Wikipedia

2022 Portuguese legislative election

Early legislative elections were held on 30 January 2022 in Portugal to elect members of the Assembly of the Republic to the 15th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic.[1] All 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic were up for election.[2]

2022 Portuguese legislative election
← 2019 30 January 2022[a] 2024 →
All 230 seats in the Assembly of the Republic
116 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered10,813,246 Increase 0.3%
Turnout5,564,539 (51.5%)
Increase 2.9 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
António Costa em 2017.jpg
EPP Summit, 22 March 2018 (27083908678) (cropped, Rui Rio).jpg
André Ventura VIVA 24.jpg
Leader António Costa Rui Rio André Ventura
Party PS PSD CH
Leader since 28 September 2014 18 February 2018 9 April 2019
Leader's seat Lisbon Porto Lisbon
Last election 108 seats, 36.3% 79 seats, 27.8% 1 seat, 1.3%
Seats won 120 77 12
Seat change Increase 12 Decrease 2 Increase 11
Popular vote 2,302,601 1,618,381[b] 399,659
Percentage 41.4% 29.1% 7.2%
Swing Increase 5.1 pp Increase 1.3 pp Increase 5.9 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
JoaoCotrimFigueiredo.png
Jerónimo de Sousa (1 de Maio de 2015) (cropped).jpg
Catarina Martins, tempo de antena sobre a escola pública, Legislativas 2022 (cropped).png
Leader João Cotrim de Figueiredo Jerónimo de Sousa Catarina Martins
Party IL PCP BE
Alliance CDU
Leader since 8 December 2019 27 November 2004 30 November 2014
Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon Porto
Last election 1 seat, 1.3% 12 seats, 6.3%[c] 19 seats, 9.5%
Seats won 8 6 5
Seat change Increase 7 Decrease 6 Decrease 14
Popular vote 273,687 238,920 244,603
Percentage 4.9% 4.3% 4.4%
Swing Increase 3.6 pp Decrease 1.9 pp Decrease 5.1 pp
  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Inês_Sousa_Real.jpg
Rui Tavares 2022.png
Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos discursa na noite eleitoral das Legislativas 2022 (Agência Lusa - 'Maioria absoluta, Governo PS desgastado').png
Leader Inês Sousa Real Collective leadership[d] Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos
Party PAN LIVRE CDS–PP
Leader since 6 June 2021 11 August 2019 26 January 2020
Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon Lisbon (lost)
Last election 4 seats, 3.3% 1 seat, 1.1%[e] 5 seats, 4.2%
Seats won 1 1 0
Seat change Decrease 3 Steady Decrease 5
Popular vote 88,152 71,232 89,181
Percentage 1.6% 1.3% 1.6%
Swing Decrease 1.7 pp Increase 0.2 pp Decrease 2.6 pp
Prime Minister before election

António Costa
PS

Prime Minister after election

António Costa
PS

On 27 October 2021, the budget proposed by the Socialist minority government was rejected by the Assembly of the Republic. The Left Bloc (BE) and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), both of whom had previously supported the government, joined the centre-right to right-wing opposition parties and rejected the budget.[3] On 4 November 2021, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the President of Portugal, announced a snap election to be held on 30 January 2022.[4] This election was the third national election held in Portugal during the COVID-19 pandemic - as the country held a presidential election (January) and local elections (September) in 2021[5][6] - and the fourth overall, as there was a regional election in the Azores in October 2020. The ruling national government led the local elections but suffered losses, especially in Lisbon.[7]

The Socialist Party (PS) of incumbent Prime Minister António Costa won an unexpected majority government in the Assembly of the Republic, the second in the party's history.[8] The PS received 41.4 percent of the vote and 120 seats, four seats above the minimum required for a majority.[9] The PS won the most votes in all districts in mainland Portugal, only failing to win the Autonomous Region of Madeira.[10] Political analysts considered the PS to have benefited from voters of the BE and the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) casting their votes for the PS instead.[11]

The Social Democratic Party (PSD) remained stable but underperformed opinion polls that had predicted a close race with the PS. The PSD won 29.1 percent of the vote, a slightly higher share than in 2019, and received 77 seats, two seats less than the previous election. The PSD was surpassed by the PS in districts like Leiria and Viseu, and lost Bragança by only 15 votes to the PS. In the aftermath of the election, party leader Rui Rio announced he would resign from the leadership.[12]

CHEGA finished in third place, winning 12 seats and 7.2 percent of the vote.[13] The Liberal Initiative (IL) finished in fourth place, winning 8 seats and 4.9 percent of the vote.[14] Both parties experienced a surge of voters and made gains this election, though CHEGA received 100,000 fewer votes than its leader had received in the previous year's presidential election, an election in which turnout was lower.[15]

The BE and CDU both suffered significant losses, being surpassed by the IL and CHEGA. Their rejection of the 2022 budget was considered to be a factor in losing votes and seats, along with tactical voting.[16] The BE won 5 seats and 4.4 percent of the vote.[17] CDU won 6 seats and 4.3 percent of the vote, while losing seats in Évora and Santarém districts.[18] The Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) lost all their seats for the first time.[19][20]

The CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) lost all their seats for the first time, receiving 1.6 percent of the vote.[19] Party leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos announced his resignation.[21] People Animals Nature (PAN) suffered losses as well, winning 1 seat and 1.6 percent of the vote, 3 fewer seats than in the previous election.[22] LIVRE won 1 seat and received 1.3 percent of the vote, holding on to the single seat they won in the previous election, with party leader Rui Tavares being elected in Lisbon.[23]

The voter turnout grew, compared with the previous election, with 51.5 percent of registered voters casting a ballot, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal.[24]

