The 2021 Malian coup d'état began on the night of 24 May 2021 when the Malian Army led by Vice President Assimi Goïta[4] captured President Bah N'daw,[5][6] Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Minister of Defence Souleymane Doucouré.[7] Assimi Goïta, the head of the junta that led the 2020 Malian coup d'état, announced that N'daw and Ouane were stripped of their powers and that new elections would be held in 2022. It is the country's third coup d'état in ten years, following the 2012 and 2020 military takeovers, with the latter having happened only nine months earlier.
| 2021 Malian coup d'état | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Mali War and the Coup Belt | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Government of Mali |
Malian Armed Forces | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Bah Ndaw Moctar Ouane Souleymane Doucouré |
Assimi Goïta | ||||||
Background
editNine months prior to the 2021 coup, in August 2020, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was removed from power by a group of military officers.[8] This followed months of unrest in Mali following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections and outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader Soumaila Cissé.[9][10] On 18 August 2020, members of the military led by Colonel Assimi Goïta and Colonel-Major Ismaël Wagué in Kati, Koulikoro Region began a mutiny. President Keïta, and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed.[11]
Following Keïta's resignation, on behalf of the military officers, Wagué announced the formation of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP), and promised to hold elections in the near future. On 12 September 2020, CNSP agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule.[12] Shortly after, Bah N'daw was named interim president by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25 September 2020.[12]
On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, almost four months after it had been promised under the initial agreement.[12]
Coup
editTensions were high between the civilian transitional government and the military since the handover of power in September. This led to rebel soldiers arresting Keïta and Cissé at gunpoint. The opposition M5 movement, which had spearheaded the 2020 Malian protests against Keïta, publicly called for the interim government to be dissolved and replaced with a "more legitimate" one.[13] On 14 May, the government announced plans for a new, "broad-based" cabinet.[13]
On 24 May, tensions came to a head after a cabinet reshuffle. In the reshuffle, the military's power over key ministries was not changed, however two leaders of the coup – Sadio Camara and Modibo Kone – were replaced by N'daw's administration.[7][13]
Later that day, increased military activity was reported by several sources, including the US Embassy in Bamako, though the city remained relatively calm. Several journalists reported that three key civilian leaders – N'daw, Ouane and Doucore, were being detained in a military base in Kati, outside Bamako.[14]
In a public television statement, Goïta announced that N'daw and Ouane were stripped of their powers because they tried to "sabotage" the transition, which Goïta said would "proceed as normally".[7] Goïta, a vice president in the interim administration, said that he should have been consulted on the cabinet shuffle, which he described as a breach of the transitional charter drawn up by the military junta after the coup. Goïta also promised that new elections would be held in 2022.[13]
On 6 June 2022, it was announced that the transition to democracy would be delayed for another two years. The interim President, Colonel Assimi Goïta, signed a decree prolonging the military rule.[15]
Aftermath
edit
On 25 May, former Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan of ECOWAS began to lead mediation efforts with Mali’s military. From detention, both N'Daw and Ouane submitted their resignations to Goïta on 26 May.[16][17] The military released the ousted leaders on 27 May.[18] Some sources speculate that the resignation of N'Daw may risk further national instability.[19]
On 28 May, Mali's constitutional court named Goïta the country's transitional president.[20]
On 4 June, hundreds of supporters of the M5 movement, which was one of the leading opposition groups in the 2020 protests, gathered in the Independence Square in Bamako to celebrate the anniversary of the group's founding. Its supporters also appeared to rally in support of the new military government, as Goïta was reportedly considering naming a prominent M5 figure as a civilian prime minister after being sworn in as Mali's interim president on 7 June in an attempt to mend relations between the military government and the M5 movement, which had been deteriorating ever since the M5 movement was sidelined by the military-dominated transitional government formed after the 2020 coup.[21] After his swearing-in ceremony was held on 7 June in Bamako, Goïta indeed named Choguel Kokalla Maïga, a leader of the M5 movement and former government minister, as the interim prime minister of Mali's transitional government.[2]
On 11 June 2021, the military government restored Colonel Sadio Camara as Minister for the Defence. Camara had been excluded by the previous government from the new cabinet, which was allegedly also a motivator for the coup.[22][23]
On 20 July 2021, Goïta survived an assassination attempt, after a knife-wielding assailant attempted to stab the interim President at Friday prayers at a mosque in Bamako.[24] The attempted stabbing took place during the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha. The suspect, reportedly a young-looking man who has not been named, died in custody.[25]
On 1 January 2022, Mali’s Foreign Minister Abdoulaye Diop announced he had proposed to ECOWAS that the transition period back to democracy, be extended by five years.[26] In response, at an emergency summit in the Ghanaian capital Accra on 9 January 2022, ECOWAS decided to close their borders, sever diplomatic ties and impose tough economic sanctions on Mali, in response to its "unacceptable" delay in holding elections following a 2020 military coup.[27]
At the ECOWAS summit meeting in Accra on 3 July 2022, the junta agreed to hold general elections by February 2024 in exchange for the immediate removal of sanctions.[28]
Response
editThe coup has been condemned by the international community.[29]
The United Nations, through its MINUSMA peacekeeping mission, quickly condemned the coup and called for calm across the nation.[5] António Guterres, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, called for calm and the release of the prisoners. Félix Tshisekedi, the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and head of the African Union, "strongly condemned any action that aims to destabilise Mali".[13] French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian also condemned the coup, saying "France condemns with the greatest firmness the violent act that occurred in Mali yesterday."[30]
