Kalimantan provinces and 431 hot spots in Sumatra provinces.[12]

In June 2019, forest fires in the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo resulted in the Malaysian city of Miri being affected by haze.[13]

Affected countries

edit

Brunei

edit

On 7 September 2019, Brunei experienced haze, which its government attributed to hot spots across the Indonesian border in the Kalimantan provinces of Borneo.[14]

Indonesia

edit
 
Jam Gadang in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia on 17 September 2019.

Following the previous critical 2015 Southeast Asian haze that traced its origin in Indonesia, forest fires in the country returned in July with 42,740 hectares (105,600 acres) of land burned across the country that caused trans-boundary haze towards Malaysia and Singapore.[15][16] The government sent 9000 military, police and disaster agency personnel to fight the fires.[17]

In 2019, there were thousands of fires started in Indonesia, most of them set to clear land for plantations that make palm oil. Fires created smoke that disrupted air travel and sickened people.[18] Indonesia environment minister said smog was also from fires ignited from hotspots in Malaysia and Vietnam. Indonesia's Disaster Mitigation Agency said more than 3,600 fires had been detected on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo by weather satellites. Malaysia sent a diplomatic note urging Indonesia to take immediate action to address the fires. Malaysia shut more than 400 schools and sent half a million face masks to the area to combat poor air quality.[19] Rainy weather arrived from 24 September 2019 in six provinces, namely Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and South Kalimantan, bringing much needed relief from the choking haze past few weeks.[20]

As of September, there were 885,026 cases of severe respiratory infections due to the haze; 291,807 came from South Sumatra, 268,591 from Riau, and 163,662 from West Kalimantan.[21]

Malaysia

edit
 
Smoke engulfing Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, on 11 September 2019. The Petronas Towers are barely visible in the photo.

Early in February, forest and peatlands in Pahang caught fire.[22] In early August, Klang was shrouded in dense haze caused by fires in Riau, which was exacerbated by a fire at a nearby forest reserve. Major cities and towns in the state of Sarawak, such as Kuching, were also affected by haze from hot spots in Kalimantan. Malaysia also activated its National Action Plan for Open Burning and its existing National Haze Action Plan on 14 August, as air quality in Kuala Baram and Miri reached hazardous levels. In Rompin, Pahang, the Air Pollution Index (API) recorded on the 18th of August was 223, which is categorized as being "very unhealthy". Several other Malaysian states and federal territories such as Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, Penang, Putrajaya and Selangor were also affected by haze from Sumatra in Indonesia while the state of Sarawak had been affected by fires in the state since July and from neighbouring Kalimantan, Indonesia since August.[13][23][24] 2.4 hectares of forest also burned in Johor in August.[25] Spotify Malaysia created a playlist called Hazed and Confused that included songs about fire and burning.[26]

Philippines

edit

On 17 September 2019, based on the initial report of regional offices of the Environment Management Bureau (EMB), it was confirmed by the agency and the authorities of General Santos that prolonged hazy skies were experienced in Mindanao and the Visayas, particularly Cebu City. Hazy conditions have also been experienced in Koronadal, Tupi, and Davao City.[27][28]

Singapore

edit

On 26 August 2019, there was slight haze in Singapore, with conditions gradually improving over the day. This was possibly due to fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, or Johor, Malaysia.[29]

On 9 September 2019, there was again slight haze in Singapore, possibly due to an increase in hot spots in Sumatra, Indonesia.[30] These slightly hazy conditions persisted.[31] At 4pm on 14 September 2019, the 24-hour Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) entered the "unhealthy" range of above 100 for the first time since 2016,[32] starting from 103 in western Singapore. The PSI steadily climbed up[33] with all parts of Singapore registering "unhealthy" PSI readings at 1am the next day, peaking at 124 from 5am to 8am in western Singapore.[34] Despite this, the air quality improved over the next two days, resulting in the PSI dropping back to "moderate" levels.[35]