After controversies and accusations because of the counting of overseas ballots, the Constitutional Court forced the repetition of the election in the Europe constituency, which elects two MPs.[25] Therefore, the swearing in of the new Parliament and Government was delayed by a month and a half.[26] The rerun of the election in the overseas constituency of Europe occurred, for in person voting, on 12 and 13 March 2022, and postal ballots were received until 23 March 2022.[27] The final, certified results of the election were published in the official journal, Diário da República, on 26 March 2022.[28]

Background

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Fall of the government

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See also: 2019 Portuguese legislative election § Budget rejection and fall of the government

The proposed budget for 2022 was rejected on 27 October 2021 by all Opposition parties, with the expection of PAN and two Independent MPs, and with the then PS minority being the only one voting in favour.[29] Prime Minister António Costa said to Members of Parliament, in his speech before the final vote, that he would not resign and would ask for a "stable, reinforced and lasting new majority" in the early elections.[30]

 
Prime Minister António Costa and his cabinet during the 2022 State Budget debate.
 
2022 State Budget debate: Socialist MPs voting in favour.
 
2022 State Budget debate: Opposition MPs voting against.

After the Parliamentary vote, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa started hearing parties and convened the Council of State, thus deciding to dissolve Parliament and call a snap election for 30 January 2022.[4]

Leadership changes and challenges

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Liberal Initiative

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Early in December 2019, the Liberal Initiative (IL) elected a new leader after their previous leader, Carlos Guimarães Pinto, stepped down. Their sole MP, João Cotrim de Figueiredo, was elected as leader with 96 percent of the votes in the party's convention.[31] The results were the following:

Ballot: 8 December 2019
Candidate Votes %
João Cotrim de Figueiredo 181 95.8
Blank/Invalid ballots 8 4.2
Turnout 189
Source: Results

Social Democratic Party

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Main article: 2020 Portuguese Social Democratic Party leadership election

The Social Democrats (PSD), the largest opposition party, held a two-round leadership election on 11 January and 18 January 2020. Three candidates were in the race: incumbent PSD leader Rui Rio, former PSD parliamentary caucus leader Luís Montenegro and current Deputy Mayor of Cascais Miguel Pinto Luz.[32] Around 40,000 party members, out of almost 110,000, were registered to vote.[33] In the first round, on 11 January, Rui Rio polled ahead with 49 percent of the votes against the 41.4 percent of Luís Montenegro and 9.6 percent of Miguel Pinto Luz, with both Rio and Montenegro qualifying for a second round.[34] A week later, on 18 January, Rui Rio was re-elected as PSD leader with 53.2 percent of the votes, against the 46.8 percent of Luís Montenegro.[35] In both rounds, turnout of registered members achieved almost 80%. The results were the following:

Ballot: 11 and 18 January 2020
Candidate 1st round 2nd round
Votes % Votes %
Rui Rio 15,546 49.0 17,157 53.2
Luís Montenegro 13,137 41.4 15,086 46.8
Miguel Pinto Luz 3,030 9.6  
Blank/Invalid ballots 369 – 341 –
Turnout 32,082 79.01 32,582 80.20
Source: Official results
Main article: 2021 Portuguese Social Democratic Party leadership election

A leadership election in the PSD was held on 27 November 2021.[36] The original date was 4 December 2021, but the party voted to advance the date in one week. MEP Paulo Rangel was a candidate for the leadership.[37] He faced incumbent PSD leader Rui Rio, who announced his re-election bid on 19 October 2021.[38] Around 46,000 party members, out of more than 85,000 active members, were registered to vote.[39] On 27 November 2021, Rui Rio defeated Paulo Rangel by a 52.4 to 47.6 percent margin and was reelected for a 3rd term as party leader.[40] The results were the following:

Ballot: 27 November 2021
Candidate Votes %
Rui Rio 18,852 52.4
Paulo Rangel 17,106 47.6
Blank/Invalid ballots 518 –
Turnout 36,476 78.17
Source: Official results

CDS – People's Party

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Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos addressing the 28th Congress of CDS–PP in Aveiro.

CDS – People's Party also elected a new leader after former leader Assunção Cristas stepped down after the party's worst result ever in a general election in the 2019 elections. Five candidates were in the race: People's Youth leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos, current CDS MP from Aveiro João Almeida, former MP Filipe Lobo d'Ávila, Abel Matos Santos and Carlos Meira. The new leader was elected in a party congress between 25 and 26 January 2020.[41] In that congress, in Aveiro city, Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos was elected leader with 46.4 percent of the delegates votes, against the 38.9 percent of João Almeida and 14.5 percent of Filipe Lobo d'Ávila.[42] Abel Matos Santos and Carlos Meira had stepped down from the race, near the end of the congress but before the vote, in support of Rodrigues dos Santos.[43] The results were the following:

Ballot: 26 January 2020
Candidate Votes %
Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos 671 46.5
João Almeida 562 39.0
Filipe Lobo d'Ávila 209 14.5
Blank/Invalid ballots 7 –
Turnout 1,449
Source: Results

People-Animals-Nature

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In March 2021, the People-Animals-Nature (PAN) leader and spokesperson, André Silva, announced he was leaving the leadership of the party to dedicate more time to his family.[44] A party congress to elect a new leader was scheduled for the weekend of 5–6 June 2021. For that leadership congress, only one candidate stepped forward, Inês Sousa Real, the party's parliamentary leader. On 6 June, Inês Sousa Real was elected as leader of PAN with 87.2 percent of the votes in the party's congress in Tomar.[45] The results were the following:

Ballot: 6 June 2021
Candidate Votes %
Inês Sousa Real 109 87.2
Blank/Invalid ballots 16 12.8
Turnout 125
Source: Results

Date

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Official logo of the election.
 
