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70,000 Character Petition

The 70,000 Character Petition (Chinese: 七万言书; Tibetan: ཡིག་འབྲུ་ཁྲི་བདུན་གྱི་སྙན་ཞུ, Wylie: Yig 'bru khri bdun gyi snyan zhu)[1] is a report, dated 18 May 1962,[2][3] written by the Tenth Panchen Lama and addressed to the Chinese government, denouncing abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet.[4] It remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written."[5]

A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama
Cover
Panchen Lama in a 1964 "struggle session"
AuthorChoekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama
TranslatorRobert Barnett
LanguageEnglish, Chinese
SeriesTIN background briefing papers, no. 29.
SubjectTibet Autonomous Region (China)--Relations--China
GenreEssay
Published1996 (Tibet Information Network)
Publication placeEngland
Pages315
ISBN978-0953201112
OCLC39504353
951/.505
LC ClassDS740.5.T5 B75 1997
This article contains Tibetan script. Without proper rendering support, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters.

For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy was obtained by the Tibet Information Network (TIN) in 1996.[6][Note 1] The report was based in part on research undertaken in Amdo by an assistant, the 6th Tseten Zhabdrung, Jigme Rigpai Lodro, after China's brutal retaliation and reforms which followed a massive anti-communist uprising in 1958.[7]

In January 1998 upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the 10th Panchen Lama, a translation by Tibetologist Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama[2] was published by Tibet Information Network.[8]

The document was initially known as the Report on the sufferings of the masses in Tibet and other Tibetan regions and suggestions for future work to the central authorities through the respected Premier Zhou Enlai but took on the shorter sobriquet because of its length in Chinese characters. When published, its authenticity could not be independently confirmed and Chinese authorities refrained from commenting.[6] Several months later, Ngabo Ngawang Jigme (a retired high-ranking government and military official who was in office in Tibet from the early 1950s to 1993), officially criticized the petition's comments on the famine without challenging its authenticity nor criticizing its publication.[9][Note 2]

Background

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Panchen Lama with monks in Tibet, date unknown[10]

Following the departure into exile of the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 1959, the 10th Panchen Lama was offered the presidency of the preparatory committee for the establishments of the Tibet Autonomous Region. In 1960, the Chinese named him vice-chairman of the National People's Congress in order that he act as the spokesperson for Chinese policy in Tibet. In this capacity, the 10th Panchen Lama visited several Chinese regions where "he saw nothing but misery and desolation."[citation needed] In 1962, he met with Westerners in Lhasa,[Note 3] the capital of the current Tibet Autonomous Region. He affirmed to them his desire to "fulfill his revolutionary duty towards the people" and to "live the life of a good Buddhist." The Panchen Lama returned to Beijing on Mao's orders. During the voyage, throngs of Tibetans begged him to "end all the deprivation and hardships we've suffered."[citation needed] In Beijing, he asked Mao directly to "put an end to the abuses committed against the Tibetan people, to increase their food rations, to provide adequate care for the aged and the infirm, and to respect religious liberty." Mao listened politely but no measures were undertaken.[11]

The Panchen Lama was only 24 when he wrote the petition. His entourage tried to persuade him to soften the tone of his petition, but he refused.[12]

So it was that in 1962 the Panchen Lama wrote the Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai a document known as the 70,000 Character Petition[2] in which he denounced the draconian policies and actions of the Chinese People's Republic in Tibet. He criticized the Great Leap Forward and a multitude of "inept orders" on the part of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) which had caused chronic food shortages.[citation needed]

The report by the Panchen Rinpoche deals with the Tibetan situation in plain terms, taking his cues from Mao's project: "Even if on paper and in speeches there has been a great leap forward, it's not clear that this has translated to reality."[citation needed]

Writing the petition

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Monastery of Tashilhunpo
 
Panchen Lama to the left of the 14th Dalai Lama in the mid-1950s

The Panchen Lama began writing his petition in the monastery of Tashilhunpo in Shigatse, Tibet, continued in his residence in Lhasa, and finished it in Beijing. His stated objective in writing it was "to benefit the Party and the people."[13]

The Panchen Lama wrote the work in Tibetan and chose the title Report on the sufferings of the masses in Tibet and other Tibetan regions and suggestions for future work to the central authorities through the respected Premier Zhou Enlai and runs to 123 pages in Chinese translation[13] but as the Chinese version contained 70,000 characters, the document became known as the 70,000 Character Petition.

