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In Japan, each school has a different grading system. Many universities use the following set of categories:
| Grade in Japanese (Kanji) | English translation | Corresponding percentage | 4-scale university |
|---|---|---|---|
| shū (秀) | Exemplary, excellent | S (90–100%), rarely given | |
| yū (優) | Very good | A (80–89%) | A (80–100%) |
| ryō (良) | Good | B (70–79%) | B (70–79%) |
| ka (可) | Average, pass | C (60–69%) | C (60–69%) |
| nin (認)[a] | Approved, acceptable | D/F (50–59%), uncommon | D/F (50–59%), uncommon |
| fuka (不可) | Unacceptable, failed | F (0–59% or 0–49%) | F (0–59% or 0–49%) |
Education in Japan has many different ways of approaching their grading system.
Public schooling below the high school level is classified as compulsory education (義務教育, gimu-kyōiku), and every Japanese child is required to attend school until they pass middle school.[1] An interesting phenomenon is that even if an individual student fails a course, they may pass with their class regardless of grades on tests. The grades on tests have no effect on schooling until taking entrance exams to get into high school.
Japanese children's report cards are primarily influenced by behavior rather than grades.[2]: 375 For example, Japanese students are graded by the greetings they use, if they remember their supplies, and how they treat plants and animals.[2]: 375
High school level
editIn order to attend high school in Japan, younger students must pass an entrance exam. If they do not pass, they are not allowed to go to high school.
Parents often send their children to cram schools (塾, juku) or private schools for test training purposes.[3]
Most high schools in Japan have a numerical grading system from 5 to 1, with 5 being the highest grade and 1 being the lowest.[4]
University level
editLike the high school level, Japanese students must pass a standardized test to be accepted into a university.
Most national universities employ a 4-scale grading system (only with A, B, C and F). Below-average students are given an F, and are encouraged to retake the same subject(s) in the following semesters.
GPA is a simple numerical representation of college results in Japan. As of 2014, 497 Japanese universities use this system.[5]
For universities, graduation requires a minimum of 124 credits and the required number of credits for each university. To earn 1 credit, 45 hours of study time is required, including preparation and review time.[6]
See also
edit
Explanatory notes
edit- ^ Nin or gō (合) is sometimes used in the event of passing without grading, such as through credit transfer.
References
edit- ^ SATO, Manabu (2008). "Historical Aspects of the Concept of "Compulsory Education" : Rethinking the Rhetoric of Debates in Current Reform". Educational Studies in Japan. 3: 65–84. doi:10.7571/esjkyoiku.3.65. ISSN 1881-4832.
- ^ a b Akiko, Watabe (2014). "The Influence of Authoritarian and Authoritative Parenting on Children's Academic Achievement Motivation: a Comparison Between the United States and Japan". North American Journal of Psychology. 16 (2): 359.
- ^ Mawer, Kim (June 2015). "Casting new light on shadow education: snapshots of juku variety". Contemporary Japan. 27 (2): 131–148. doi:10.1515/cj-2015-0008. ISSN 1869-2729.
- ^ "What is the Education System in Japan? | FAIR Study in Japan". studyjapan.fairness-world.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
- ^ "Grading Standards (GPA System) | Registration / Syllabuses | Course Registration | Student Life | KYUSHU UNIVERSITY". 九州大学（KYUSHU UNIVERSITY）. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
- ^ "大学の成績の評価での『優』の位置づけは？". 鳳凰の羽 (in Japanese). 2016-06-12. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
- Clyde Vroman (1966), Japan: a study of the educational system of Japan and guide to the academic placement of students from Japan in United States educational institutions, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, LCCN 74014323, OCLC 87904
- Ellen E. Mashiko (1989), "VI. Admissions-Related Issues, Grading Systems and Academic Credentials", Japan: a study of the educational system of Japan and a guide to the academic placement of students in educational institutions of the United States, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admission Officers, p. 55, ISBN 0-910054-93-2, OCLC 19847995, archived from the original on 2017-02-11
- Ellen E. Mashiko (1996), Japan: a study of the educational system of Japan and a guide to the academic placement of students in educational institutions of the United States, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admission Officers, ISBN 0-929851-78-1
- 大学の成績の評価での『優』の位置づけは？ (12 September 2017).