Ballot paper for the 2022 legislative elections.

According to the Constitution of Portugal, an election must be called between 14 September and 14 October of the year that the legislature ends but can be called earlier. The election is then called by the president of Portugal, not at the sole request of the prime minister of Portugal, after listening to all of the parties represented in Parliament. The election date must be announced at least 60 days in advance if it is held as the legislature ends,[46] but the election must be held within 55 days if it is called during an ongoing legislature (dissolution of parliament). The election day is the same in all multi-seat constituencies, and should fall on a Sunday or a national holiday. The next legislative election should have taken place no later than 8 October 2023;[47] however, due to the rejection of the 2022 State Budget, during which the left-wing parties joined the right-wing parties and voted against the proposal, a snap election was called for 30 January 2022.[4]

Electoral system

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The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[48]

The number of seats assigned to each constituency depends on the district magnitude.[49] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[50]

The distribution of MPs by constituency was the following:[51]

Constituency Number of MPs Map
Lisbon 48  
Porto 40
Braga 19
Setúbal 18
Aveiro 16
Leiria 10
Coimbra, Faro and Santarém 9
Viseu 8
Madeira and Viana do Castelo 6
Azores and Vila Real 5
Castelo Branco 4
Beja, Bragança, Évora and Guarda 3
Portalegre, Europe and Outside Europe 2

Voting during COVID-19

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In January 2022, Portugal was experiencing rising infection rates as the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant had a prevalence of 93% among variants in the country.[52] Because of this situation, thousands of voters were likely to be in isolation on 30 January, election day. To address this situation, the government asked for legal advice regarding the issue from the Portuguese Attorney-General's Office.[53] On 19 January, the government announced that isolated voters would be able to vote on election day and recommended that these voters cast a ballot during the last hour the polls were open, between 6pm and 7pm 30 January.[54]

Early voting

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Voters were also able to vote early, which happened on 23 January, one week before election day. Voters had to register between 16 and 20 January 2022 in order to be eligible to cast an early ballot. By the 20 January deadline, 315,785 voters had requested to vote early, a number well below expectations.[55] On 23 January, 285,848 voters (90.5 percent of voters that requested) cast an early ballot.[56]

Parties

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Parliamentary factions

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The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 14th legislature (2019–2022) and that also contested the 2022 elections:

Name Ideology Political
position 		Leader 2019 result Seats at
dissolution
% Seats
PS Socialist Party
Partido Socialista 		Social democracy Centre-left António Costa 36.3%
108 / 230
108 / 230
PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party[f][g]
Partido Social Democrata 		Liberal conservatism Centre-right Rui Rio 27.8%
79 / 230
79 / 230
BE Left Bloc
Bloco de Esquerda 		Democratic socialism
Left-wing populism 		Left-wing
to far-left 		Catarina Martins 9.5%
19 / 230
19 / 230
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Partido Comunista Português 		Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		Left-wing
to far-left 		Jerónimo de Sousa
6.3%
[c]
10 / 230
10 / 230
PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes" 		Eco-socialism
Green politics 		Left-wing Heloísa Apolónia
2 / 230
2 / 230
CDS-PP CDS – People's Party[f][g]
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular 		Conservatism
Christian democracy 		Centre-right Francisco Rodrigues
dos Santos 		4.2%
5 / 230
5 / 230
PAN People Animals Nature
Pessoas-Animais-Natureza 		Animal welfare
Environmentalism 		Centre-left Inês Sousa Real 3.3%
4 / 230
3 / 230
CH Enough!
Chega! 		National conservatism
Right-wing populism 		Right-wing
to far-right 		André Ventura 1.3%
1 / 230
1 / 230
IL Liberal Initiative
Iniciativa Liberal 		Classical liberalism
 Centre-right
to right-wing 		João Cotrim
de Figueiredo 		1.3%
1 / 230
1 / 230
L FREE
LIVRE 		Eco-socialism
Pro-Europeanism 		Centre-left
to left-wing 		Collective leadership 1.1%
1 / 230
0 / 230
Ind. Independent
Independente 		Joacine Katar Moreira (expelled from FREE caucus)[57]
Cristina Rodrigues (left the People Animals Nature caucus)[58]
2 / 230

Non-represented parties

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The table below lists smaller parties not represented in the Assembly of the Republic that contested the elections in at least one constituency:[59]

Name Ideology Political
position 		Leader 2019 result
%
A Alliance
Aliança 		Conservative liberalism
Social conservatism 		Centre-right Jorge Nuno de Sá 0.8%
PCTP/MRPP Portuguese Workers' Communist Party
Partido Comunista dos Trabalhadores Portugueses 		Marxism-Leninism
Maoism 		Far-left Maria Cidália Guerreiro 0.7%
RIR React, Include, Recycle
Reagir, Incluir, Reciclar, 		Humanism
Pacifism 		Syncretic Vitorino Silva
(Tino de Rans) 		0.7%
E Rise Up[h]
Ergue-te 		National conservatism
Anti-immigration 		Far-right José Pinto Coelho 0.3%
MPT Earth Party
Partido da Terra 		Green conservatism Centre-right Pedro Pimenta 0.3%
NC We, the Citizens!
Nós, Cidadãos! 		Social liberalism
Pro-Europeanism 		Centre-right Joaquim Rocha Afonso 0.2%
ADN National Democratic Alternative[i]
Alternativa Democrática Nacional 		Traditionalism Centre Bruno Fialho 0.2%
JPP Together for the People
Juntos Pelo Povo 		Regionalism
Social liberalism 		Centre Élvio Sousa 0.2%
PPM People's Monarchist Party[j][g]
Partido Popular Monárquico 		Monarchism
Conservatism 		Right-wing Gonçalo da Câmara
Pereira 		0.2%
PTP Portuguese Labour Party
Partido Trabalhista Português 		Democratic socialism
Social democracy 		Centre-left
to left-wing 		Amândio Madaleno 0.2%
MAS Socialist Alternative Movement
Movimento Alternativa Socialista 		Socialism
Trotskyism 		Left-wing Renata Cambra 0.1%
VP Volt Portugal
Volt Portugal 		Social liberalism
European federalism 		Centre
to centre-left 		Tiago Matos Gomes —