In addition, the United Nations, ECOWAS, the European Union, the United States, and the African Union issued a joint statement condemning the coup and called for the release of the arrested politicians.[5][7][13] West African officials described it as an "attempted coup".[31] The European Union and the U.S. State Department threatened sanctions.[32][30]
On 31 May, ECOWAS suspended Mali, effective immediately until the end of February 2022, when Goïta promised to hand control of the country to a democratically-elected government. Although the bloc called on Goïta to appoint a new civilian prime minister and to form an "inclusive" government, it did not impose sanctions on Mali, as it had done after the 2020 coup.[33] Additionally, on 2 June, the African Union suspended Mali, effective immediately until the country could reestablish "normal constitutional order," and urged the military to refrain from interfering with the Malian political process. According to its statement, if Mali did not return power back to civilian leaders, the Peace and Security Council would impose _targeted sanctions and other punitive measures.[1] On that same day, France suspended joint operations with the Malian military, as well as national advisory missions.[34] The French Ministry of Armed Forces said that "the decision will be reassessed in the coming days."[35] After consultations with the Malian military and neighboring countries in the Sahel region, France resumed joint military operations and national advisory missions in Mali on 3 July.[3]
On 7 January 2022, Agence France Presse reported that Malian army officials claimed that Russian military advisors had arrived in the country – with about 400 Russian military personnel operating in Sahel state.[36]
See also
edit
References
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- ^ a b "Assimi Goita: Mali military leader sworn in as interim president". Al Jazeera. 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
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- ^ "Mali President, PM Resign After Arrest, Confirming 2nd Coup in 9 Months". VOA News. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ a b c "UN calls for immediate release of Mali President Bah Ndaw". BBC News. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021.
- ^ "UN mission in Mali calls for immediate release of detained president and PM". France 24. AFP. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d Akinwotu, Emmanuel (25 May 2021). "Mali: leader of 2020 coup takes power after president's arrest". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali timeline: From military coup to interim leaders removed". www.aljazeera.com. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
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- ^ "Kidnapped Mali politician and French aid worker freed". the Guardian. 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Maclean, Ruth (18 August 2020). "Mali's President Exits After Being Arrested in Military Coup". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Afrique, Jeune (28 January 2021). "Mali: President Bah N'daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP". The Africa Report.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Ogunkeye, Erin (25 May 2021). "Mali junta leader says transitional president, PM have been stripped of duties". France 24. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali's military detains president, prime minister". Al Jazeera. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali junta announces two-year delay until democratic rule". openDemocracy. Agence France-Presse. 7 June 2022. Wikidata Q125193488. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022.
- ^ "Mali's transitional president resigns while in detention". Associated Press. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali's president, prime minister resign after arrests by military". www.aljazeera.com. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Ahmed, Baba (27 May 2021). "Mali's military releases transitional president and PM". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali's transitional president resigns while in detention". AP NEWS. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali's constitutional court names junta leader Goita new interim president". France 24. 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali's M5 opposition rallies in support of military gov't". Al Jazeera. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ "Mali transitional government restores ousted Camara as defence minister". Reuters. 12 June 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ Asala, Kizzi (11 June 2021). "Mali: New government sees military in key ministerial positions". Africa News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ "Mali leader says he was unharmed in 'isolated action' knife attack". Reuters. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ "Man accused of trying to kill Mali president dies in custody". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ "Mali proposes five-year election delay to West African bloc - Metro US". Metro New York. January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Akorlie, Christian (9 January 2022). "West African nations sever links with Mali over election delay". Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ "Mali coup: How junta got Ecowas economic sanctions lifted". BBC News. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ Ahmed, Baba; Petesch, Carley (20 April 2021). "Global leaders condemn Mali coup amid worry about extremists". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ a b "France condemns 'coup d'état' in Mali, threatens EU sanctions". France 24. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Mali's former coup chief takes power after military arrests president". Reuters. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
- ^ Paquette, Danielle (27 May 2021). "Mali's ousted civilian leaders are freed from military custody as sanctions loom". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months". Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ Ahmed, Baba; Larson, Krista (2 June 2021). "French military suspends joint operation with Mali military". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ Salaün, Tangi (3 June 2021). "Pressuring junta, France suspends joint military operations with Malian forces". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ "Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction". France 24. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.