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Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater

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Founded in 1958, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (AAADT) is the largest modern dance company in the United States.[2] Based in New York City, the company was founded by Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Alvin Ailey (1931-1989), a noted choreographer and dancer. The Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, which includes AAADT and Ailey II, the Ailey School, Ailey Extension, AileyCamp, and other operations, is housed in the 87,000 square-foot Joan Weill Center for Dance, one of the largest buildings dedicated exclusively to dance in the United States.[3] AAADT is recognized as a vital American cultural ambassador,[4] and has performed for diverse audiences in more than seventy countries around the world.

General information
Year founded1958; 66 years ago (1958)
Founding artistic directorAlvin Ailey
LocationThe Joan Weill Center for Dance
405 West 55th Street
New York, New York 10019
Principal venueNew York City Center
Websiteailey.org
Senior staff
Executive DirectorBennett Rink
Artistic staff
Artistic DirectorAlicia Graf Mack (beginning July 1, 2025)[1]
Other
Official schoolAiley School
Associated schoolsAiley Extension

History

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In 1958, Alvin Ailey and a group of young Black modern dancers performed as "Alvin Ailey and Company" at the 92nd Street Y in New York.[5][6][7][8] Ailey was the company's director, choreographer, and principal dancer.[9][10] The company started as an ensemble of seven dancers, including Nat Horne,[11][12] Minnie Marshall,[11] Ella Thompson Moore,[12] and Dorene Richardson, "the only dancer who performed in Alvin Ailey’s two concerts (1958 and 1960) at the 92nd Street Y."[12] In addition to Ailey, the original company worked with guest choreographers in addition to Ailey.[10] For the company's first performance, Ailey's Ariette Oubliee, Blues Suite, and Cinco Latinos were featured.[6]

In 1960, the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, later to be renamed the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (AAADT), presented the premiere of Revelations at Kaufmann Concert Hall in New York.[6][8] Rehearsals for Revelations were held in the basement of Clark Center for the Performing Arts,[12] which would later serve as the official residence for the company.[6][13]

 
Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, Amsterdam, 1965
 
Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, Amsterdam, 1965

In 1962, Ailey recast his all-black dance company into a multi-racial group, and the modernized company completed its first international tour to Australia and southeast Asia.[5][10][14] The tour of the Lavallade-Ailey American Dance Company, named for Ailey's partnership with Carmen de Lavallade, started in Sydney, Australia, and ended in Seoul, South Korea.[15]

In 1964, the company of five women and five men toured as the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater. The dancers included Loretta Abbot, Takako Asakawa, Hope Clarke, Joan Peters, and Lucinda Ransom,[16] Alvin Ailey, Bill Luther, Hector Mercado, James Truitte, and Dudley Williams, performed in Paris and London.[17][18]

In 1965, Judith Jamison joined the company[19] and would later serve as the company's first artistic director after Alvin Ailey's death in 1989.[5][20]

In 1969, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater performed at Broadway's Billy Rose Theater.[21]

In 1970, the Ailey company and school relocated to 229 East 59th Street in Manhattan, a renovated church building.[15] In April of that year, a financial crisis caused Ailey to issue a statement that the dissolution of the company might take place.[22] The crisis abated, however, and in 1971 AAADT made its first performance at the New York City Center.[23]

In 1974, AAADT had their State Theater at Lincoln Center debut.[8][24] The program featured Ailey's “Feast of Ashes,” Talley Beatty's “The Road of the Phoebe Snow,” John Butler's “Portrait of Billie” revival, the premiere of John Jones's “Nocturne,” and Joyce Trisler's “Journey.”

In 1977, the company performed at President Jimmy Carter’s inauguration gala.[8]

In 1988, AAADT hosted its 30th-anniversary season gala at the City Center.[9] The company and school are located at 45th Street and Broadway, [9] and move the following year into a 36,000 square-foot space[25] at 211 West 61st Street in Manhattan.[20]

In 1989, Alvin Ailey died from AIDS-related complications.[26][27] Judith Jamison, who rejoined AAADT in 1989, replaced Ailey as the artistic director of AAADT.[28] The company was struggling with mounting debts,[29] and the number of company dancers was reduced.[9]

In 2000, AAADT launched the silent phase of a five year, sixty-six million dollar capital campaign for a new building that would double its size and an endowment for financial stability.[25]

In 2002, AAADT broke ground on its new building site on West 55th Street.[25][30]

In 2004, the United States Postal Service issued a first class postage stamp honoring Alvin Ailey as part of the American Choreographers stamp series,[5][31] and the Oprah Winfrey Foundation pledged one million dollars to endow a student scholarship at the Ailey School.[32][33]