Rejected

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A coalition between the People's Monarchist Party (PPM) and the United Party of Retirees and Pensioners (PURP) was rejected by the Constitutional Court because of several irregularities.[60]

Name Ideology Political
position 		Leader 2019 result
Votes (%)
PPM/PURP People's Monarchist Party
Partido Popular Monárquico 		Monarchism
Conservatism 		Right-wing Gonçalo da Câmara
Pereira 		0.2%
United Party of Retirees and Pensioners
Partido Unido dos Reformados e Pensionistas 		Pensioners' rights
Anti-austerity 		Big tent António Mateus Dias
Fernando Loureiro 		0.2%

Campaign period

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Party slogans

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Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
PS « Juntos Seguimos e Conseguimos » "Together We Continue and Achieve" [61]
PSD « Novos horizontes para Portugal » "New Horizons for Portugal" [62]
BE « Razões fortes, compromissos claros » "Strong Reasons, Clear Commitments" [63]
CDU « CDU, Força decisiva »
« Ao teu lado todos os dias » 		"CDU, the Decisive Force"
"By Your Side Every Day" 		[64]
CDS–PP « Pelas mesmas razões de sempre » "For the Same Reasons As Always" [65]
PAN « Agir, Já! » "Act, Now!" [66]
CH « Vamos fazer o sistema tremer » "Let's Make the System Tremble" [67]
IL « Preparados. Liberalizar Portugal »
«O liberalismo funciona e faz falta a Portugal» 		"Ready. Liberalize Portugal"
"Liberalism works and Portugal needs it" 		[68]
[69]
L « A alternativa é ser LIVRE » "The Alternative Is to Be FREE"

Candidates' debates

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With parties represented in Parliament

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A total of 38 debates were scheduled for these elections.[70] CDU leader, Jerónimo de Sousa, would only attend the debates on the main channels of each of the three main networks, RTP1, SIC and TVI.[71] Therefore, he was absent from the debates in the news channels of the three networks, SIC Notícias, RTP3 and CNN Portugal. Shortly after, the debates between Jerónimo de Sousa and other party leaders on those cable channels, were cancelled, thus reducing the number of debates to 32.[72] On 11 January 2022, the PCP announced that Jerónimo de Sousa would undergo urgent vascular surgery on 12 January and would be out of the campaign trail for 10 days, thus being absent in the debates.[73] João Oliveira substituted him in the debate with PSD leader Rui Rio.[74]

Rádio Observador organised two hour and a half debates with the head candidates for the Porto and Lisbon districts. The Porto debate aired on 11 January and the Lisbon debate aired on 14 January.[75][76]

2022 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Time Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee   S  Surrogate  
PS
Costa 		PSD
Rio 		BE
Martins 		CDU
Sousa 		CDS–PP
Rodrigues dos Santos 		PAN
Sousa Real 		CH
Ventura 		IL
Cotrim de Figueiredo 		L
Tavares 		Refs
2 Jan 2022 8:50PM RTP1 João Adelino Faria P N N N N N N N P [77]
10:45PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N P N N N P N N [77]
3 Jan 2022 9PM SIC Clara de Sousa N P N N N N P N N [77]
10PM CNN Portugal N N I A N N N N N [77] [k]
4 Jan 2022 6:30PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N P N N N N N P [77]
9PM TVI Pedro Mourinho P N N P N N N N N [77]
10PM RTP3 João Adelino Faria N N N N P P N N N [77]
5 Jan 2022 6:15PM RTP3 João Adelino Faria N N N N P N N P N [77]
9PM SIC Clara de Sousa N P P N N N N N N [77]
10PM CNN Portugal João Póvoa Marinheiro N N N N N N P N P [77]
6 Jan 2022 6:30PM CNN Portugal N N N A N N N N I [77] [k]
9PM RTP1 João Adelino Faria P N N N N N P N N [77]
10PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N P N N N N P N [77]
7 Jan 2022 6:30PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N N N N P N P N [77]
9PM TVI Sara Pinto N P N N P N N N N [77]
10PM RTP3 N N N A N N I N N [77] [k]
8 Jan 2022 8:40PM RTP1 João Adelino Faria N P N N N N N N P [77]
9:10PM TVI Sara Pinto P N N N N P N N N [77]
11PM CNN Portugal N N N A I N N N N [77] [k]
9 Jan 2022 8:40PM SIC Clara de Sousa P N N N P N N N N [77]
10PM RTP3 João Adelino Faria N N N N N N P P N [77]
11PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N N N N P N N P [77]
10 Jan 2022 6:30PM RTP3 João Adelino Faria N N P N N P N N N [77]
9PM SIC Clara de Sousa N P N N N N N P N [77]
10PM CNN Portugal João Póvoa Marinheiro N N N N P N N N P [77]
11 Jan 2022 8:20PM RTP1 João Adelino Faria P N P N N N N N N [77]
10PM CNN Portugal N N N A N I N N N [77] [k]
12 Jan 2022 6:30PM CNN Portugal João Póvoa Marinheiro N N N N P N P N N [77]
9PM SIC Clara de Sousa N P N S[l] N N N N N [77][78]
10PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N N N N N N P P [77]
13 Jan 2022 8:30PM RTP1
SIC
TVI 		João Adelino Faria
Clara de Sousa
Sara Pinto 		P P N N N N N N N [77]
14 Jan 2022 6:10PM SIC Notícias Rosa de Oliveira Pinto N N N N N P P N N [77]
9PM TVI Sara Pinto P N N N N N N P N [77]
10PM RTP3 João Adelino Faria N N P N P N N N N [77]
15 Jan 2022 8:50PM RTP1 João Adelino Faria N P N N N P N N N [77]
10PM RTP3 N N N A N N N I N [77] [k]
17 Jan 2022 9PM RTP1 Carlos Daniel P P P S[l] P P P P P [79][78]
20 Jan 2022 9AM Antena 1
RR
TSF 		Natália Carvalho
Susana Martins
Judith Menezes e Sousa 		P A P S[l] P P A P P [80][78]
[81][82]
Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate
Date Time Organisers Polling firm/Link
PS PSD BE CDU CDS–PP PAN CH IL L Notes
13 Jan 2022 8:30PM RTP1,
SIC,
TVI 		Pitagórica 38.0 42.0 — — — — — — — 20.0% Tie
Aximage 42 39 — — — — — — — 19% None

