Handstand

A handstand is the act of supporting the body in a stable, inverted vertical position by balancing on the hands. In a basic handstand, the body is held straight with arms and legs fully extended, with hands spaced approximately shoulder-width apart and the legs together. There are many variations of handstands, all of which require the performer to possess adequate balance and upper body strength.

Kinematics

Handstands use the wrist flexor muscles as well as the anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and trapezius descendens.^[1] It is considered demanding in terms of both the muscle and joint requirement.^[2]

According to a 2017 study most handbalancers use wrist movement to maintain balance in a handstand.^[3]

Another study found that handbalancers who were also expert gymnasts had better coordination than those at an intermediate level of gymnastics.^[4] More advanced practitioners also altered their center of pressure less to change the center of mass when making corrections to handstand position.^[5]

Handstand moves involving an especially high amount of strength include the press handstand^[6]^[7] and handstand push-up.^[8]

Types of activities that use handstands

Capoeira handstand with bent legs

Handstands are performed in many athletic activities, including acro dance, cheerleading, circus, yoga, capoeira, calisthenics, swimming and gymnastics. Some variation of a handstand is performed on every gymnastic apparatus, and many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position during their execution. Breakdancers incorporate handstands in freezes and kicks.

Handstands are known by various other names. In modern yoga as exercise, the handstand is called Adho Mukha Vrksasana.^[9] In capoeira it is named bananeira.^[10]

Yoga

Adho Mukha Vrikshasana with legs in Garudasana (Eagle pose)

In modern yoga as exercise, the handstand is among the inverted poses; it is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana,^[11] Downward-facing Tree Pose. In traditional hatha yoga in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Vyayāmadipike, which calls it the "second gardam", and the Śrītattvanidhi use the handstand in a sequence involving touching the nose to the ground; the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati calls this Syenasana, meaning hawk pose.^[12]

Swimming

Swimmers often perform underwater handstands as a stunt, with their heads, arms, and bodies underwater and their legs and feet extended above the surface, often having games or contests with the winner being the person who can remain in an underwater handstand the longest.

Armstand dives—a category found in competitive platform diving—are dives that begin with a handstand.

Gymnastics

There are two basic handstand styles in modern gymnastics: curved-back and straight-back.^[13] Straight-back style is employed when the aesthetics of straight body lines are desired and feasible. In many cases (e.g., when a handstand is being performed in conjunction with a gymnastic apparatus), however, the curved-back style is preferred as it offers superior control of the legs and torso over balance. In all cases, balance is maintained by shifting body weight towards the fingers or the heel of the hand.

All basic gymnastic handstands have these characteristics:

Straight arms with hands placed on the ground approximately shoulder-width apart.
Straight legs, held together.
Pointed toes so as to continue the lines of the legs.

In addition, straight-back handstands have these characteristics:

Tucked head (face pointed forward) as if standing upright.
Straight spine, with hips pushed forward. If performed while lying flat, this would cause the small of the back to contact ground.

References

^ Kochanowicz, Andrzej; Niespodziński, Bartłomiej; Mieszkowski, Jan; Marina, Michel; Kochanowicz, Kazimierz; Zasada, Mariusz (2019). "Changes in the Muscle Activity of Gymnasts During a Handstand on Various Apparatus". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (6): 1609–1618. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002124. PMID 28700510. S2CID 207500662.
^ Calderón-Díaz, Mailyn; Ulloa-Jiménez, Ricardo; Saavedra, Carolina; Salas, Rodrigo (2021). "Wavelet-based semblance analysis to determine muscle synergy for different handstand postures of Chilean circus athletes". Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 24 (10): 1053–1063. doi:10.1080/10255842.2020.1867113. PMID 33426917. S2CID 231576614.
^ Blenkinsop, Glen M.; Pain, Matthew T. G.; Hiley, Michael J. (2017). "Balance control strategies during perturbed and unperturbed balance in standing and handstand". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (7): 161018. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461018B. doi:10.1098/rsos.161018. PMC 5541526. PMID 28791131.
^ Gautier, Geoffroy; Marin, Ludovic; Leroy, David; Thouvarecq, Régis (2009). "Dynamics of expertise level: Coordination in handstand". Human Movement Science. 28 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2008.05.003. PMID 18986720.
^ Wyatt, Hannah E.; Vicinanza, Domenico; Newell, Karl M.; Irwin, Gareth; Williams, Genevieve K. R. (2021). "Bidirectional causal control in the dynamics of handstand balance". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 405. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79730-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7801474. PMID 33432011.
^ Mizutori, Hisashi; Kashiwagi, Yu; Hakamada, Noriko; Tachibana, Yasunori; Funato, Kazuo (2021). "Kinematics and joints moments profile during straight arm press to handstand in male gymnasts". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253951. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653951M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253951. PMC 8279359. PMID 34260617.
^ Prassas, Spiros G. (1988). "Biomechanical Model of the Press Handstand in Gymnastics". International Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 4 (4): 326–341. doi:10.1123/ijsb.4.4.326.
^ Johnson, Abigail; Meador, Melanie; Bodamer, Meghan; Langford, Emily; Snarr, Ronald L. (2019). "Exercise Technique: Handstand Push-up". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 41 (2): 119–123. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000427. S2CID 56807126.
^ "Adho Mukha Vrksasana". Yoga Vastu. October 2020.
^ Taylor, Gerard (4 September 2012). Capoeira 100: An Illustrated Guide to the Essential Movements and Techniques. North Atlantic Books. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-58394-638-1.
^ Budilovsky, Joan; Adamson, Eve (2000). The complete idiot's guide to yoga (2 ed.). Penguin. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-02-863970-3.
^ Birch, Jason; Singleton, Mark (2019). "The Yoga of the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati: Hathayoga on the Cusp of Modernity" (PDF). Journal of Yoga Studies. 2: 3–70. doi:10.34000/JoYS.2019.V2.
^ "Different Styles of Handstands". Retrieved 2010-09-29.