In 2005, the Ailey organization, including the main company, Ailey II, and the Ailey School, moved into its new West 55th Street home, the Joan Weill Center for Dance, the former WNET-TV studios where AAADT first appeared on television in the early 1960s.[30][34][35]

In 2008, Glorya Kaufman donated six million dollars to AAADT's educational programs, including support for AileyCamp programs, the Ailey School, and Ailey's BFA program with Fordham University.[36] The fifth floor lobby in the Weill Center for Dance is named in Kaufman's honor.[36]

Also in 2008, the United States Congress passed a resolution officially designating the company a "vital American Cultural Ambassador to the World."[4][37][38]

 
Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre performs Alvin Ailey's Revelations. Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Miami, Florida

In 2011, the United States Senate passed a resolution recognizing the artistic and cultural contributions of AAADT and the 50th Anniversary of the first performance of the Ailey classic Revelations.[37] That same year, Robert Battle, artistic director (2011-2023), established a New Directions Choreography Lab to nurture emerging artists.[39]

In 2014, AAADT kicks off a fifty million dollar capital campaign, "Campaign for Ailey's Future," to support artistic, educational, and building expansion projects, and to honor outgoing board chair Joan Weill.[40] Sandy Weill, Joan Weill's husband, provided a lead gift of sixteen million dollars to the campaign.[40]

In 2021, AAADT received a twenty million dollar gift from MacKenzie Scott to support its "Dancing Forward" initiatives.[41][42][43]

In 2024, the Whitney Museum unveiled "Edges of Ailey," the first major museum exhibition to survey the artistry of Alvin Ailey and AAADT.[44][5] In November 2024, AAADT announced that Alicia Graf Mack, a former Alvin Ailey company member and the dean and director of the dance division at Juilliard, will take over as AAADT artistic director on July 1, 2025.[1]

Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation

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The Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation is the largest modern and contemporary dance organization in the United States[2] and consists of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Ailey II, The Ailey School, Ailey Camp, Ailey Extension, and Ailey Arts In Education and Community Programs.[43]

Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater

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Performances and tours

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The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, a prominent dance company and global arts institution,[45] has performed for audiences around the world.[41] The following is a sample of significant AAADT performances, residencies, and tours:

 
Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, National Governors Association Winter Meeting, State Dining Room, White House, February 10, 2023

Repertory and choreographers

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Alvin Ailey created seventy-nine dances for the company that bears his name.[5] He maintained that the company was not solely a repository for his choreography, and sought the contributions from other choreographers. Today, AAADT has a repertory of nearly three hundred works by more than one hundred choreographers,[49] including:

The company keeps Alvin Ailey's works, including Revelations (1960), Night Creature (1974) and Cry (1971), in continuous performance. Memoria was one of Alvin Ailey's balletic pieces, with long lines and a clear technical style different from his usual jazz character style of swirling patters, strong, driving arm movements, huge jumps, and thrusting steps. This dance was later adopted into the repertory of the Royal Danish Ballet. Cry is a three-part, 17-minute solo created for Judith Jamison. It was meant to pay homage to "all Black women everywhere, especially our mothers" and can be seen as a journey from degradation to pride, defiance, and survival.[10][52][53][54][55]

Ailey II

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In 1974, Ailey created the Alvin Ailey Repertory Ensemble (later renamed Ailey II).[41] In 1980, the second company and the Ailey School relocated to four new studios in a building on Broadway.[20]

The Ailey School

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The Ailey School was established in 1969,[41][25] the same year the company moved to the Brooklyn Academy of Music.[56] The Ailey School is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Dance (NASD).[57] The school is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education as an institution of higher education[58] and is eligible to participate in Title IV programs.

In 1998, the Ailey School and Fordham College at Lincoln Center (FCLC), Fordham University launched a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree program.[59][6][60] The program is recognized as one of the preeminent BFA dance programs in the country.[59]

AileyCamp

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In 1989, Kansas City Friends of Alvin Ailey is founded and develops into the national AileyCamp program.[5] By 2016, AileyCamp expanded to ten cities: Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Berkeley/ Oakland, CA; Chicago, IL; Kansas City, KS; Kansas City, MO; Miami, FL; New York, NY; Newark, NJ; and Seattle/Tacoma, WA.[5]

In 2023, AileyCamp Atlanta launches a partnership as part of Atlanta Mayor Andre Dickens’ Year of the Youth initiative.[5]

The Ailey Extension

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The Ailey Extension was created in 2005.[41] Ailey Extension offers instruction in more than 25 different dance and fitness techniques, including Ballet, Hip-Hop, Horton, House, Jazz, Masala Bhangra, Samba, West African, and Zumba.[61]