With parties not represented in Parliament

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A debate between parties not represented in Parliament was also held on RTP1.

2022 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Time Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee   S  Surrogate  
A
Sá 		PCTP
Guerreiro 		RIR
Rans 		E
Coelho 		MPT
Pimenta 		NC
Afonso 		ADN
Fialho 		JPP
Sousa 		PTP
Madaleno 		MAS
Cambra 		VP
Gomes 		Refs
18 Jan 2022 9:00PM RTP1 Carlos Daniel P P P P P P P P P P P [83]

Opinion polling

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Main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 Portuguese legislative election
 
Local Regression of polls conducted since the election

Voter turnout

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The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout Time
12:00 16:00 19:00
2019 2022 ± 2019 2022 ± 2019 2022 ±
Total 18.83% 23.27%   4.44 pp 38.59% 45.66%   7.07 pp 48.60% 51.46%   2.86 pp
Sources[84][85]

Results

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National summary

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For detailed results by constituency, see Results breakdown of the 2022 Portuguese legislative election.
See also: List of deputies of Portugal (XV legislature)
Summary of the 30 January 2022 Assembly of the Republic elections results
 
Parties Votes % ±pp swing MPs MPs %/
votes %
2019 2022 ± % ±
Socialist 2,302,601 41.38  5.1 108 120  12 52.17  5.2 1.26
Social Democratic[m] 1,539,415 27.66  1.3 74 72  2 31.30  0.8 1.13
CHEGA 399,659 7.18  5.9 1 12  11 5.22  4.8 0.73
Liberal Initiative 273,687 4.92  3.6 1 8  7 3.48  3.0 0.71
Left Bloc 244,603 4.40  5.1 19 5  14 2.17  6.2 0.49
Unitary Democratic Coalition 238,920 4.29  2.0 12 6  6 2.61  2.6 0.61
People's[m] 89,181 1.60  2.4 5 0  5 0.00  2.2 0.0
People-Animals-Nature 88,152 1.58  1.7 4 1  3 0.43  1.3 0.26
LIVRE 71,232 1.28  0.2 1 1  0 0.43  0.0 0.33
Madeira First (PSD/CDS–PP)[f] 50,636 0.91  0.2 3 3  0 1.30  0.0 1.43
Democratic Alliance (PSD/CDS–PP/PPM)[g] 28,330 0.51  0.1 2 2  0 0.87  0.0 1.71
React, Include, Recycle 23,233 0.42  0.3 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Portuguese Workers' Communist 11,265 0.20  0.5 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
National Democratic Alternative[i] 10,874 0.20  0.0 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Together for the People 10,786 0.19  0.0 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Earth 7,561 0.14  0.1 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Volt Portugal 6,240 0.11 — — 0 — 0.00 — 0.0
Socialist Alternative Movement 6,157 0.11  0.0 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Rise Up[h] 5,043 0.09  0.2 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
We, the Citizens! 3,880 0.07  0.1 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Labour 3,533 0.06  0.1 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Alliance 2,467 0.04  0.7 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
People's Monarchist[j] 260 0.00  0.2 0 0  0 0.00  0.0 0.0
Total valid 5,417,715 97.36  2.3 230 230  0 100.00  0 —
Blank ballots 63,103 1.13  1.4
Invalid ballots 83,721 1.50  0.9
Total 5,564,539 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 10,813,246 51.46  2.9
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[86]
Vote share
PS
 