However, on 18 September 2019, the haze returned to Singapore, resulting in the PSI increasing to "unhealthy" levels.[36] This caused Firefly to cancel all flights from Seletar Airport for the next two days.[37][38] The next day, the PSI peaked at 154 around 4am in southern Singapore before improving progressively,[39] with all parts of Singapore registering a "moderate" level by 9pm.[40]

On 21 September 2019, the PSI hit unhealthy levels once again, with fears that the haze could affect a Formula 1 race.[41] The PSI stayed in the unhealthy range for most of the next day, with rain forecasted to bring relief should it happen.[42] Rain came on 23 September 2019, with subsequent showers that brought relief from the haze.[43][44][45] This resulted in the National Environment Agency (NEA) forecasting healthy PSI readings since the haze first hit Singapore two weeks ago.[46]

Thailand

edit

Early in March, an area in northern Thailand was engulfed by haze from forest fires in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces as well as from the border with Myanmar.[3][47] Million hectares of forested lands in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phayao, Phrae and Tak provinces were destroyed.[48]

Furthermore, in July, around 2,318.88 hectares (5,730.1 acres) of forest and farmlands in Pa Phru Kuan Kreng of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and surrounding areas in southern Thailand have been destroyed by fires.[4] In September, haze from Indonesia plantation fires reached the southern area of Thailand especially in Phuket City.[49] The Air Quality Index in Phuket reached about 158 as of 9am on 23 September 2019.[50]

Vietnam

edit

After the 2019 Vietnam forest fires affected central Vietnam in mid-June and dissipated in August, the southern area of Vietnam especially Ho Chi Minh City began to be covered with heavy smog in September. Through monitoring and air pollution test results show that forest fires in Indonesia combined with the city large emissions become the main cause of heavy air pollution in the southern region of Vietnam.[51][52][53]

Response from authorities and joint agreement

edit

In August, all of the involved countries reached an agreement to prevent land and forest fires that are causing transboundary haze pollution with the hope to achieve a haze-free Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) by the year 2020.[54]

Brunei

edit

The Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation of Brunei (JASTRe) set to introduce a law that will tackle "rampant open burning" in the country to mitigate bush and forest fires.[55]

Indonesia

edit

Indonesian President Joko Widodo has instructed the country's National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB), National Armed Forces (TNI), and the National Police (POLRI) to deal with the fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan.[56][57] The President also threatens to sack firefighters if the forest fires are not tackled immediately.[58]

Malaysia

edit

Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) has dispatched two flights using the Bombardier CL415 aircraft carrying 198,000 litres of water to fight forest fire in Miri.[59]

On 19 August 2019, Datuk Amar Douglas Uggah Embas, the Deputy Chief Minister of Sarawak, announced that principals would be given discretion on closing their schools if API reading became 'unhealthy'.[60] On September 10, the National Disaster Management Agency (Nadma) sent 500,000 face masks to Sarawak amid worsening trans-boundary haze in the state.[61] The state of Johor's Education Department closed down all schools and kindergartens in Pontian, Muar and Tangkak on September 15 because of the haze, affecting over 64,000 students.[62] Putrajaya and Selangor also announce the closure of 25 and 138 schools respectively for the 17th of September as the haze situation worsened in those areas.[63][64] In addition, school in Sarawak and Negeri Sembilan were asked to close too, bringing the total of schools shut to 636.[65] During 19–21 September, all schools in Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Selangor, and Penang, totaling at 1,658 schools, were closed. Alongside that, 119 schools in Kedah, 147 in Perak, and 59 in Negeri Sembilan followed the closing on September 19.[66] The number of schools closed kept increasing steadily,[67] with the total number of schools closed peaking at 2,459, affecting about 1,732,842 students as of 11pm on 18 September 2019.[68]

The Malaysian Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Ministry said they wanted concerted efforts taken in accordance with the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution ratified by member countries.[69] Malaysian Health Ministry has cautioned members of the public to cut down on outdoor physical activities and urged them to wear face masks, umbrellas and caps when outdoors as well advising people to drink plenty of water and to seek immediate treatment if they were not well.[70][71] The Menteri Besar of Selangor has announced that the state will confiscate land in the state where farmers persist with open burning as well.