Joan Weill Center for Dance

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The Joan Weill Center for Dance
405 West 55th Street at Ninth Avenue
New York City

Since 2005, the Ailey organization has been headquartered at the Joan Weill Center for Dance, which was originally designed as a 77,000 square-foot building.[41][62] The Weill Center features state-of-the-art dance studios, a performance space with a seating capacity of 275 people, classrooms, a costume shop, physical therapy facilities, faculty and student lounges, and administrative offices.[30]

In the late 1990s, following their Russia, France and Cuba tours and South Africa residency, AAADT's leadership determined that it needed a larger space for rehearsals, school performances, production materials, and offices.[25] The board of trustees established a campaign steering committee to identify potential major donors. Joan Weill, who served fourteen years as chairwoman of the Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation,[63] and her husband, Sandy Weill, co-chaired the building capital campaign,[63][40] and donated a total of eighteen million dollars to the effort.[25]

The Elaine Wynn and Family Education Wing

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In 2017, AAADT unveiled The Elaine Wynn and Family Education Wing, a 10,000-square-foot expansion to the Weill Center.[5] Elaine Wynn is a major donor to AAADT.[64] The Wynn Wing adds three floors to Weill Center and features four additional dance studios, two new flexible classrooms, and administrative offices.[65]

Leadership

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Artistic director

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  • Alvin Ailey (1931-1989), founder and artistic director, 1965-1989.[20]
  • Robert Battle, artistic director, 2011-2023.[66]
  • Judith Jamison (1943-2024), principal dancer, 1965-1989; artistic director emerita, 1989-2011.[28][67]
  • Matthew Rushing, principal dancer, 1992-2010; rehearsal director, 2010-2020; associate artistic director, 2020-2023; Interim Artistic Director, 2023-2024.[68]
  • Alicia Graf Mack, principal dancer, 2005-2008, and 2011-2014; artistic director, 2025-[69][1]

Associate artistic director and rehearsal director

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  • Masazumi Chaya, dancer, 1972-1987, rehearsal director, 1988-1990, and associate artistic director, 1991-2019.[70][71]
  • Ronni Favors, Rehearsal Director[68]

Ailey II

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  • Francesca Harper, artistic director, Ailey II, 2021-.[72]
  • Troy Powell, artistic director, Ailey II, 2012-2020, who was fired after allegations of sexual misconduct involving students and other young dancers surfaced online.[73][45]
  • Sylvia Waters, dancer, 1968-1974, and artistic director emerita, Ailey II, 1975-.[74]

Ailey School

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Board of trustees

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The following is a partial list of trustees who have played a major role in AAADT's history.

  • Simin N. Allison (-2024) and Herbert M. Allison (1943-2013), former members, board of trustees[77]
  • Katherine G. Farley, former member, board of trustees[77]
  • Bruce S. Gordon, former member and vice chair, board of trustees, 1999-?[36][77]
  • Barbara Jonas (1933-2018),[78][79] former member, board of trustees, whose husband Donald Jonas[80] made a donation in her honor to endow all performances of Revelations.[19][81]
  • Anthony S. Kendall, president, board of trustees, 2024[82][83]
  • Philip Laskawy, chair emerita, board of trustees[83]
  • Debra L. Lee, president, board of trustees, 2014-2018[63][84]
  • Harold Levine (1922-2017), chair, board of trustees, 1989-199?[85][51]
  • Stanley Plesent (1926-2022), chair, board of trustees, 1973-1989[86][77]
  • Daria L. Wallach, chair, board of trustees, 2014-[63][82][83]
  • Joan Weill, chair, board of trustees, 2000-2014[63][36][77]

Executive director

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  • Ivy Clarke (1916-1994), general manager / executive director, 1968-1975.[87]
  • Barbara B. Hauptman (1946-2024), executive director, 1994-1995.[88][89]
  • Michael Kaiser, executive director, 1990-1993.[90][91][92]
  • Sharon Gersten Luckman, who joined the company in 1992; executive director, 1995-2013.[34][36][93]
  • Bennett Rink, who joined the company in 1994; executive director, 2013-.[94]

Dancers

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Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater

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Ailey II

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  • Kamani Abu, apprentice[97]
  • Carley Brooks[97]
  • Meredith Brown[97]
  • Jennifer M. Gerken[97]
  • Alfred L. Jordan II[97]
  • Xavier Logan[97]
  • Kiri Moore[97]
  • Corinth Moulterie[97]
  • Naia Neal, apprentice[97]
  • Xhosa Scott[97]
  • Adanna Smalls, apprentice[97]
  • Kaleb K. Smith, apprentice[97]
  • Kayla Mei-Wan Thomas[97]
  • Darion Turner[97]
  • Eric Vidaña[97]
  • Jordyn White[97]

Former dancers

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A partial list of former Alvin Ailey dancers.