 41.38%
PSD
 
 27.66%
CH
 
 7.18%
IL
 
 4.92%
BE
 
 4.40%
CDU
 
 4.29%
CDS-PP
 
 1.60%
PAN
 
 1.58%
L
 
 1.28%
MF
 
 0.91%
AD
 
 0.51%
Others
 
 1.66%
Blank/Invalid
 
 2.63%
Parliamentary seats
PS
 
 52.17%
PSD
 
 31.30%
CH
 
 5.22%
IL
 
 3.48%
CDU
 
 2.61%
BE
 
 2.17%
MF
 
 1.30%
AD
 
 0.87%
PAN
 
 0.43%
L
 
 0.43%

Distribution by constituency

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Results of the 2022 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency
Constituency % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S Total
S
PS PSD CH IL CDU BE MF[f] AD[g] PAN L
Azores 42.8 3 5.9 - 4.1 - 1.5 - 4.3 - 33.9 2 1.4 - 0.9 - 5
Aveiro 39.5 8 35.7 7 5.6 1 4.5 - 1.8 - 4.6 - 1.3 - 0.8 - 16
Beja 43.7 2 15.9 - 10.3 - 2.1 - 18.4 1 3.7 - 0.9 - 0.7 - 3
Braga 42.0 9 34.8 8 5.8 1 4.3 1 2.6 - 3.7 - 1.2 - 0.8 - 19
Bragança 40.3 2 40.3 1 8.6 - 1.6 - 1.4 - 2.1 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 3
Castelo Branco 47.7 3 27.4 1 8.3 - 2.6 - 2.9 - 4.3 - 1.0 - 0.8 - 4
Coimbra 45.2 6 29.1 3 6.1 - 3.6 - 3.4 - 5.1 - 1.2 - 1.0 - 9
Évora 44.0 2 21.4 1 9.2 - 2.5 - 14.6 - 3.3 - 0.8 - 0.6 - 3
Faro 39.9 5 24.4 3 12.3 1 4.6 - 4.8 - 5.8 - 2.2 - 1.1 - 9
Guarda 45.1 2 33.5 1 8.0 - 1.9 - 1.8 - 3.1 - 0.7 - 0.5 - 3
Leiria 35.7 5 34.7 4 8.0 1 5.3 - 3.1 - 4.5 - 1.3 - 1.1 - 10
Lisbon 40.8 21 24.2 13 7.8 4 7.9 4 5.1 2 4.7 2 2.0 1 2.4 1 48
Madeira 31.5 3 6.1 - 3.3 - 2.0 - 3.2 - 39.8 3 1.6 - 0.7 - 6
Portalegre 47.2 2 23.2 - 11.5 - 2.1 - 7.6 - 2.9 - 0.6 - 0.6 - 2
Porto 42.5 19 32.3 14 4.4 2 5.1 2 3.3 1 4.8 2 1.7 - 1.2 - 40
Santarém 41.2 5 26.9 3 10.9 1 3.8 - 5.4 - 4.6 - 1.2 - 0.9 - 9
Setúbal 45.7 10 16.2 3 9.0 1 5.1 1 10.1 2 5.8 1 2.0 - 1.4 - 18
Viana do Castelo 42.1 3 34.2 3 6.1 - 2.9 - 3.0 - 3.5 - 1.0 - 0.7 - 6
Vila Real 41.3 3 40.0 2 7.2 - 1.8 - 1.7 - 2.3 - 0.8 - 0.6 - 5
Viseu 41.5 4 36.8 4 7.8 - 2.5 - 1.6 - 2.8 - 0.9 - 0.6 - 8
Europe[n] 33.0 2 15.0 - 7.1 - 2.5 - 1.3 - 2.4 - 2.7 - 1.4 - 2
Outside Europe 29.8 1 37.5 1 9.6 - 3.6 - 1.4 - 2.6 - 4.5 - 1.0 - 2
Total 41.4 120 27.7 72 7.2 12 4.9 8 4.3 6 4.4 5 0.9 3 0.5 2 1.6 1 1.3 1 230
Source: Election Results

Maps

edit
  •  
    Full results by electoral district
  •  
    Strongest party by district
  •  
    Strongest party by municipality
  •  
    Share of the Socialist Party (PS) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) by municipality
  •  
    Share of CHEGA (CH) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the Liberal Initiative (IL) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the Left Bloc (BE) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the CDS-People's Party (CDS-PP) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the People-Animals-Nature (PAN) by municipality
  •  
    Share of the Livre (L) by municipality

Electorate

edit
Demographic Size PS PSD CH IL BE CDU Others
Total vote 100% 41% 29% 7% 5% 4% 4% 10%
Sex
Men 48% 38% 30% 10% 6% 5% 4% 7%
Women 52% 46% 28% 5% 4% 5% 4% 8%
Age
18–24 years old 9% 27% 29% 7% 12% 8% 4% 13%
25–34 years old 12% 30% 26% 10% 10% 5% 4% 15%
35–54 years old 39% 39% 30% 9% 5% 4% 4% 9%
55 years and older 39% 51% 28% 5% 2% 3% 5% 6%
Age by sex
Men, 18–34 years old 11% 23% 30% 12% 14% 5% 4% 12%
Women, 18–34 years old 11% 34% 25% 5% 8% 8% 4% 16%
Men, 35–54 years old 18% 34% 32% 12% 6% 4% 5% 7%
Women, 35–54 years old 21% 44% 29% 6% 4% 4% 4% 9%
Men, 55 years and older 20% 48% 29% 6% 2% 4% 6% 5%
Women, 55 years and older 20% 55% 28% 4% 1% 3% 4% 5%
Education
No High-school 31% 55% 23% 7% 1% 3% 5% 6%
High-school 34% 39% 28% 10% 5% 5% 5% 8%
College graduate 35% 31% 36% 5% 9% 6% 4% 9%
Education by sex
Men, No High-school 17% 50% 24% 9% 1% 4% 6% 6%
Women, No High-school 16% 60% 22% 5% 1% 2% 4% 6%
Men, High-school 17% 34% 29% 14% 6% 5% 5% 7%
Women, High-school 17% 45% 26% 7% 4% 5% 4% 9%
Men, college graduate 14% 26% 38% 7% 13% 5% 4% 7%
Women, college graduate 19% 35% 34% 3% 7% 7% 4% 10%
Education by age
18–34 years old, No High-school 1% 42% 19% 15% 4% 4% 6% 10%
35–54 years old, No High-school 8% 49% 23% 12% 2% 3% 4% 7%
55 years and older, No High-school 23% 59% 23% 5% 1% 3% 5% 4%
18–34 years old, High-school 10% 31% 25% 11% 9% 6% 4% 14%
35–54 years old, High-school 15% 42% 27% 12% 4% 5% 5% 5%
55 years and older, High-school 9% 46% 32% 7% 2% 4% 5% 4%
18–34 years old, college graduate 11% 25% 31% 5% 15% 8% 4% 12%
35–54 years old, college graduate 16% 33% 37% 5% 8% 5% 4% 8%
55 years and older, college graduate 7% 36% 40% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5%
Source: Pitagórica exit poll