On 18 September 2019, the Ministry of Education announced new standard operating procedures (SOPs) for school closures. The new guidelines state that school closures must be announced by 6pm daily should the API rises above 200.[72] In addition, all outdoor activities must be stopped if the API exceeds 100.[73]

Singapore

edit

The National Environment Agency of Singapore also started issuing daily advisories on the haze.[74] Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education said that air purifiers are ready should the haze worsen, with closure of schools when the Pollutant Standards Index reaches 300 and above. Similarly, several agencies like Sport Singapore and MINDEF have announced plans to deal with the haze.[75]

In addition, Singapore has a stockpile of 16 million N95 masks should the haze continue to deteriorate further.[76] The Ministry of Education said that students could take their PSLE and national examinations indoors, with air purifiers to be turned on if required.[77]

Thailand

edit

Thailand's Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Governor Chamroen Tippayaponthada has offered a ฿5,000 reward for evidence leading to the arrest of anyone suspected of starting the forest fires in the province.[4] As a result of the haze from Indonesia reaching southern Thailand in September, Phuket Provincial Health Office (PPHO) has issued a health advisory along with the distribution of free health masks to people.[78]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Indonesian police arrest hundreds linked to forest fires". The Star. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Monthly Hotspot Count for Year 2019 - North ASEAN". Asean Specialised Meteorological Centre. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Thailand's North choking on toxic haze from fires". The Straits Times. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Asaree Thaitrakulpanich (22 August 2019). "Weeks of Fire Destroyed Almost 14,500 Rai of Forest and Farms in Southern Thailand". Khaosod English. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  5. ^ Lamb, Kate (6 November 2015). "Illegally planted palm oil already growing on burnt land in Indonesia". Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Asian banks give billions to firms linked to deforestation, study finds". Mongabay Environmental News. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  7. ^ Linda Yulisman (14 August 2019). "Indonesia steps up fight against fires as hot spots increase". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  8. ^ "Peatland drainage". 31 July 2023.
  9. ^ Cris, R.; Buckmaster, S.; Bain, C. & Reed, M. (2014). "Peatlands and Climate Change". IUCN. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  10. ^ "Monthly Hotspot Count for Year 2019 - South ASEAN". Asean Specialised Meteorological Centre. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  11. ^ "Annual Hotspot Count (2019-2019) - South ASEAN". Asean Specialised Meteorological Centre. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  12. ^ Leong, Trinna; Mohamad Salleh, Nur Asyiqin (13 September 2019). "Malaysian PM Mahathir to contact Indonesian President Joko over transboundary haze". The Straits Times. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  13. ^ a b Stephen Then (17 July 2019). "Forest fires flare up again in parts of Sarawak". The Star. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  14. ^ Kon, James (8 September 2019). "Haze returns to Brunei". Borneo Bulletin. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  15. ^ Hans Nicholas Jong (6 August 2019). "Haze from forest fires, Indonesia's national 'embarrassment', is back". Mongabay. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  16. ^ "In pictures: Wildfires ignite across Indonesia". BBC News. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  17. ^ AFP (16 September 2019). "Experts: Indonesia forest fires may not be extinguished any time soon". NST Online. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  18. ^ As Amazon Smolders, Indonesia Fires Choke the Other Side of the World Page semi-protected The New York Times Sept. 17, 2019
  19. ^ Indonesia forest fires spark blame game as smoke closes hundreds of Malaysia schools The Guardian 12 Sep 2019