Awards and Honors

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  • 1982: United Nations Peace Medal[5]
  • 2001: National Medal of Arts, Judith Jamison and Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, the first dance organization to receive the honor.[5][112]
  • 2015: National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award, AileyCamp Miami, recognized by First Lady Michelle Obama[5]
  • 2023: Outstanding Company and Best Modern Choreography (Kyle Abraham, Are You in Your Feelings?), 2023 National Dance Awards, UK Critics’ Circle[5]
  • 2024: AileyDance for Active Aging received a resolution from the Newark Municipal Council for its contributions to the senior community in Newark, New Jersey.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c ANNOUNCING OUR NEW ARTISTIC DIRECTOR. Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation.
  2. ^ a b Dance Data Project (October 2024). 2024 Largest Contemporary and Modern Companies Report. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater ranks #1 in “Largest 50” U.S. Contemporary and Modern Companies (by expenditure). p. 6.
  3. ^ (February 2006). Harting, Rebecca, and Pablo Bruno P.E. Revelations: the Joan Weill Center for Dance. Structure Magazine.
  4. ^ a b "Text - H.Res.1088 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Recognizing and commending the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater for 50 years of service as a vital American cultural ambassador to the world." Congress.gov, Library of Congress, 15 July 2008, https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-resolution/1088/text.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater 2024-25 Press Kit.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ailey History. Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation.
  7. ^ "Alvin Ailey Dance Company Comes to Dorothy Chandler". Glendale News-Press. February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Burford, Mark (December 07, 2021). Alvin Ailey Finds His Voice. Oxford American, ISSUE 115, WINTER 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kisselgoff, Anna (December 4, 1988). DANCE VIEW; Ailey: Dancing the Dream. New York Times.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre: Origins to 1979", International Encyclopedia of Dance, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York: 1979. 54–57.
  11. ^ a b c d Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. "(still image) Alvin Ailey and Nathaniel Horne compete for the affections of Minnie Marshall in this dance from Alvin Ailey's Blues Suite, (1958)". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g City Parks Foundation (August 14, 2019). THE FIRST AILEY DANCERS: ELLA THOMPSON, NAT HORNE & DORENE RICHARDSON
  13. ^ Armstrong, Jenice (April 23, 2008). "Jenice Armstrong: Alvin Ailey troupe's famed Judith Jamison reflects on its 'past, present and future'". inquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  14. ^ "Transforming Dance around the World". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c DeFrantz, Thomas F., 'Early Company', Dancing Revelations: Alvin Ailey's Embodiment of African American Culture (2006; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Oct. 2011), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301717.003.0003, accessed 17 Nov. 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Revelations: Takako Asakawa, Hope Clarke, Lucinda Ransom, Joan Peters, Loretta Abbot (seated), 1964. Jack Mitchell Photography of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater Collection. National Museum of African American History and Culture.
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  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kisselgoff, Anna (December 10, 1993). Review/Dance; With Motion and Song, the Ailey Marks 35 Years. New York Times.
  20. ^ a b c d Henderson, Danielle (April 11, 2014). "Life Is a Celebration". The Stranger. Seattle, United States. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  21. ^ Barnes, Clive (January 28, 1969). Dance: Ailey and Troupe in Triumph; Start Run on Broadway After a Decade Away. New York Times.
  22. ^ Kisselgoff, Anna (April 23, 1970). "City Ballet and Musicians Talk; Ailey May Disband His Troupe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  23. ^ "CITY CENTER TO ADD AILEY DANCE SEASON". The New York Times. March 16, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
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  26. ^ Kourlas, Gia (November 27, 2018). "A Dance Homage to Alvin Ailey as His Company Turns 60". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  27. ^ CBC Radio (August 13, 2021). He was Black, gay and bipolar — and he forever changed the face of modern dance. New documentary explores the complex life and legacy of American dancer and choreographer Alvin Ailey.
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  31. ^ Alvin Ailey Master of Choreography. Smithsonian National Postal Museum.
  32. ^ Segal, Lewis (May 26, 2004). Oprah’s no wallflower at this dance. Los Angeles Times.
  33. ^ Alexandra (May 20, 2004). Oprah gives $1 million to Ailey School. Ballet Alert!