Aftermath and reactions

edit
 
Prime Minister António Costa giving his victory speech on election night.
 
CHEGA leader, André Ventura, speaking during election night after his party became the third largest party in the elections.
 
CDS – People's Party leader, Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos, reacting after his party was wiped out from Parliament for the first time in democracy.

The Socialist Party (PS) of incumbent prime minister António Costa won an unexpected absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the second in the party's history.[8] The PS received 41.5% of the vote and 118 seats, two above the minimum required for a majority.[9] The PS won the most votes in all districts in mainland Portugal, only failing to win Madeira.[10] Commentators considered the PS to have benefited from a transfer of the BE and the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) voters to them.[11] Costa said that his "absolute majority doesn't mean absolute power" and that he would still be open to forming a coalition, despite it no longer being a requirement to govern.[87] He also promised reforms, saying: "The conditions have been created to carry out investments and reforms for Portugal to be more prosperous, fairer, more innovative."[88]

The Social Democratic Party (PSD) remained stable, underperforming opinion polls that had predicted a close race with the PS. The PSD won 29 percent of the vote, a slightly higher share than in 2019, and received 77 seats, two less than the previous election. The PSD was surpassed by the PS in their strongholds, such as Leiria and Viseu, and lost Bragança by only 15 votes to the PS. In the aftermath of the election, party leader Rui Rio announced he would resign from the leadership.[12][89]

CHEGA finished in third place, winning 12 seats and 7.2 percent of the vote.[13] The Liberal Initiative (IL) finished in fourth place, winning 8 seats and 4.9 percent of the vote.[14] Both parties experienced a surge of voters and made gains in this election.[15] CHEGA leader André Ventura celebrated a "great night", though the party received more than 100,000 fewer votes than Ventura had received in the previous year's presidential election, an election in which turnout was lower. He blamed the PS majority on PSD leader Rio for not forming an alliance between the two right-wing parties and stated "From now on there won't be a soft opposition. We will assume the role of being the real opposition to the Socialists and restore dignity to this country."[88] IL leader João Cotrim de Figueiredo also celebrated sufficient gains to form a parliamentary group, and said that his party would be a "firm opposition to socialism".[90]

Both the BE and CDU suffered losses, being surpassed by the CHEGA and IL, with 5 seats and 4.4 percent of the vote;[17] their rejection of the 2022 budget was considered to be a factor in losing votes and seats, as well as tactical voting to avoid a PSD plurality.[16] The CDU won 6 seats and 4.3 percent of the vote, while losing seats in Évora and Santarém districts.[18] The Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) lost all their seats for the first time.[20] Catarina Martins of the BE blamed the PS for having created a "false crisis" that she believed had resulted in a polarised election that penalised parties to the left of the PS. She also spoke out against the gains for CHEGA.[91] Portuguese Communist Party leader Jerónimo de Sousa made a similar statement about the PS.[92]

The CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) lost all their seats for the first time, receiving 1.6 percent of the vote. Party leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos announced his resignation.[21][93] Also due to tactical voting, People Animals Nature (PAN) suffered losses, winning 1 seat and 1.6 percent of the vote, 3 fewer seats than in the previous election.[22] PAN leader Inês Sousa Real spoke of sadness after this result, and said that an absolute majority would be bad for democracy.[94] LIVRE won 1 seat and received 1.3 percent of the vote, holding on to the single seat they won in the previous election, with party leader Rui Tavares being elected in Lisbon.[23] Tavares pledged to get Costa to work with other left-wing parties.[95]

The voter turnout was the highest since the 2015 Portuguese legislative election, with 51.5 percent of registered voters casting a ballot.

Overseas ballots controversy

edit

In this election, 257,791 ballots from overseas were received, but, during the process of counting the ballots, a controversy started.[96] The Social Democratic Party (PSD) filed a complaint in order for the ballots with no ID card copy to be put aside.[97] The Portuguese electoral law requires that for a ballot received by mail to be valid, it needs to be accompanied with an ID card copy of the voter (in order to confirm the identity of the voter, as the equivalent of presenting the ID to the poll workers when voting in person).[98] The Socialist Party (PS) protested against the PSD complaint, reminding the PSD that all parties had had an informal meeting in which it had been decided that all ballots, with or without an ID card copy, would be counted and declared valid. The PSD had confirmed their position in that meeting, but announced that they had changed their mind after they were given a document stating that any such actions would be illegal.[99] Nonetheless, the PSD and the Electoral Commission (CNE) warned and advised counting staffs to separate the ballots. But this guideline wasn't followed by several counting staffs,[100] and by the end of the counting of ballots, 80.32% of the Europe constituency ballots, 157,205 ballots out from a total of 195,701, were considered invalid and thrown out.[101] Several parties (Volt, LIVRE, PAN, CHEGA, MAS) appealed to the Constitutional Court in order to have the ballots counted.[102][103] Of the 5 complaints filed, however, the court accepted only Volt Portugal's complaint.[104] On 15 February, the Court annulled the election in the Europe constituency and demanded a repetition of the vote.[105] The National Election Committee determined that for the rerun of the parliamentary elections in the constituency of Europe on March 12 and 13 can be voted in person, just as until March 23 by absentee ballot.[106] 109,350 ballots were received until 23 March, and of those, 30% (32,777) were declared null as they were not accompanied with an ID card copy. In terms of results, the PS was able to win the two seats from the Europe constituency, unlike in the original election when the PS and PSD both won one seat.[107]

