Alfred Bult Mullett (April 7, 1834 – October 20, 1890) was a British-American architect who served from 1866 to 1874 as Supervising Architect, head of the agency of the United States Treasury Department that designed federal government buildings. His work followed trends in Victorian style, evolving from the Greek Revival to Second Empire to Richardsonian Romanesque.
Alfred B. Mullett | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | April 7, 1834 Taunton, England |
| Died | October 20, 1890 (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Parent | Augustine A. Mullett |
| Buildings | Pioneer Courthouse, Portland, Oregon Old Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C. Old Custom House and Post Office, St. Louis, Missouri Old San Francisco Mint Custom House, Knoxville, Tennessee Federal Building, Raleigh, North Carolina Camp House |
Biography
editMullett was born at Taunton in Somerset, England. When he was eight years old, his family emigrated to Glendale, Ohio, where in 1843 his father bought an 80-acre (32 hectares) farm. He matriculated at Farmers' College in College Hill, Cincinnati, studied mathematics and mechanical drawing, but left as a sophomore in 1854.[1] He trained in the Cincinnati office of architect Isaiah Rogers and became a partner.
Career
editMullett left Rogers on less than friendly terms in 1860, to establish his own practice. His first known individual design is the Church of the New Jerusalem, a board-and-batten Gothic Revival church built at Glendale in 1861.
After serving with the Union army during the American Civil War, Mullett in 1863 relocated to Washington. He worked again with Rogers, since 1862 the de facto Supervising Architect at the Treasury Department. At that time the Treasury Department oversaw design and construction of all federal buildings.[1] Mullett undermined his superior's position until an exasperated Rogers resigned in 1865.[citation needed] That year Mullet married Pacific Pearl Myrick.
Although widely dismissed as "an obscure draftsman" from Cincinnati, Mullett used his political skills to gain appointment as Supervising Architect in 1866.[citation needed] He designed fireproof federal buildings across the nation, particularly custom houses, post offices and courthouses. Responsible for contracting with local architects and/or construction companies to deal with subcontractors, source materials and other matters, Mullett was known as a micromanaging authoritarian with an explosive temper.[2]
Influenced by the 1864–1868 remodeling of the Louvre's Pavillon de Flore by Hector Lefuel and Richard Morris Hunt, Mullett produced six massive fortress-like Second Empire federal buildings in St. Louis, Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, New York and Washington D.C. What was called the State, War, and Navy Building rose near the White House. These stone and cast iron structures, with mansard roofs and multiple tiers of columns, were expensive. Mullett was dogged by accusations of extravagance and subjected to five separate investigations into his ties to the corrupt "Granite Ring".[3]
Mullett reluctantly resigned in 1874 while under attack from reforming Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristow and others. When three men were killed on May 1, 1877, by a floor failure at the City Hall Post Office, New York City, which had been constructed under his supervision, Mullett was investigated for negligence.
In 1882, he set up a practice in New York with Hugo Kafka and William G. Steinmetz, later establishing Alfred B. Mullett & Sons to practice with his two elder sons. But the government never paid him for major commissions, and he remained a popular political _target. The New York Sun called him "the most arrogant, pretentious, and preposterous little humbug in the United States."[3] In 1890, in financial trouble and ill health, Mullett killed himself in Washington.[4]
Over his career he produced some 40 government buildings. Two of the six huge Second Empire buildings survive in St. Louis and Washington. The New York City Hall Post Office was dubbed "Mullett's monstrosity."[5] Following another shift in popular taste, however, he is recognized since the late 20th century for his contribution to monumental Victorian architecture.
Death
editMullet died by suicide in 1890 after a period of ill health.[6][7]
Works
edit- 1861 — Church of the New Jerusalem, Glendale, Ohio
- 1866-1870 — Carson City Mint, Carson City, Nevada
- 1867 — Courthouse and Post Office, Madison, Wisconsin
- 1867 — Post Office, Portland, Maine (demolished 1965)
- 1867-1870 — Custom House and Post Office, Ogdensburg, New York
- 1868-1871 — Office Building and U.S. Light-House Depot Complex, St. George, Staten Island, New York
- 1869-1870 – Old Custom House and Post Office Wiscasset, Maine
- 1869-1873 — Post Office and Sub-Treasury Building Boston, Massachusetts (demolished c. 1929)
- 1869-1874 — San Francisco Mint, San Francisco, California (NOT destroyed in the San Francisco earthquake, 1906)
- 1869-1880 — City Hall Post Office and Courthouse, New York City (demolished 1939)
- 1869-1875 — Pioneer Courthouse, Portland, Oregon
- 1870 — Courthouse and Post Office (now City Hall), Columbia, South Carolina
- 1871-1888 — State, War, and Navy Building aka Old Executive Office Building aka Eisenhower Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C.[8]
- 1871-1881 – U.S. Custom House (New Orleans), Louisiana
- 1871 — US Assay Office, Boise, Idaho
- 1872 — Custom House and Post Office, Cairo, Illinois
- 1872 — US Custom House, Portland, Maine
- 1873-1879 — Post Office and Customs House, Evansville, Indiana
- 1873-1884 — Old Post Office, St. Louis, Missouri
- 1874 — Customs House, Knoxville, Tennessee
- 1874-1885 — Courthouse and Post Office, Cincinnati, Ohio (demolished c. 1936)
- 1874-1884 — Courthouse and Post Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (demolished c. 1942)
- 1874-1878 — Federal Building, Raleigh, North Carolina
- 1876-1879 – Evansville Post Office, Evansville, Indiana
- 1877 — Custom House and Post Office, Port Huron, Michigan
- 1873-1882 — Courthouse and Post Office, Hartford, Connecticut
- 1887 – Major General John A. Logan Mausoleum, U.S. Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
- 1887 — Sun Building, Washington, D.C., for the publisher of The Baltimore Sun newspaper; it is one of the oldest multistory steel-frame buildings in Washington, D.C.
- 1889 — Mullett Rowhouses, Washington, D.C.
- 1890 — Camp House mansion, Knoxville, Tennessee
Gallery of designs
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "M". Architectural Foundation of Cincinnati. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ dtcamuseums (10 December 2019). "Lecture tells of Carson City Mint's architect and architecture". NV Museums. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ a b Elliott, Cecil D. (2002). The American Architect from the Colonial Era to the Present. McFarland. pp. 76–78. ISBN 9780786413911.
- ^ Lee, Antoinette J. (2000). Architects to the Nation : The Rise and Decline of the Supervising Architect's Office: The Rise and Decline of the Supervising Architect's Office. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780195351866.
- ^ "Historic Post Offices: Architectural Masterpieces That Are More than Just Places to Drop Mail". 6sqft. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ "Mullett, Alfred B. (1834-1890)". North Carolina Architects and Builders.
- ^ Clines, Francis X.; Times, Special To the New York (17 May 1985). "A 'Monstrosity' Is Set to Open To Public Tours". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "Eisenhower Executive Office Building". White House. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Further reading
edit
- Craig, Lois A., and the staff of the Federal Architecture Project, The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and National Design, 1972
- Mullett, A. B., Diaries & C Annotated Documents, Research and Reminiscence Regarding a Federal Architect Engineer Architect (1834-1890), Mullett Smith Printers, 1985.
- Smith, D. Mullett. A. B. Mullett: His Relevance in American Architecture and Historic Preservation, Mullett Smith Printers, 1990.