The Panchen Lama confided in Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Chen Yi, one of Zhou Enlai's inner circle.[14] Chen Yi reassured him in his denunciation of the Tibetan situation, and told him to "Tell everything you know and don't hold back."[15]

In particular, the Panchen Lama showed Ngabo Ngawang Jigme an early draft of his petition. Ngabo advised him to moderate his report and only to deliver it orally to the Central Committee, advice not heeded by the Panchen Lama.[16][page needed]

Petition structure

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The essay covers three main themes - religion, cruelty, and famine - in eight parts:

  1. The struggle to crush rebellions;
  2. Democratic reforms;
  3. Livestock, agricultural production, and the life of the masses;
  4. The work of the United Front;
  5. Democratic centralism;
  6. The dictatorship of the Proletariat;
  7. Religious questions;
  8. Work for ethnic nationalities.

In his conclusion, the Panchen Lama denounced the majority leftist tendencies in Tibet.[17]

Excerpts

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In his preface for the English translation, Robert Barnett observed that "in no other document does someone of such high rank attack so explicitly and with as much detail the policies and practices of Chairman Mao."[citation needed] Some excerpts:[2]

Religion

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The Panchen Lama explained that anyone who openly practiced their religious faith in Tibet was persecuted and accused of superstition. The Communists forced monks and nuns to have sexual relations. The leadership of monasteries was entrusted to characters with dissolute behavior who "frequented prostitutes and drank excessively" and thus discrediting the monasteries in the eyes of Tibetans.[18]

"After the introduction of reforms, Buddhism suffered a serious setback and is now on the edge of disappearance."

The Panchen Lama considered that the heart of Buddhism was being _targeted, and that prayer ceremonies, philosophical discussions, and instruction were no longer possible.

Arrests

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"Numerous prisoners died of afflictions after the introduction of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The population of Tibet found itself in considerably reduced circumstances these last few years. Besides the aged, women, and children, most able-bodied and intelligent men from the Tibetan regions of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces were imprisoned."

Suppression of demonstrations

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The Panchen Lama criticized the unjust suppression that the Chinese inflicted on Tibetans in response to the 1959 Tibetan uprising.

"We have no way of knowing how many people were arrested. In each region, there were at least 10,000 arrests. Good and bad, innocent and guilty, all were imprisoned in contradiction with any legal system in the world. In some areas, most of the men were imprisoned, leaving only women, the elderly, and children to work. "

"They even ordered the killing members of rebel families... Officials deliberately put people in jail under draconian conditions, so there was a lot of unjustifiable deaths."

Famine

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The Panchen Lama denounced the famine in Tibet, criticizing the Great Leap Forward because a multitude of "inept orders" by the Chinese Communist party caused chronic food shortages.

"First of all, you should ensure that the people will not die of starvation. In many parts of Tibet, the inhabitants died of starvation. Entire families perished and the death rate is extremely high. This is unacceptable, terrible and very grave. Once upon a time Tibet lived through a dark age of barbaric feudalism, but there were never any such shortages of food, especially after the rise of Buddhism. In the Tibetan regions, the masses are living in such poverty that the elderly and children are dying of starvation or are so weak that they are unable to fight off diseases and they die. Never anything like this has ever happened before in the entire history of Tibet. No one could imagine such terrible famines, not even in your worst dreams. In some areas, if someone gets a cold, they inevitably contaminate hundreds of other people and the majority die."

Enforced abortion

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The Panchen Lama ended his report with accusations of forced abortions starting in 1955 in Kham and Amdo.[19]

Reactions

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The Tenth Panchen Lama met with Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and discussed his report with him on May 18. The initial reaction was positive.[20][page needed] Zhou summoned Tibetan authorities to Beijing. They promised him to rectify what they called "a leftist detour."[21][page needed] Zhou "had admitted that errors had been committed in Tibet" but did not authorize open opposition to the powers in place.[22] Nevertheless, following his pattern of bending to the Maoist winds, he abandoned the Panchen Lama to his fate once Mao's criticisms were heard.[23][page needed]

