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Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the al-Qaeda branch based in Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed during the Bosnian War in 1992. During the Bosnian War, the group contributed volunteers to the Bosnian mujahideen (called El Mudžahid), a volunteer detachment of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the war, the group operated through the Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SHC).
Origins
editAt the onset of the Bosnian War, the then president Alija Izetbegović turned to the Islamic world for support in Bosnia's war efforts. This call brought along with it arms, money and an influx of foreign fighters, some of them mujahideen from Afghanistan who had fought against the Soviets.[1] Estimates of the number who came to Bosnia range from 500 to 1,500 foreign fighters, probably around 1,000,[2] many of whom came from Pakistan after their government expelled former fighters of the Afghan resistance. In addition to Afghan resistance fighters, foreign volunteers came from Europe, with Madrid allegedly being a center for recruitment in Europe. Abu Dahdah recruited many fighters out of the Abu Bakr mosque.[3]
It was alleged that between 1993 and 1996, al-Qaeda-leader Osama bin Laden was thought to have visited camps in the country on a Bosnian passport.[4] According to the German journalist Renate Flottau, Osama bin Laden visited Bosnia and met with Izetbegović in 1993, however Marko Attila Hoare, while not dismissing the possibility out of hand, noted discrepancies between Flottau's claims and Izetbegović's account that he had no recollection of meeting bin Laden.[5] Al-Qaeda, through a Vienna-based charity linked to bin Laden (Third World Relief Agency), funneled millions of dollars in contributions to the Bosnians, trained mujahideen to go and fight in Bosnia, and maintained an office in neighboring Croatia's capital Zagreb.[1]
Conflict
editForeign mujahideen fighters during the Bosnian war served in the El Mudžahid brigade.[6] The experience in Bosnia helped globalize a mujahideen mentality and according to one former al-Qaeda member, many talented leaders of al-Qaeda emerged from this conflict after they developed anti-Western and anti-globalization sentiment.[7][8]
Aftermath
editAfter the war, al-Qaeda reestablished its connections in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the Saudi High Commission (SHC) charity organization. The charity was formed in 1993 by the decree of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. It acted as a "fully integrated component of al-Qa[e]da's logistical and financial support infrastructure".[9]
In late 2001, a raid was carried out by United States Special Forces on local SHC headquarters in Ilidža, a suburb of Sarajevo.[10] In the raid documents, including manuals on how to forge the United States Secretary of State office ID cards, as well as manuscripts and notes on meetings with Bin Laden were found. Other al-Qaeda fronts such as Vazir (successor of al-Haramain Foundation) and the Global Relief Fund were also shut down.[11]
A Bosnian raid on al-Haramain Foundation, an organisation reportedly tied to al-Gama'at Islamiya which worked closely with al-Qaeda, uncovered tapes calling for attacks on peacekeepers in Bosnia. The Bosnian police also raided the offices of Benevolence International Foundation (BIF), finding weapons, military manuals, a fake passport and photos of Bin Laden.[12][failed verification] The evidence uncovered by Bosnian authorities on BIF's office on March 19, 2002, led to the arrests of Munib Zahiragic, the head of its Bosnian chapter, and Enaam Arnaout.
References
edit- ^ a b Pena, Charles (2005). "Al Qaeda: The Balkans Connection". Mediterranean Quarterly. 16 (4): 65–76. doi:10.1215/10474552-16-4-65. S2CID 154570948.
- ^ Darryl Li (Spring 2016). "Jihad in a World of Sovereigns: Law, Violence, and Islam in the Bosnia Crisis" (PDF). Law & Social Inquiry. 41 (2). Journal of American Bar Foundation: 372. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Jeanine; Bakker, Edwin (2014). "Returning Western foreign fighters: The case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia" (PDF). International Centre for Counter Terrorism - the Hague. JSTOR resrep17492.
- ^ Kurop, Marcia (November 2001). "Al Qaeda's Balkan Links" (PDF). No. The Wall Street Journal Europe. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ Marko Attila Hoare (Summer 2008). "Review: Unholy Terror: Bosnia, al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad by John R. Schindler" (PDF). Democratiya. 13: 65.
- ^ PBS Newshour with Jim Jim Lehrer, A New Constitution for Bosnia, 22 November 2005 Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The spy who came in from al-Qaeda". BBC. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ O'Neill, Brendan (2 August 2004). "The Bosnian connection". Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ Newton, Michael (2010). Terrorism - International Case Law Reporter 2008. Oxford University Press. p. 1090. ISBN 9780195398335.
- ^ Niall Mulchinock (28 March 2017). NATO and the Western Balkans: From Neutral Spectator to Proactive Peacemaker. Springer. p. 163. ISBN 9781137597243.
- ^ Cofie D. Malbouisson (2007). Focus on Islamic Issues. Nova Science Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 9781600212048.
- ^ Lyubov Grigorova Mincheva; Ted Robert Gurr (3 January 2013). Crime-Terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security. Routledge. pp. 84, 85. ISBN 9781135132101.