  34. ^ a b Press release (October 17, 2012).ALVIN AILEY DANCE FOUNDATION NAMES BENNETT RINK AS NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Will Take the Helm of the Ailey Organization As Sharon Gersten Luckman Steps Down After 18 Years of Leadership In The Beginning of 2013. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
  35. ^ Patton, Charlie (May 14, 2010). "As artist director prepares to pass the torch, Alvin Ailey dance theater comes to Jacksonville". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
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  38. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (September 23, 2008). "S.Res.490 - 110th Congress (2007–2008): A resolution recognizing the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater for 50 years of service to the performing arts". www.congress.gov. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
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  40. ^ a b c Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation Launches Campaign With $40 Million. November 18, 2014. Philanthropy News Digest.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Press release (June 22, 2021).$20 MILLION GIFT FROM MACKENZIE SCOTT TO ALVIN AILEY AMERICAN DANCE THEATER TO FUND THE COMPANY’S TRANSFORMATIVE “DANCING FORWARD” INITIATIVES. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.
  42. ^ Daniels, Karu F. (June 23, 2021). How Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater plans to use $20 million gift from philanthropist MacKenzie Scott. NY Daily News.
  43. ^ a b Fitch Ratings (May 9, 2023). Fitch Affirms Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, NY at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable.
  44. ^ Edges of Ailey. Through February 9, 2025. Whitney Museum of American Art.
  45. ^ a b Fantz, Ashley, and Casey Tolan and Alessandra Freitas (July 20, 2020). Alvin Ailey dance theater official fired after sexual misconduct allegations. CNN
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  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater: 50 Years Cultural Ambassador to the World Online Exhibition. Library of Congress.
  48. ^ Artistic Director Robert Battle and AAADT members at the White House for a special performance during the 2023 National Governors Association Winter Meeting at the invitation of First Lady Jill Biden. Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation.
  49. ^ Ailey Repertory. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Cal Performances (March 13, 2018). Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater: Chronological Repertory of Works Performed at Cal Performances.
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  52. ^ Gates, Elizabeth (March 14, 2023). "A Teen Dancer Reflects on Seeing Alvin Ailey's Iconic 'Revelations' for the First Time". VOX ATL. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  53. ^ "Night Creature - April 14 -28, 2021 - The Montrealer". themontrealeronline.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
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  57. ^ ACCREDITED INSTITUTIONS SEARCH: THE AILEY SCHOOL. National Association of Schools of Dance
  58. ^ The Ailey School. Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs, US Department of Education.
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  60. ^ "Partnerships and Affiliations | The Ailey School". Fordham University. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  61. ^ AILEY EXTENSION IS SHAKING UP PHYSICAL FITNESS MONTH WITH UPBEAT WORLD DANCE WORKSHOPS, A LIVELY FREE TIMES SQUARE DANCE SERIES, AND MORE WAYS TO KEEP MOVING THROUGHOUT MAY. Ailey Extension.
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  64. ^ Bray, Sarah (October 2017).Billionaire Businesswoman Elaine Wynn Makes a Major Donation to Alvin Ailey. A $25 million wing in her name just opened at the company's New York City headquarters. Town and Country.
  65. ^ Andriotis, Mary Elizabeth. Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation Celebrates Expansion: The $25 million project resulted in the new Elaine Wynn & Family Education Wing at the Joan Weill Center for Dance. DuJour.
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  73. ^ Porter, Juan Michael II (July 20, 2020). "Troy Powell, Artistic Director of Ailey II, Has Been Fired for Sexual Misconduct". The New York Observer.
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  79. ^ Barbara Lynn Jonas. Nurses Educational Fund.
  80. ^ Donald Jonas, FAAN(h), FAANP(h) Founder and Advisor to Jonas Philanthropies. Jonas Philanthropies.
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  82. ^ a b Ailey Board of Trustees Chairwoman Daria L. Wallach and President Anthony S. Kendall. Photo by Pete Monsanto.
  83. ^ a b c Our People. Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation.
  84. ^ Janelle Monáe, Queen Latifah, and More at the Alvin Ailey Opening Night Gala. November 30, 2017. Vogue.
  85. ^ Branch, Alfred (Feb 10, 2017). Renowned Retired Advertising Executive Harold Levine, of Westport, Dies at 95. Patch -- Westport, CT.
  86. ^ Ailey Foundation Chief. New York Times. March 23, 1989.
  87. ^ Obituary (March 14, 1994). Ive Clarke, Dance Executive, 1978. New York Times.
  88. ^ Obituaries (September 9,2024).Barbara Hauptman, Longtime Arts Maven, Dead at 78. The Rye Record.
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