Wikipedia

African diaspora in the Americas

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Significant groups have been established in the United States (African Americans), in Canada (Black Canadians), in the Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean), and in Latin America (Afro-Latin Americans).

African diaspora in the Americas
Regions with significant populations
 United States46,936,733[1]
 Brazil20,656,458[2]
 Haiti10,896,000[3]
 Colombia4,944,400[4][5][6][7][8]
 Mexico2,576,213[9]
 Jamaica2,531,000[10]
 Dominican Republic1,704,000[11][12]
 Panama1,258,915[13]
 Canada1,198,540[14]
 Cuba1,034,044[15]
 Venezuela936,770[16][17]
 Peru828,824[18]
 Ecuador814,468[19]
 Puerto Rico574,287[20]
 Nicaragua572,000[21]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[22]
 Bahamas324,000[23]
 Barbados280,000[24]
 Martinique273,985
 Uruguay255,074[25]
 Guyana227,062[26]
 Suriname202,500[27]
 Honduras191,000[28][29]
 Argentina149,493[30][31][32]
 Saint Lucia142,000[33]
 Belize108,000[34]
Languages
English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Martinican Creole, Papiamento, Dutch
Religion
Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora, Maroons

History

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Main article: Atlantic slave trade

After the United States achieved independence, next came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect.[35]

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

On 4 November 2008, the first black U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote. His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas.[36]

Distribution

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Black population by country

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Country % Black African % Mixed Black African
  Haiti[3] 95% ~5%
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 92.5% 3%
  Barbados[24] 92.4% 3.1%
  Martinique
92.4%
  Jamaica[10] 92.1% 6.1%
  Curaçao
91.8%
  The Bahamas[23] 90.6% 2.1%
  Turks and Caicos 87.6% 2.5%
  Antigua and Barbuda 87.3% 4.7%
  Montserrat 86.2% 4.8%
  Saint Lucia[33] 85.3% 10.9%
  Anguilla 85.3% 3.8%
  Dominica 84.7% 9%
  Grenada 82.4% 13.3%
  British Virgin Islands 76.3% 5.4%
  U.S. Virgin Islands 76% 2.1%
  Vincent and the Grenadines 71.2% 23%
  French Guiana[37]
66%
  Bermuda 52% 9%
  Suriname[27]
37.4%
  Guyana[26] 30.2% 16.7%
  Trinidad and Tobago 34.2%[38] 22.8%[22]
  Panama[13]
32.8%
  Belize[34] 25.6% 6.1%
  Cayman Islands 20% 40%
  Dominican Republic[11] 15.8% 70.4%
  Aruba
15%
  United States[1] 12.4% 1.8%
  Brazil 10.2% 45.3%
  Guadeloupe 10% 76.7%
  Cuba 9.3% 26.6%
  Colombia[39] 9.34% 15.44%
  Nicaragua
9%
  Puerto Rico[20] 7% 10.5%
  Ecuador
4.8%
  Uruguay[25] 4.6% 3.2%
  Canada
4.26%
  Venezuela[16] 3.6% 51.6%
  Peru[18]
3.6%
  Mexico
2.04%
  Honduras[28][29]
2%
  Costa Rica[40] 1.1% 6.7%
  Argentina
0.37%
  Guatemala
0.3%
  Bolivia
0.2%
  El Salvador
0.13%
  Paraguay
0.13%
  Chile
0.06%