  20. ^ Yulisman, Linda (25 September 2019). "Rain sweeps through Sumatra, Kalimantan, gives respite from haze". The Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  21. ^ "Nearly 900,000 Indonesians suffer breathing issues due to haze". South China Morning Post. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  22. ^ T. N. Alagesh (26 February 2019). "40ha of Pahang forest, peat land on fire [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  23. ^ Rachel Tay (2 August 2019). "The haze is making a comeback in August, and some Malaysian regions are already affected". Business Insider Malaysia. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  24. ^ Stephen Then (18 August 2019). "More hotspots in Kalimantan may bring widespread transboundary haze to S'wak". The Star. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  25. ^ "2.4ha of forest burnt near Johor Legoland Theme Park". Bernama. Free Malaysia Today. 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  26. ^ "Haze-inspired Spotify list re-emerges as situation worsens". Today. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  27. ^ "As Indonesia's forests burn, haze clouds parts of Visayas, Mindanao". CNN Philippines. 17 September 2019. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  28. ^ "Cebu air quality worsens due to haze from Indonesia". CNN Philippines. 18 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  29. ^ "S'pore may experience slightly hazy conditions in the next few days: NEA". Today. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  30. ^ "Slight haze on Monday as PSI inches towards unhealthy range with more hot spots in Sumatra". The Straits Times. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  31. ^ Choo, Cynthia (16 September 2019). "Explainer: Confused over AQI, PSI, PM2.5? With the haze threat back, here's how to interpret the various air quality readings". Today. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  32. ^ Yong, Clement; Menon, Malavika (14 September 2019). "PSI hits unhealthy levels in Singapore for first time since 2016 as haze worsens". The Straits Times. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  33. ^ "Haze hits unhealthy levels in Singapore as PSI exceeds 100 for the first time in 3 years". CNA. 14 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  34. ^ Choo, Cynthia (15 September 2019). "Unfazed by haze: S'poreans head outdoors despite PSI readings inching up on Sunday". Today. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  35. ^ Tee, Zhuo; Goh, Yan Han; Goh, Timothy (15 September 2019). "Haze in Singapore: Better air quality expected with PSI set to improve over 24 hours". The Straits Times. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  36. ^ "Haze hits unhealthy levels across Singapore on Wednesday". CNA. 18 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  37. ^ Yong, Clement (18 September 2019). "All Firefly flights between Singapore and Malaysia on Wednesday cancelled due to haze". The Straits Times. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  38. ^ "6 Firefly flights between Singapore and Malaysia cancelled due to haze". Today. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  39. ^ "Singapore's air quality improves on Thursday as PSI drops to moderate range in certain areas". CNA. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  40. ^ "Winds disperse haze from Singapore as PSI falls to moderate range islandwide". CNA. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  41. ^ Ang, Prisca (21 September 2019). "Haze in S'pore: Air quality hits unhealthy level again, could worsen on Formula 1 race day". The Straits Times. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  42. ^ Lee, Venessa (22 September 2019). "Air quality at unhealthy levels as Singapore hosts F1 Grand Prix; thundery showers forecast on Monday". The Straits Times. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  43. ^ Kiew, Jeanell (24 September 2019). "Is rain mixed with haze poisonous? Air quality scientist clears the air (premium article)". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  44. ^ "In Pictures: Heavy rain in Singapore". The Straits Times. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  45. ^ Kamil, Asyraf (25 September 2019). "Showers bring respite from haze with more rain expected in coming days: NEA". Today. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  46. ^ Yong, Clement (26 September 2019). "More haze relief as air quality expected to enter good range for first time since hitting unhealthy levels". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  47. ^ "Chiang Mai has world's worst air quality as fires rage in the north". The Thaiger. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  48. ^ Tossapol Boonpat (13 April 2019). "Forest fires destroy 2.7 million rai of land whilst Chiang Mai is back on top". The Thaiger. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  49. ^ "Smoke-laced smog envelops Phuket". The Thaiger. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  50. ^ "Thai popular resort island Phuket shrouded in haze caused by Indonesian fires". The Star. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  51. ^ Sỹ Đông (22 September 2019). "Xác định nguyên nhân khiến TP.HCM và cả Nam Bộ mù đặc, ô nhiễm nặng" [Identify the reasons why Ho Chi Minh City and the whole South region are covered in smog and heavily polluted] (in Vietnamese). Zing.vn. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  52. ^ "Cháy rừng ở Indonesia gây ô nhiễm không khí ở TP Hồ Chí Minh" [Forest fires in Indonesia cause air pollution in Ho Chi Minh City] (in Vietnamese). Radio Free Asia. 22 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  53. ^ Hà Mai (22 September 2019). "Sương mù tại TP.HCM do ô nhiễm" [Fog in Ho Chi Minh City due to pollution] (in Vietnamese). Thanh Niên. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  54. ^ Xiaoxia (6 August 2019). "ASEAN to place preventive measures against transboundary haze". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  55. ^ Wardi Wasil (5 August 2019). "To blunt impact of forest fires, Brunei to introduce new law to tackle open burning". The Scoop. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  56. ^ Bayu P; Akbar NG; Fardah; Sri Haryati (31 July 2019). "Jokowi instructs to immediately extinguish forest fires". Antara. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  57. ^ "Indonesia sends thousands of security personnel to combat forest fires". Channel NewsAsia. 31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  58. ^ Agung Chandra (6 August 2019). "Jokowi Threatens to Sack Firefighters if Forest Fires not Tackled". Tempo. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  59. ^ "MMEA uses 198,000 litres of water to fight forest fire in Miri". Bernama. The Malay Mail. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  60. ^ "Schools may close if API above 200 for more than 24 hours, says Uggah". DayakDaily. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  61. ^ "Nadma sends 500,000 face masks to S'wak as haze worsens". The Star Online. 10 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  62. ^ Shah, Mohd Farhaan (14 September 2019). "Haze: More than 300 Johor schools to close Sunday (Sept 15)". The Star Online. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  63. ^ "Putrajaya schools to close Tuesday (Sept 17) as haze hits 'very unhealthy' levels". The Star Online. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  64. ^ "Education Ministry: 138 schools in Selangor to close Tuesday (Sept 17)". The Star Online. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  65. ^ "636 schools closed in Malaysia as haze worsens". The Straits Times. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  66. ^ Published 1 week ago on (18 September 2019). "All schools in KL, Selangor, Putrajaya, Penang closed due to haze". Malay Mail. Retrieved 26 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Kannan, Hashini Kavishtri (18 September 2019). "Haze daze: 1,484 schools closed". New Straits Times. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  68. ^ "Haze: Over 2,000 schools closed, affecting close to 2 million students". The Star. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  69. ^ "Malaysia calls on Asean to fight haze as Indonesia battles forest fires". The Straits Times. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  70. ^ "Indonesia forest fires spark haze warnings in Malaysia". Channel NewsAsia. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  71. ^ Wu Qin (1 August 2019). "Malaysian authorities on alert after drop in air quality". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  72. ^ "Haze: Education Ministry spells out new SOPs for schools". The Star. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  73. ^ "Schools to close when API hits 200". The Star. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  74. ^ Rachel Tay (5 August 2019). "NEA has started issuing daily advisories, and haze may hit Singapore as soon as this week". Business Insider Singapore. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  75. ^ Goh, Timothy (15 September 2019). "Haze in Singapore: Air quality remains moderate as schools reopen on Monday". The Straits Times. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  76. ^ "16 million N95 masks available in national stockpile as haze covers Singapore". CNA. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  77. ^ "Students to take PSLE, national exams in enclosed spaces; air purifiers will be used if haze worsens: MOE (premium article)". The Straits Times. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  78. ^ "Phuket health officials issue haze warning, free masks issued". The Phuket News. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Southeast_Asian_haze&oldid=1249982601"
  NODES
Association 1
Note 2