Criticism

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According to jurist Barry Sautman, professor in social sciences at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the 10th Panchen Lama supposedly visited three counties on the northeastern edge of Tibet before authoring his report: Ping'an, Hualong and Xunhua, and his description of famine concerns only the region he is from, namely Xunhua. These three regions are located in Haidong Prefecture, a zone in the Qinghai province in which 90% of the population is non-Tibetan either in origin or culture. Furthermore, a former leader of the Tibet Autonomous Region disputes whether the Panchen Lama visited any region of Tibet before writing his report.[24][Note 4]

Praise

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During a commemoration in 1999 of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama declared that "the 70,000 Character petition published in 1962 by the former Panchen Lama constitutes an eloquent historical document on the policies carried out by the Chinese in Tibet and on the draconian measures put in place there."[25][better source needed] In 2001, he added that the Panchen Lama "had specifically denounced the terrible conditions of life inflicted on the Tibetans in the interior of their country."[26][better source needed]

According to Stéphane Guillaume, the report, which remained secret until 12 February 1998, confirms the report of the International Commission of Jurists of December 1964 concerning the violations of human rights in contravention of United Nations General Assembly resolutions 1353 [fr; nl] and 1723 [fr; nl].[27]

According to Joshua Michael Schrei, member of the administrative council of the independent association Students for a Free Tibet, the petition is considered by serious historians to be one of the only trustworthy documents of the period.[28]

Historian and journalist Patrick French considers the Petition to give the clearest picture of the period.[23][page needed][Note 5]

According to professor Dawa Norbu "no Chinese (with the possible exception of Peng Dehuai) and certainly no leader of a national minority ever dared to defy the Communist policies so fundamentally in the interior of the People's Republic since its creation in 1949, as the Panchen Lama did in 1962 and in 1987.[29]

Laurent Deshayes et Frédéric Lenoir view the analysis given by Hu Yaobang, secretary general from 1980 to 1987 of the CCP during his inspection of the Tibet Autonomous Region as approaching those of the 10th Panchen lama in his 70,000 Character petition and that of the Tibetan Government in Exile: the Chinese policy towards Tibet seems to resemble colonialism, the Tibetans are under-represented in the regional administration, their standard of living has fallen since the liberation of 1951–59, and their culture is threatened with extinction unless there is an effort to teach the language and the religion.[30]

Implementation of propositions

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According to TIN, propositions in the 70,000 Character petition were implemented between 1980 and 1992 by Chinese reformer Hu Yaobang, consistent with the policies of Deng Xiaoping during the 1980s.

Tseten Wangchuk, a Tibetan journalist working in the United States, reported that during a 1980 meeting between the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Hu Yaobang and the Panchen Lama, the latter told Hu "how much he was moved by his reforms, and remarked that had the suggestions of the 70,000 Character petition been put in place when they were proposed, the problems in Tibet would not have endured."

The 70,000 Character petition was founded on the principle that the specific characteristics of Tibet should be taken into account. This premise was central to the policies of Deng Xiaoping in China during the 1980s and allowed the Panchen Lama to introduce numerous liberalizations into Tibet. In early 1992, the CCP removed the concession concerning the "specific characteristics" of Tibet, and current policy monitors religious practices and the monasteries, limits the instruction of Tibetan language, and has since suppressed some of the religious and cultural liberalizations implemented by Hu and requested by the Panchen Lama.[31]

See also

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Notes and references

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Notes

  1. ^ The report (...) apparently circulated in China's top echelons for decades until a copy was delivered anonymously to the (Tibet Information Network) group.
  2. ^ Ngabo's comments on the famine are a criticism of the information in the Panchen Lama's petition, but he does not challenge its authenticity or express any criticism of its publication.
  3. ^ The Panchen Lama had a house there and visited frequently.
  4. ^ Quotation from (Sautman 2006): in particular, Barry Sautman, "Demographic Annihilation" and Tibet, p. 242: In this respect it is worth noting that the Panchen Lama, upon whose writings the charges of a massive famine among Tibetans mainly rest, is said to have only visited three counties in "Tibet" prior to writing his report in 1962. These were Ping'an, Hualong, and Xunhua, and his comments on the famine pertain to his home county, Xunhua (Becker, 1996b; Panchen Lama 1962, 112–113). All three counties are in Haidong Prefecture, an area whose population is 90 percent non Tibetan and not in cultural Tibet. A former TAR leader, moreover, disputes that the Panchen Lama visited any Tibetan area during the famine (Becker 1998). Becker, Jasper. 1996b. "China's Northern Nomads Face a Bleak Future." South China Morning Post, (Hong Kong), September 28, 18.
  5. ^ Quotation from (French, 2005) "Reading the charts, looking at the numbers and trying to quantify death from data, I felt that the clearest picture of what happened to Tibetans at this time came not from statistics, but from the Panchen Rinpoche's report."