Black population by region according to the censuses

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Region Percentage Total population Country Year
  District of Columbia 41.45% 285,810   USA 2020
  Mississippi 36.62% 1,084,481   USA 2020
  Louisiana 31.43% 1,464,023   USA 2020
  Georgia 31.00% 3,320,513   USA 2020
  Maryland 29.47% 1,820,472   USA 2020
  Alabama 25.80% 1,296,162   USA 2020
  South Carolina 25.02% 1,280,531   USA 2020
  Bahia 22.38% 3,164,691   Brazil 2022
  Delaware 22.11% 218,899   USA 2020
  North Carolina 20.50% 2,140,217   USA 2020
  Virginia 18.62% 1,607,581   USA 2020
  Rio de Janeiro 16.16% 2,594,253   Brazil 2022
  Tennessee 15.81% 1,092,948   USA 2020
  Florida 15.07% 3,246,381   USA 2020
  Arkansas 15.07% 453,783   USA 2020
  New York 14.78% 2,986,172   USA 2020
  Illinois 14.11% 1,808,271   USA 2020
  Michigan 13.66% 1,376,579   USA 2020
  Tocantins 13.19% 199,394   Brazil 2022
  New Jersey 13.13% 1,219,770   USA 2020
  Sergipe 12.85% 283,960   Brazil 2022
  Maranhão 12.61% 854,424   Brazil 2022
  Ohio 12.53% 1,478,781   USA 2020
  Piauí 12.25% 400,662   Brazil 2022
  Texas 12.19% 3,552,997   USA 2020
  Minas Gerais 11.84% 2,432,877   Brazil 2022
  Amapá 11.81% 86,662   Brazil 2022
  Missouri 11.37% 699,840   USA 2020
  Espírito Santo 11.21% 429,680   Brazil 2022
  Pennsylvania 10.95% 1,423,169   USA 2020
  Connecticut 10.78% 388,675   USA 2020
  Federal District 10.71% 301,765   Brazil 2022
  Pernambuco 10.04% 909,557   Brazil 2022
  Mato Grosso 9.86% 360,698   Brazil 2022
  Nevada 9.82% 304,739   USA 2020
  Pará 9.77% 793,621   Brazil 2022
  Indiana 9.56% 648,513   USA 2020
  Alagoas 9.55% 298,709   Brazil 2022
  Goiás 9.19% 648,560   Brazil 2022
  Rio Grande do Norte 9.17% 302,749   Brazil 2022
  Rondônia 8.65% 136,793   Brazil 2022
  Acre 8.56% 71,086   Brazil 2022
  Kentucky 8.04% 362,417   USA 2020
  São Paulo 7.99% 3,546,562   Brazil 2022
  Paraíba 7.96% 316,572   Brazil 2022
  Roraima 7.73% 49,195   Brazil 2022
  Oklahoma 7.32% 289,961   USA 2020
  Massachusetts 7.03% 494,029   USA 2020
  Minnesota 6.98% 398,434   USA 2020
  Ceará 6.77% 595,694   Brazil 2022
  Rio Grande do Sul 6.52% 709,837   Brazil 2022
  Mato Grosso do Sul 6.50% 179,101   Brazil 2022
  Wisconsin 6.39% 376,356   USA 2020
  Kansas 5.75% 168,809   USA 2020
  Rhode Island 5.67% 62,168   USA 2020
  California 5.66% 2,237,044   USA 2020
  Amazonas 4.91% 193,667   Brazil 2022
  Nebraska 4.92% 96,535   USA 2020
  Arizona 4.74% 339,150   USA 2020
  Paraná 4.24% 485,781   Brazil 2022
  Iowa 4.14% 131,972   USA 2020
  Colorado 4.07% 234,828   USA 2020
  Santa Catarina 4.07% 309,908   Brazil 2022
  Washington 3.99% 307,565   USA 2020
  West Virginia 3.67% 65,813   USA 2020
  North Dakota 3.44% 26,783   USA 2020
  Alaska 2.99% 21,898   USA 2020
  New Mexico 2.17% 45,904   USA 2020
  South Dakota 2.01% 17,842   USA 2020
  Oregon 1.95% 82,655   USA 2020
  Maine 1.87% 25,752   USA 2020
  Hawaii 1.61% 23,417   USA 2020
  New Hampshire 1.46% 20,127   USA 2020
  Vermont 1.40% 9,034   USA 2020
  Buenos Aires City 1.31% 40,670   Argentina 2022
  Utah 1.22% 40,058   USA 2020
  Wyoming 0.92% 5,232   USA 2020
  Chubut 0.90% 5,302   Argentina 2022
  Tierra del Fuego 0.90% 1,658   Argentina 2022
  Idaho 0.86% 15,726   USA 2020
  Salta 0.74% 10,632   Argentina 2022
  Buenos Aires 0.74% 128,804   Argentina 2022
  Misiones 0.74% 9,374   Argentina 2022
  Río Negro 0.73% 5,463   Argentina 2022
  Santa Cruz 0.73% 2,446   Argentina 2022
  Neuquén 0.71% 5,026   Argentina 2022
  Jujuy 0.69% 5,583   Argentina 2022
  Entre Ríos 0.63% 8,910   Argentina 2022
  Corrientes 0.52% 6,310   Argentina 2022
  La Rioja 0.51% 1,959   Argentina 2022
  Montana 0.51% 5,484   USA 2020
  Formosa 0.49% 2,956   Argentina 2022
  Córdoba 0.48% 18,366   Argentina 2022
  La Pampa 0.48% 1,726   Argentina 2022
  Chaco 0.48% 5,357   Argentina 2022
  Santa Fe 0.47% 16,560   Argentina 2022
  Catamarca 0.46% 1,965   Argentina 2022
  Tucumán 0.42% 7,172   Argentina 2022
  Mendoza 0.40% 8,141   Argentina 2022
  Santiago del Estero 0.40% 4,211   Argentina 2022
  San Luis 0.35% 1,896   Argentina 2022
  San Juan 0.30% 2,449   Argentina 2022
Source: Censuses of American countries.[41][42][43]