International reactions

edit
  •   EU: The European Commission's First Vice-president Frans Timmermans congratulated Costa's victory on Twitter as "an important victory for Portugal and Europe."[1]
  •   Spain: Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez, leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, congratulated Costa on Twitter, stating that "Portugal has once again opted for a social democratic project that combines growth and social justice. Together we will continue to promote in our countries and in Europe a socialist response to the challenges we share."[1]
  •   UK: Keir Starmer, the British opposition and Labour Party leader, congratulated Costa on Twitter for "a victory for seriousness in government, shared prosperity and social justice."[108]
  •   India: Indian prime minister Narendra Modi congratulated Costa, who is Luso-Indian, on Twitter "for resounding performance in the parliamentary elections in Portugal and his re-election." He also stated: "Look forward to continue deepening the warm and time-tested relationship with Portugal."[109]
  •   Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, then former president of Brazil and presidential pre-candidate in the 2022 Brazilian general election, congratulated Costa and his party for "their great electoral victory in Portugal", wishing them "good luck".[110]

Fall of the government

edit
Main article: Operation Influencer
 
António Costa announcing his resignation on 7 November 2023.

On 7 November 2023, the Police and several agents of the Public Prosecutor's office conducted a series of searches to the official residency of the Prime Minister, ministries, and other sites that culminated in the arrest of several people including the chief of staff of the Prime Minister.[111] António Costa himself was also indicted as a suspect in a case of corruption involving the lithium and hydrogen businesses.[112] Shortly after this revelation by the Public Prosecutor's office, Prime Minister António Costa tendered his resignation to President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and also announced he was stepping down from the PS leadership.[113]

After this, the President heard all parties and met with the Council of State. On 9 November 2023, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa called a snap legislative election for 10 March 2024.[114] For the first time ever in Portuguese democracy, a single party majority government didn't complete its full term.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Election in the Europe Constituency was annulled by the Constitutional Court in February 2022. New ballots were accepted until 23 March 2022.
  2. ^ Sum of the votes of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in mainland Portugal and the PSD/CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) coalitions in Azores and Madeira. The 5 MPs elected in these coalitions are all from the PSD.
  3. ^ a b The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) have contested every election since 1987 in a coalition called the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 6.3% of the vote and elected 12 MPs to parliament in 2019.
  4. ^ Rui Tavares, running for Lisbon, was the party's main candidate in this campaign.
  5. ^ LIVRE had 1 MP elected to parliament in 2019, Joacine Katar Moreira, but she was expelled from the LIVRE caucus in January 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d In Madeira, the PSD and the CDS–PP contested the elections in a coalition called Madeira First (Madeira Primeiro).
  7. ^ a b c d e In Azores, the PSD, the CDS–PP, and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM) contested the elections in a coalition called Democratic Alliance (Aliança Democrática).
  8. ^ a b In July 2020, the National Renovator Party (PNR) changed its name to Rise Up (E).
  9. ^ a b In September 2021, the Democratic Republican Party (PDR) changed its name to the National Democratic Alternative (ADN).
  10. ^ a b PPM list only in Madeira
  11. ^ a b c d e f Cancelled
  12. ^ a b c Substituted by João Oliveira whilst he is recovering in hospital
  13. ^ a b Only in mainland Portugal and overseas constituencies.
  14. ^ Original election annulled by the Constitutional Court. A rerun was conducted during March 2022.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Live: Polls close in Portugal as Socialist Costa tries to keep power". Euronews. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  2. ^ "IFES Election Guide – Portuguese Republic". Election Guide. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Parlamento chumba Orçamento do Estado " Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, SIC Notícias, 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Ferreira, Ricardo Simões; Henriques, Susete (4 November 2021). "Marcelo marca eleições para 30 de janeiro". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  5. ^ "Portugal holds presidential election as COVID-19 cases spiral". Reuters. 23 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Rui Rio quer autárquicas entre 22 de Novembro e 14 de Dezembro". Público (in Portuguese). 12 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  7. ^ "Portugal's ruling Socialists lead in local elections but lose Lisbon". Reuters. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Portugal election: Socialists win unexpected majority". BBC News. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
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  10. ^ a b "Distrito a distrito, quem ganhou e quem perdeu". Público (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Maioria absoluta de Costa foi à custa de 344.861 votos da esquerda. Veja como quebrou quatro dogmas eleitorais". Expresso (in Portuguese). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  12. ^ a b Dinis, Rito (31 January 2022). ""Auf Wiedersehen": como o voto útil em Costa acabou com a "utilidade" de Rio". Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
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  30. ^ "OE2022. António Costa pede nova maioria estável, reforçada e duradoura". RTP (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  31. ^ "João Cotrim Figueiredo eleito presidente da Iniciativa Liberal com 96% dos votos ", Observador, 8 December 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  32. ^ "Três candidaturas à presidência do PSD formalmente aceites ", Observador, 2 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
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  39. ^ Jornal i (19 November 2021). "Mais de 46 mil militantes do PSD vão poder votar nas eleições diretas". Retrieved 21 November 2021.
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