References

  1. ^ Powers, John (2016). The Buddha party : how the people's Republic of China works to define and control Tibetan Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. Appendix B, page 1. ISBN 9780199358151. OCLC 947145370.
  2. ^ a b c d 10th_Lama 1997.
  3. ^ "News Updates: Information and analysis of developments in Tibet - extract from Reports From Tibet, November 1990-February 1991 TIN News Update" (PDF). Columbia University. London: Tibet Information Network. 20 February 1991. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  4. ^ "World Tibet Network News: Secret Report on 1960s Tibet Published". Tibet.ca. Canada Tibet Committee. February 12, 1998. Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  5. ^ Hilton, Isabel (2001) [1st pub. Norton:2000]. The Search for the Panchen Lama (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-393-32167-8. OCLC 48420207. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  6. ^ a b Kurtenbach, Elaine (February 11, 1998). "1962 report by Tibetan leader tells of mass beatings, starvation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2001-07-21. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  7. ^ Nicole Willcock, The 6th Tseten Zhabdrung, Jigme Rigpai Lodro, Treasury of Lives
  8. ^ "World Tibet Network News: The Secret Report Of Tibet's 10th Panchen Lama Available Online For The First Time (TIN)". Tibet.ca. Canada Tibet Committee. January 27, 2000. Archived from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  9. ^ "China's top Tibetan official criticises Panchen Lama report (TIN)". Tibet.ca. Canada Tibet Committee. April 9, 1998. Archived from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  10. ^ "十世班禅的生命图录（大量珍贵照片首次披露）-菩萨的故事-靠垫儿". Archived from the original on 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  11. ^ van Grasdorff 1999, p. 235-236.
  12. ^ French 2004, p. 78.
  13. ^ a b Mehra 2004, p. 152.
  14. ^ Bergère 1987, p. 228.
  15. ^ van Grasdorff 2006, p. 332.
  16. ^ van Grasdorff 1998.
  17. ^ Yeshi 2009, p. 88.
  18. ^ French 2005, p. 79.
  19. ^ van Grasdorff 2006, p. 337.
  20. ^ Mehra 2004.
  21. ^ Yeshi 2009.
  22. ^ van Grasdorff, Gilles (2002). L'enfant oublié du Tibet [The Forgotten Child of Tibet] (in French). Paris: Pocket. ISBN 978-2-266-10483-8. OCLC 491012096.
  23. ^ a b French 2005.
  24. ^ Sautman 2006, p. 360.
  25. ^ Message of the Dalai Lama on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Lhasa revolt (in French)
  26. ^ Message of the Dalai Lama on the occasion of the 42nd anniversary of the Lhasa revolt (in French)
  27. ^ La question du Tibet en droit international, par Stéphane Guillaume, 2008
  28. ^ A Lie Repeated : Whats really going on in Tibet, 20 March 2008, par Joshua Michael Schrei.
  29. ^ Samphel, Thubten (July 31, 2007). "D'SHALA DIARY: Mr N Ram and fellow travellers". Phayul.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-24. Professor Dawa Norbu wrote in his introduction to the book, A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, 'No Chinese (with the possible exception of Peng Dehuai), and certainly no other leader of the national minority, had dared to challenge the communist policies so fundamentally within the PRC since its founding in 1949, as did the Panchen Lama in 1962 and 1987.
  30. ^ Deshayes, Laurent [in French]; Lenoir, Frédéric (2002). L'Épopée des Tibétains entre mythe et réalité [The Tibetan Saga Between Myth and Reality] (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-61028-3. OCLC 422216514. p.337
  31. ^ Secret Report by the Panchen Lama Criticises China (TIN), WTN, 5 October 1996.

Sources

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Further reading

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