Notable people of African descent in the Americas

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See also

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  • Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
  • Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
  • Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
  • Afro Atlantic Histories resource, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

References

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  1. ^ a b "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade – Brasil – 2010" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Haiti — The World Factbook". CIA.
  4. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  5. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  6. ^ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Hoon Sul, Jae; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (25 October 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". PLOS Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.
  7. ^ Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. Bibcode:2014PLOSG..10.4572R. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
  8. ^ "Afrocolombianos". encolombia.com (in Spanish). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020". 25 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Jamaica – People".
  11. ^ a b "Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". CIA.
  12. ^ Moya Pons, Frank (2010). Historia de la República Dominicana (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Editorial CSIC. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.
  14. ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ a b "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. May 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  17. ^ Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011
  18. ^ a b "Población Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  19. ^ http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/ [dead link‍]
  20. ^ a b "Puerto Rico 2020 census".
  21. ^ "Nicaragua — The World Factbook". CIA.
  22. ^ a b "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report" (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  23. ^ a b "ThebBahamas — The World Factbook". CIA.
  24. ^ a b "Barbados — The World Factbook". CIA.
  25. ^ a b La población Afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011 (in Spanish). 7 March 2021. ISBN 978-9974-32-625-5.
  26. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ a b "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  28. ^ a b "Honduras — The World Factbook". CIA.
  29. ^ a b "Honduras - XVII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda 2013". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Honduras. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  30. ^ Perfil, Redacción (28 March 2015). "Los afro- argentinos y el racismo que perdura". Perfil.com.
  31. ^ "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
  32. ^ "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
  33. ^ a b "Saint Lucia — The World Factbook". CIA.
  34. ^ a b "Belize — The World Factbook". CIA.
  35. ^ Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-271-02883-1
  36. ^ Goldstein, Bonnie (30 July 2012). "Obama descended from slave ancestor". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  37. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- French Guiana". CIA. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  38. ^ Bethel, Camille (February 2013). "Census: Mixed population on the rise | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  39. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  40. ^ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  41. ^ "Censo 2022". INDEC. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States". United States Census Bureau. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  43. ^ "Panorama do Censo 2022". Panorama do Censo 2022 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
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